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Ans. (A) Aztreonam(Ref: KDT 8/e p781)Aztreonam is the only beta lactam antibiotic that can be used in patients having severe allergy to penicillins or cephalosporins (as it is not cross allergenic).
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In acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children, the metaphysis is commonly involved. The end vessels of the nutrient aery empty into much larger sinusoidal veins, causing a slow and turbulent flow of blood at this junction. These conditions predispose bacteria to migrate through adjacent gaps in the endothelium. Also,...
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Answer- A. Lymphadenopathy is the most common presentationIt is the tumor of germinal centre (follicular centre), B cells, and is strongly associated with chromosomal translocation involving Bcl 2.Growth pattern is nodular (follicular) or nodular (follicular) and diffuse.The neoplastic cells closely resemble normal ger...
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B i.e. Laser iridotomy
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Ans. is 'd' i.e. Lymphocytes Phagocytic cells are of two typesMononuclear macrophagesPolymorphonuclear microphagesNeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophilsMononuclear macrophagesBlood macrophages are - Monocytes*Tissue macrophages are - Histiocytes*Monocytes are found in blood but they leave the circulation and reach various tis...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Both o Nerve supply of diaphragm is as follows -i) Motor - Phrenic nerveii) Sensory - Phrenic nerve in central portion and lower six intercostal nerves in peripheral part.
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Answer is B (Necrotic myofibres with presence of neutrophils) The patient in question succumbed to myocardial infarction after about 24 hours of the attack. Characteristic morphological changes evolve in the hea of patients with MI depending on duration since the attack. After twenty four hours of the attack light micr...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., AD o Huntington's disease has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
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Ans. All
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C-myc is a proto-oncogene of transcriptional activator category and is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma.
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a. Hookworm(Ref: Nelson 20/e p 1734-1735)Hookworm infestation:Leads to intestinal blood loss - iron deficiency anemia & malnutrition - growth retardationDermatitis referred to as ground itch when they penetrate human skin, manifests as vesiculation & edemaInfection with a zoonotic hookworm, especially A. braziliense cu...
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The liver is one of the few organs in the human body that can partially regenerate. This is a form of compensatory hyperplasia. The stimuli to hepatocyte mitotic activity cease when the liver has attained its normal size. Hepatocytes can reenter the cell cycle and proliferate to regenerate the liver; they do not just h...
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Ans-C
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Answer is A (Bronchiolitis obliterans): The patient in question is presenting with charachteristic features of bronchiolitis obliterans. Fever, cough, and wheeze are common clinical features of bronchiolitis obliterans and a period of initial improvement may well be seen in cases of bronchiolitis obliterans (Initial si...
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Ans. Catalepsy
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Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger diseaserecurring progressive inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of small and medium aeries and veins of the hands and feet. It is strongly associated with use of tobacco products,primarily from smoking, but is also associated with smokeless tobacco. There are charac...
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Tardive dyskinesia is usually seen late after use of typical antipsychotics in which lip smacking, chewing, twisting and protrusion on tongue .pt. is advised to take atypical antipsychotics Ref: Essentials of postgraduate psychiatry By JN Vyas 1st ed Pg: 410-412
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Paradental Cyst Aka: Baccal bifurcation Cyst Craig’s cyst Collateral cyst Mandi 3rd molar – Association. Associated with VITAL TOOTH and recurrent pericoronitis DISTAL Aspect of mandi 3rd molar
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Ans-DUsually, sphenoid sinus occupies the body of, sphenoid. The degree of pneumatization of sphenoid sinus may vary and so do the extent of sinus and the structures related to it. Sinus cavity may be large and extend into the wings of sphenoid and even pterygoid plates.Regarding development of paranasal sinuses, only ...
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Ans. A TriquetralRef: BDC, 6th ed. vol. I pg. 25; Snell's 8th ed. pg. 402PISIFORM* It is a sesamoid bone in the tendon of flexor carpi uinaris.* Its dorsal surface presents a smooth, oval facet, for articulation with the triquetral* The palmar surface is rounded and rough, and gives attachment to the transverse carpal ...
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Among the options, vasopressin (also called ADH or anti-diuretic hormone) has the greatest effect on plasma osmolality. Two primary system are especially involved in regulating the concentration of sodium and osmolarity of extracellular fluid: The osmoreceptor-ADH system and The thirst mechanism Although aldosterone de...
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Steppage Gait, Equine Gait) Seen in patients with foot drop (weakness of foot dorsiflexion), the cause of this gait is due to an attempt to lift the leg high enough during walking so that the foot does not drag on the floor. , causes include peroneal nerve palsy and L5 radiculopathy. Conditions associated with a steppa...
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Investigations done in pancreatic cancer ​USG CT scan ERCP Endoscopic U/S Angiography Barium studies - barium meal & hypotonic duodenography Contrast enhanced CT scan is the inv. of choice.
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A i.e. Electrostatic
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Fowl pox
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Ref: Williams Obstetrics, 23rd edition and Daftary's Manual of Obstetrics, 3rd editionExplanation:"Most accurate and safest method to diagnose vi- able pregnancy at 6 weeks is USG for fetal cardiac activity. " Ref: DaftarvFetal cardiac activity by Transvaginal USG can be picked as early as 6 weeks.Fetal cardiac activit...
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Ans. b. SatyriasisSatyriasis: Excessive sexual desire by a maleNymphomania: Excessive sexual desire by a femaleFrigidity: Inability to initiate sexual arousal in femalesQuod: A male may be impotent with one particular female but not with another.
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Relative Risk for placental abruption is seen with prior abruption > Thrombophilia > Chorioamnionitis > PROM.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Salter's osteotomy
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The given history suggests the presence of acute muscular dystonia induced by haloperidol. Anticholinergics like benzhexol are drug of choice for this condition. However, first generation antihistaminics like Promethazine and hydroxyzine can also be used for the same. REFD: KD TRIPATHI 8TH ED.
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The triad of general anesthesia : Unconsciousness (narcosis) analgesia muscle relaxation The pentad of anesthesia: Loss of consciousness loss of reflex response amnesia muscle relaxation analgesia Ref: Miller's anesthesia 8th edition Ref: Morgan & Mikhail's clinical anesthesiology 6e
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Ans. Secondary glaucoma
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B, C, A i.e. Herpes simplex virus, HIV, Human papilloma virus Any of the blistering (or ulcerating) disorders of skin can occur on genital (eg. vulva & vaina) and cause ulceration. Chronic genital ulcerations may be seen in epidermolysis bullosa, Halley- Hailey diseas, Darier's disease, nymphohymenal tears, dermatitis ...
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Ans. A: Prominent retinal vessels The condition is abiotrophic in nature (premature senility and death of tissue) and genetically determined. Autosomal recessive is the most common and is very severe. Autosomal dominant is benign and is symptomatic only in adult life. X-linked recessive is least common. It is also a ve...
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Prolonged exposure to above-normal oxygen paial pressures, or shoer exposures to very high paial pressures, can cause oxidative damage to cell membranes, collapse of the alveoli in the lungs, retinal detachment, and seizures. Oxygen toxicity is managed by reducing the exposure to increased oxygen levels. Ref: guyton an...
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Ans. B. Pulmonary angiographyAlthough pulmonary angiography is supposed to be the definitive and gold standard means of diagnosing PULMONARY EMBOLISM with the decreasing availability of pulmonary arteriography and increasing use of other non-invasive tests like spiral CT, the exact role of pulmonary arteriography is no...
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Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: DISH (hyperostotic spondylosis, Forestier's disease) is a multifocal entity of older people characterized by "flowing ossifications of the spine" involving four or more contiguous vertebrae and hyperostosis of some ligamentous attachments. The thick, flowing, florid, exuberant ...
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THFA is the carrier of One Carbon groups The folic acid is first reduced to 7,8-dihydrofolic acid and fuher reduced to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) . Both reactions are catalyzed by NADPH dependent folate reductase. The THFA is the carrier of one-carbon groups. One carbon compound is an organic molecule that con...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Japanese encephalitis Mosquito speciesDisease transmittedAnophelesMalaria, filariasis (not in India), arboviruses of febrile and encephalitic diseaseCulexBaneroftian filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, West- Nile fever, St. Louis encephalitis, western equine encephalitisAedesYellow fever (in Africa), D...
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Paper chromatography is the most sensitive test.
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MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION Explained by different theories: Lowering of activation energy Michaelis-Menten theory Fischer’s Template theory Koshland’s Induced Fit theory. Lowering of Activation Energy Enzymes lower the activation energy. Activation energy is defined as the energy required to convert all molecules of ...
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Electrolyte abnormalities in Cirrhosis Hyponatremia Hypokalaemia Metabolic alkalosis (precipitate PNH) Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :565
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A decrease of 75% or more in the secretion or action of vasopressin results in diabetes insipidus, a syndrome characterised by production of abnormally large volume of dilute urine. The 24 hr urine volume exceeds 40 ml/kg b. Wt,the osmolarity is <300mosmol/L. It is of majorly of two types -central DI-there is primary d...
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Disc edema is not a sign of glaucoma. Optic nerve head changes seen in glaucoma Thinning of neuroretinal rim Large cup Nasalisation of vessels Deep cup Asymmetry of cup Disc hemorrhage Baring of blood vessels Bayonetting sign Laminar dot sign Pulsations of disc seen in very high IOP
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Proteus Capsuleo Many bacteria secrete a viscid material around the cel! surface,o When this is organized into a sharply defined structure, it is known as capsule,o Capsules are protective and protect the bacteria from phagocytosis and from lytic enzymes.o Some bacteria loose their capsules on repeate...
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HESSELBACH&;S TRIANGLE:-Boundaries-1. Medially-Lateral border of rectus abdominis2. Laterally- inferior epigastric aery.3. Base - inguinal ligament.FEMORAL TRIANGLE:-Triangular depression on front of the upper one third of the thigh immediately below the inguinal ligament.BOUNDARIES :-1. Laterally: medial border of sao...
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Ans. D. Subclavian steal syndromeThe better radiological tools for subclavian steal syndrome would be dynamic 3dtofmra and catheter angiography.CECT is not much of use in this case.
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Diploic veins develop after bih and are not visible before 3 years of life. They fully develop only by 15 years of age. Ref: Freyschmidt's "Koehler/Zimmer" Borderlands of Normal and Early Pathologic By Jurgen Freyschmidt, Page 370; Atlas of Vascular Anatomy: An Angiographic Approach By Uflacker, 2nd Edition, Page 71; T...
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Zinc is required for the activity of > 300 enzymes, covering all six classes of enzymes.Alcohol dehydrogenaseSuperoxide dismutaseTransferases like RNA polymerase and Aspaate transcarbamoylaseHydrolases like carboxypeptidase A and thermolysinLyases like Carbonic anhydrase and Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolaseIsomerases...
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Ans. (c) Light reflex absent and accommodation reflex presentRef: Kanski 7/e, p. 815STD with neurpsychiatric symptoms hints towards patient having Neurosyphilis.Argyll Robertson pupil is seen in Neurosyphilis, which presents withIrregular, small pupil in dim lightIn bright light, neither pupil constricts (Light reflex ...
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Lipoxins are endogenous anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving molecules that play a vital role in reducing excessive tissue injury and chronic inflammation. Lipoxins regulate components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including neutrophils, macrophages, T and B-cells.
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2 - 3 times
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Ondansetron blocks the depolarizing action of serotonin through 5-HT3 receptors on vagal afferents in the gut as well as in NTS and CTZ. It donot block dopamine receptors or ACH receptors.( ref KDT 6/e p646)
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The efferent ducts may be obstructed by infection like tubercular,gonococcal or by surgical trauma following vasectomy. The absence of fructose suggests congenital absence of seminal vesicle or poion of ductal system or both.Its clinical significance is less. D.C.DUTTA'S TEXTBOOK OF GYNECOLOGY,Pg no:190,7th edition
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Steroids are drug of choice for ITP in pregnancy.
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Answer- D. All of the abovePrior immunosuppressionT cell depletion from the marrow or stem cellsTreatment after transplant
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Ref:Parks 23rd edition pg 852 Here a Quantitative measurement is taken. But there is only a single group( before and after intervention.) so., paired T test is used . Tests of significance: Qualitative: Chi- square : 2 or more than 2 groups Mc Nemar test : 1 group. ( before and after intervention) Quantitative: Paired ...
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Ans.(a). Sub-dural hematomaSub dural hematomaConcavo-convex bleed hyper-densityExtra dural hemorrhageBiconvex /flame shaped hyper- densitySub arachnoid hemorrhageIntra-ventricular bleed/blood in slyvian fissureIntra -parenchymal bleedMostly a lesion or hyper-density in basal ganglia secondary to hypertension.
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This patient is suffering from Tinea versicolor, a mild superficial infection caused by Malassezia furfur. Tinea versicolor: Presents as multiple, small, hypo pigmented macules over chest and back of young adults. They begin as perifollicular macules which then merge together. Diagnosis: 10% KOH mount shows large blunt...
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Prevention and control of air pollution The control of air pollution is ultimately an engineering problem. The WHO has recommended the following procedures for the prevention and control of air pollution : (a) Containment : That is, prevention of escape of toxic substances into the ambient air. Containment can be achie...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Invertogram o Imperforate anus or anorectal malformation are divided into two types - low type: where the rectum has descended through the levator-ani sphincter complex and the high type : where it has not.o Low type lesions undergo primary repair in the neonatal period and anal orifice created. Where...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cetrizine Impoant facts about anhistaminics Loratidine, desloratidine, ebastine and mizolastine are amongst the longest acting antihistaminic (duration of action 24 hrs). All second generation antihistaminics are metabolized to active products except cetrizine and mizolastine. Loratidine has least CNS...
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Potential target for sinusoidal lining cells; when these are injured, such as by high-dose chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, melphalan, busulfan) administered prior to bone marrow transplantation, venoocclusive disease can result. Reference: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 2...
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There are several cellular mechanisms by which cells remove free radicals and thereby protect organs from injury. Superoxide is a free radical, it is inactivated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and is conveed into hydrogen peroxide. There are two types of superoxide dismutases such as manganese SOD located in the mitocho...
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An infant should gain weight progressively, except for the first few days of life. Liver, spleen and kidney may be palpable in normal newborn. ___________________ Nelson Sometimes trachea may be deviated from midline without any significance.
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Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder charac terised by the following clinical features: 1. Bulimia nervosa usually has an onset in early teens or adolescence. 2. There is an intense fear of becoming obese. There may be an earlier history of anorexia nervosa. 3. There is usually body-image disturbance a...
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Ans: B. Pivot jointRight to left movement occurs at atlanto-axial joint which is a pivot joint.
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Ketone bodies are two molecules, acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate.The term "ketone body" is historical: only acetoacetate is an actual ketone.Ketone bodies are synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Flupenthixol
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Black bag
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Ans. (d) C. trachomatis Ref CMDT 2014, p 825 Reactive ahritis (formerly called Reiter syndrome) is the clinical tetrad of uretheritis, conjunctivitis (or uveitis), mucocutaneous lesions and aseptic ahritis. Most cases develop within days weeks after either a dysenteric infection or urogential infection. GI Urogenital S...
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Ref Robbins 8/e p10,265,;9/e p271 Metastasis Metastases are secondary implants of a tumor that are dis- continuous with the primary tumor and located in remote tissues (Fig. 5-11). More than any other attribute, the propey of metastasis identifies a neoplasm as malignant. Not all cancers have equivalent ability to meta...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Person to person transmission
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color of urine in different poisoning carbolic acid-green Nitric acid- brown Barbiturates - liquid gold Ref: Dr. Bhatia Medical Toxicology
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Ans. is 'd' ie Infiltrative Ductal ca Almost all breast malignancies are adenocarcinomas, all other types (i.e. squamous cell Ca, phylloides tumors, sarcomas, and lymphomas are rareThey are divided into two types ductal and lobular types each of which are further two types carcinoma in situ & invasive type.Ductal carci...
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Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Genetic factors affecting disease o Migration study (migrant study) is a method to evaluate role of possible genetic and environmental factors in the occurrence of disease in a population whose incidence varies in different Geographic areas.
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• The average capacity of the renal pelvis is 4–8 ml.
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Entry of Na ions into cardiac cell leads to depolarisation. (REF TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO 52)
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Ans. (b) HippocratesHIPPOCRATES:* Also known as: Father of Medicine, First True Epidemiologist* Wrote book: Air, Water and PlacesALSO REMEMBER* James Lind gave the concept that Citrus fruits can prevent/cure Scurvy (Later found to be due to deficiency of Vitamin-C/ Ascorbic Acid)* Joseph Lister is also known as 'Father...
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Latent infection by HSV-2 has been shown to occur primarily in the sacral ganglia, whereas HSV-1 latency has been demonstrated in trigeminal, superior cervical, and vagal nerve ganglia. Varicella- zoster virus remains latent in neural sensory ganglia. Ref:- Baveja textbook of Microbiology
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Ans. A i.e. 23X
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Paralysis of stapedius muscle which is supplied by 7th cranial nerve causes hyperacusis or phonophobia Ref: Dhingra 7e pg 510.
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CULTURE MEDIA ORGANISM 1. EMJH(Ellinghausen McLlaugh Johnson and Harris) Leptospira 2. Thayer Main medium Gonocoocus and meningococcus 3. MacConkey's agar Enterobacteriacae 4. Chocolate agar Gonocoocus , meningococcus and hemophilus
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Staphylococcus aureus o Among the given options, only staphylococcus can cause gasteroenteritis within 6 hours. OrganismSymptomsFood soureIncubation period 1-6 hrs1. Staph aureus2. Bacillus cereus (emetic type)Diarrhea, Vomiting, No feverVomiting, diarrhea, No feverMeat, dairy & poultry productFried r...
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Ans. B. Alcohol dependenceExplanationNaltrexone is a opioid receptor antagonist used to reduce or eliminate the subjective high associated with consumption of opioid and alcohol.It is approved by US FDA for alcohol dependence and for blockade of effects of exogenously administered opioids.
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Ans. (b) Burr hole* Single best answer here- Burr hole
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Rheumatoid factor (RF) consists of heterogeneous autoantibodies of the IgM class that react against the Fc region of human IgG. It is found in 70% of rheumatoid ahritis patients and is associated with a worse prognosis, since higher levels of rheumatoid factor are associated with more aggressive disease, rheumatoid nod...
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Ans. A: Burns The burnt body presents the so called attitude of defense, known as boxing attitude, pugilistic attitude or fenching posture Terminology commonly discussed in relation with thermal injuries in forensic pathology: 1. Cherry red lividity In individuals with a significant carboxyhemoglobin concentration in t...
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Organophosphate poisoning is the most common poisoning in India followed by aluminium phosphide. Organophosphorus compounds are classified as 1. Alkyl compounds -- such as tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP), hexa ethyl tetraphosphate (HETP), octa methyl pyrophosphate (OMPA), malathion etc. 2. Aryl compounds -- such as par...
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Squamous cell carcinoma in various grades of its differentiation or its variants as transitional cell carcinoma and lymphoepithelioma, is the most common (85%).
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Dobutamine has no action on Dopamine receptors.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., CD21 Pathogenesis of EBV infection EBV is transmitted by salivary secretions. The virus infects the epithelium of the oropharynx and the salivary glands and is shed from these cells. EBV infection of epithelial cells results in viral replication and production of virions. The EBV receptor (CD21) is lo...
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Ans. A. Wilson BlairSalmonella Transport media: Sachs' buffered glycerol saline, Cary Blair medium. Salmonella enrichment media: Selenite F, Tetrathionate broth, Gram negative broth. Salmonella selective media: XLD, DCA, Wilson Blair medium
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Classic Barrett's (>= 3cm columnar epithelium);Sho-segment Barrett's (<3 cm of columnar epithelium);Cardia metaplasia (intestinal metaplasia at the oesophagogastric junction without any macroscopic change at endoscopy).The relative risk of cancer rises with increasing length of abnormal mucosa.
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Ans. Cerebellar hemisphere
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antidepressant drugs MAO (-) SSRI SNRI MOCLOBEMIDE FLUOXETINE PAROXATINE FLUVOXAMINE SERALINE CITALOPRAM VENLAFAXINE DULOXETINE MILNACIPRAN Venlafaxine : Antidepressant referred as SNRI B/C it inhibits NA and SHT Does not have - cholinergic Adrenergic or Histaminergic propey Sedative propey
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INDERBIR SINGH&;S TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN HISTOLOGY-PAGE NO:313Juxtaglomerular cells the muscle cells in the wall of the afferent aerioles are modified.they are large and rounded(epithelium)and have spherical nuclei. their cytoplasm contains granules that can be stained with special methods. these are called juxtaglomerular ...
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Secretin is secreted by S cells in the upper pa of the small intestine. Secretin increases the secretion of bicarbonate by the pancreas. It also augments the action of CCK. It decreases gastric acid secretion and May cause contraction of pyloric sphincter.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, pag...
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Phenylalanine is conveed into Tyrosine by the action of enzyme Phenylalanine hydroxylase. Tyrosine is conveed into Melanin, Catecholamines, Dopamine, and Thyroxine through various metabolic pathways.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 233
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