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10,500 | Individual glyph blocks may be composed of a number of elements. These consist of the main sign, and any affixes. Main signs represent the major element of the block, and may be a noun, verb, adverb, adjective, or phonetic sign. Some main signs are abstract, some are pictures of the object they represent, and others ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,501 | Although the archaeological record does not provide examples of brushes or pens, analysis of ink strokes on the Postclassic codices suggests that it was applied with a brush with a tip fashioned from pliable hair. A Classic period sculpture from Copán, Honduras, depicts a scribe with an inkpot fashioned from a conch sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,502 | Commoners were illiterate; scribes were drawn from the elite. It is not known if all members of the aristocracy could read and write, although at least some women could, since there are representations of female scribes in Maya art. Maya scribes were called "aj tzʼib", meaning "one who writes or paints". There were pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,503 | Although not much is known about Maya scribes, some did sign their work, both on ceramics and on stone sculpture. Usually, only a single scribe signed a ceramic vessel, but multiple sculptors are known to have recorded their names on stone sculpture; eight sculptors signed one stela at Piedras Negras. However, most wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,504 | In common with the other Mesoamerican civilizations, the Maya used a base 20 (vigesimal) system. The bar-and-dot counting system that is the base of Maya numerals was in use in Mesoamerica by 1000 BC; the Maya adopted it by the Late Preclassic, and added the symbol for zero. This may have been the earliest known occurr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,505 | The basic number system consists of a dot to represent one, and a bar to represent five. By the Postclassic period a shell symbol represented zero; during the Classic period other glyphs were used. The Maya numerals from 0 to 19 used repetitions of these symbols. The value of a numeral was determined by its position; a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,506 | The Maya calendrical system, in common with other Mesoamerican calendars, had its origins in the Preclassic period. However, it was the Maya that developed the calendar to its maximum sophistication, recording lunar and solar cycles, eclipses and movements of planets with great accuracy. In some cases, the Maya calcula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,507 | The basic unit in the Maya calendar was one day, or "kʼin", and 20 "kʼin" grouped to form a "winal". The next unit, instead of being multiplied by 20, as called for by the vigesimal system, was multiplied by 18 in order to provide a rough approximation of the solar year (hence producing 360 days). This 360-day year was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,508 | The 260-day "tzolkʼin" provided the basic cycle of Maya ceremony, and the foundations of Maya prophecy. No astronomical basis for this count has been proved, and it may be that the 260-day count is based on the human gestation period. This is reinforced by the use of the "tzolkʼin" to record dates of birth, and provide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,509 | The 365-day "haab" was produced by a cycle of eighteen named 20-day "winal"s, completed by the addition of a 5-day period called the "wayeb". The "wayeb" was considered to be a dangerous time, when the barriers between the mortal and supernatural realms were broken, allowing malignant deities to cross over and interfer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,510 | As with any non-repeating calendar, the Maya measured time from a fixed start point. The Maya set the beginning of their calendar as the end of a previous cycle of "bakʼtun"s, equivalent to a day in 3114 BC. This was believed by the Maya to be the day of the creation of the world in its current form. The Maya used the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,511 | A full long count date consisted of an introductory glyph followed by five glyphs counting off the number of "bakʼtun"s, "katʼun"s, "tun"s, "winal"s, and "kʼin"s since the start of the current creation. This would be followed by the "tzʼolkin" portion of the Calendar Round date, and after a number of intervening glyphs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,512 | Although the Calendar Round is still in use today, the Maya started using an abbreviated Short Count during the Late Classic period. The Short Count is a count of 13 kʼatuns. The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel contains the only colonial reference to classic long-count dates. The most generally accepted correlation is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,513 | The Maya made meticulous observations of celestial bodies, patiently recording astronomical data on the movements of the sun, moon, Venus, and the stars. This information was used for divination, so Maya astronomy was essentially for astrological purposes. Although Maya astronomy was mainly used by the priesthood to co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,514 | The Maya measured the 584-day Venus cycle with an error of just two hours. Five cycles of Venus equated to eight 365-day "haab" calendrical cycles, and this period was recorded in the codices. The Maya also followed the movements of Jupiter, Mars and Mercury. When Venus rose as the Morning Star, this was associated wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,515 | Solar and lunar eclipses were considered to be especially dangerous events that could bring catastrophe upon the world. In the "Dresden Codex", a solar eclipse is represented by a serpent devouring the "kʼin" ("day") hieroglyph. Eclipses were interpreted as the sun or moon being bitten, and lunar tables were recorded i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,516 | In common with the rest of Mesoamerica, the Maya believed in a supernatural realm inhabited by an array of powerful deities who needed to be placated with ceremonial offerings and ritual practices. At the core of Maya religious practice was the worship of deceased ancestors, who would intercede for their living descend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,517 | The Maya viewed the cosmos as highly structured. There were thirteen levels in the heavens and nine in the underworld, with the mortal world in between. Each level had four cardinal directions associated with a different colour; north was white, east was red, south was yellow, and west was black. Major deities had aspe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,518 | Maya households interred their dead underneath the floors, with offerings appropriate to the social status of the family. There the dead could act as protective ancestors. Maya lineages were patrilineal, so the worship of a prominent male ancestor would be emphasised, often with a household shrine. As Maya society deve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,519 | Belief in supernatural forces pervaded Maya life and influenced every aspect of it, from the simplest day-to-day activities such as food preparation, to trade, politics, and elite activities. Maya deities governed all aspects of the world, both visible and invisible. The Maya priesthood was a closed group, drawing its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,520 | Archaeologists painstakingly reconstruct these ritual practices and beliefs using several techniques. One important, though incomplete, resource is physical evidence, such as dedicatory caches and other ritual deposits, shrines, and burials with their associated funerary offerings. Maya art, architecture, and writing a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,521 | Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities, and the sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful blood offering. By extension, the sacrifice of a human life was the ultimate offering of blood to the gods, and the most important Maya rituals culminated in human sacrifice. Generally only hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,522 | Important rituals such as the dedication of major building projects or the enthronement of a new ruler required a human offering. The sacrifice of an enemy king was the most prized, and such a sacrifice involved decapitation of the captive ruler, perhaps in a ritual reenactment of the decapitation of the Maya maize god... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,523 | During the Postclassic period, the most common form of human sacrifice was heart extraction, influenced by the rites of the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico; this usually took place in the courtyard of a temple, or upon the summit of the pyramid. In one ritual, the corpse would be skinned by assistant priests, except for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,524 | The Maya world was populated by a great variety of deities, supernatural entities and sacred forces. The Maya had such a broad interpretation of the sacred that identifying distinct deities with specific functions is inaccurate. The Maya interpretation of deities was closely tied to the calendar, astronomy, and their c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,525 | Itzamna was the creator god, but he also embodied the cosmos, and was simultaneously a sun god; Kʼinich Ahau, the day sun, was one of his aspects. Maya kings frequently identified themselves with Kʼinich Ahau. Itzamna also had a night sun aspect, the Night Jaguar, representing the sun in its journey through the underwo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,526 | The "Popol Vuh" was written in the Latin script in early colonial times, and was probably transcribed from a hieroglyphic book by an unknown Kʼicheʼ Maya nobleman. It is one of the most outstanding works of indigenous literature in the Americas. The "Popul Vuh" recounts the mythical creation of the world, the legend of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,527 | In common with other Mesoamerican cultures, the Maya worshipped feathered serpent deities. Such worship was rare during the Classic period, but by the Postclassic the feathered serpent had spread to both the Yucatán Peninsula and the Guatemalan Highlands. In Yucatán, the feathered serpent deity was Kukulkan, among the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,528 | The ancient Maya had diverse and sophisticated methods of food production. It was believed that shifting cultivation (swidden) agriculture provided most of their food, but it is now thought that permanent raised fields, terracing, intensive gardening, forest gardens, and managed fallows were also crucial to supporting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,529 | The basic staples of the Maya diet were maize, beans, and squashes. These were supplemented with a wide variety of other plants either cultivated in gardens or gathered in the forest. At Joya de Cerén, a volcanic eruption preserved a record of foodstuffs stored in Maya homes, among them were chilies and tomatoes. Cotto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,530 | The Maya had few domestic animals; dogs were domesticated by 3000 BC, and the Muscovy duck by the Late Postclassic. Ocellated turkeys were unsuitable for domestication, but were rounded up in the wild and penned for fattening. All of these were used as food animals; dogs were additionally used for hunting. It is possib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,531 | There are hundreds of Maya sites spread across five countries: Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,532 | The six sites with particularly outstanding architecture or sculpture are Chichen Itza, Palenque, Uxmal, and Yaxchilan in Mexico, Tikal in Guatemala and Copán in Honduras. Other important, but difficult to reach, sites include Calakmul and El Mirador. The principal sites in the Puuc region, after Uxmal, are Kabah, Labn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,533 | There are many museums across the world with Maya artefacts in their collections. The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies lists over 250 museums in its Maya Museum database, and the European Association of Mayanists lists just under 50 museums in Europe alone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18449273 |
10,534 | The Antonov An-225 Mriya (; NATO reporting name: Cossack) was a strategic airlift cargo aircraft designed and produced by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Soviet Union. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,535 | It was originally developed during the 1980s as an enlarged derivative of the Antonov An-124 airlifter for the express purpose of transporting "Buran"-class orbiters. On 21 December 1988, the An-225 performed its maiden flight; only a single example was ever completed, although a second airframe with a slightly differe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,536 | With a maximum takeoff weight of , the An-225 held several records, including heaviest aircraft ever built and largest wingspan of any aircraft in operational service. It was commonly used to transport objects once thought impossible to move by air, such as 130-ton generators, wind turbine blades, and diesel locomotive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,537 | Work on what would become the Antonov An 225 would begin in 1984 with a request from the Soviet government for a large airlifter as a replacement for the Myasishchev VM-T. The specifics of this request included the ability to carry a maximum payload of 551,116lb (both externally and internally) while operating from any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,538 | Accordingly, the Antonov Design Bureau decided to produce a derivative of their existing Antonov An-124 Ruslan airlifter, although its payload capacity was almost half of what was required. The aircraft was stretched via the addition of fore and aft fuselage barrel sections, while a new enlarged wing centre was designe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,539 | On 21 December 1988, the An-225 performed its maiden flight. It made its first public appearance outside of the Soviet Union at the 1989 Paris Air Show where it was presented while carrying a Buran orbiter. One year later, it performed a flying display for the public days at the Farnborough Air Show. While two aircraft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,540 | A second An-225 was partially built during the late 1980s for the Soviet space program, however, work on the airframe was suspended following the collapse of the Soviet Union. By 2000, the need for additional An-225 capacity had become apparent; during September 2006, it was decided that the second An-225 would be comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,541 | The revival of space activities involving the An-225 was repeatedly announced and speculated upon throughout its life. During the early 2000s, studies were conducted into the production of an even larger An-225 derivative, the eight-engined Antonov An-325, which was to intended to be used in conjunction with Russia's i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,542 | In May 2017, Airspace Industry Corporation of China (AICC)'s president, Zhang You-Sheng, informed a BBC reporter that AICC had first contemplated cooperation with Antonov in 2009 and made contact with them two years later. AICC intends to modernize the second unfinished An-225 and develop it into an air launch to orbit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,543 | On 25 March 2020, the first An-225 commenced a series of test flights from Hostomel Airport near Kyiv, after more than a year out of service, for the installation of a domestically designed power management and control system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,544 | The Antonov An-225 was a strategic airlift cargo aircraft that retained many similarities with the preceding An-124 airlifter that it was derived from. It has a longer fuselage and cargo deck due to the addition of fuselage barrel extensions that were fitted both fore and aft of the wings. The wings, which are anhedral... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,545 | The An-225 is powered by a total of six Progress D-18T turbofan engines, two more than the An-124, the addition of which was facilitated by the redesigned wing root area. An increased-capacity landing gear system with 32 wheels was designed, some of which are steerable; these enable the airlifter to turn within a runwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,546 | Unlike the An-124, the An-225 was not intended for tactical airlifting and was not designed for short-field operations. Accordingly, the An-225 does not have a rear cargo door or ramp, as are present on the An-124, these features having been eliminated in order to save weight. The cargo hold was in volume; wide, high, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,547 | The flight deck of the An-225 is at the front of the upper deck, which is accessed via a ladder from the lower deck. This flight deck is largely identical to that of the An-124, save for the presence of additional controls to manage the additional pair of engines. To the rear of the flight deck is an array of compartme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,548 | As originally constructed, the An-225 had a maximum gross weight of , however, between 2000 and 2001, the aircraft received numerous modifications at a cost of million, such as the addition of a reinforced floor, which increased the maximum gross weight to . Both the earlier and later takeoff weights establish the An-2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,549 | The Antonov An-225 Mriya was originally operated between 1988 and 1991 as the prime method of transporting "Buran"-class orbiters for the Soviet space program. "Antonov Airlines" was concurrently founded in 1989 after it was set up as a holding company by the Antonov Design Bureau as a heavy airlift shipping corporatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,550 | By this time, the Soviet Union was no longer in existence and the "Buran" programme had been terminated; consequentially, the sole completed An-225 was left unused and without a purpose. As early as 1990, Antonov officials were openly speaking on their ambitions for the aircraft to enter commercial use. Despite this, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,551 | The aircraft was re-engined, received modifications to modernise and better adapt it to heavy cargo transport operations, and placed back in service under the management of Antonov Airlines. It became the workhorse of the Antonov Airlines fleet, transporting objects once thought impossible to move by air, such as 130-t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,552 | Under Antonov Airlines, the An-225 received its type certificate from the Interstate Aviation Committee Aviation Register (IAC AR) on 23 May 2001. The type's first flight in commercial service departed from Stuttgart, Germany, on 3 January 2002, and flew to Thumrait, Oman, with 216,000 prepared meals for American milit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,553 | During 2016, Antonov Airlines ceased cooperation with Air Foyle and partnered with Volga-Dnepr instead. This in turn led to the An-225's blue and yellow paint scheme which was added in 2009. When the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the world in early 2020, the An-225 participated in the relief effort by conducting flights t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,554 | The aircraft was popular with aviation enthusiasts, who frequently visited airports to view its scheduled arrivals and departures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,555 | On 11 August 2009, the heaviest single cargo item ever sent by air was loaded onto the An-225. At long and wide, its consignment, a generator for a gas power plant in Armenia along with its loading frame, represented a payload of , It also transported a total payload of on a commercial flight. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,556 | On 11 September 2001, carrying four main battle tanks at a record load of of cargo, the An-225 flew at an altitude of up to over a closed circuit of at a speed of . During 2017, the hired cost was () per hour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,557 | On 11 June 2010, the An-225 carried the world's longest piece of air cargo, two test wind turbine blades from Tianjin, China, to Skrydstrup, Denmark. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,558 | On 27 September 2012, the An-225 hosted the highest altitude art exhibition in the world at above sea level during the AviaSvit-XX1 Aerospace Show at Antonov Airport. The exhibition was part of the Globus Gallery based in Kyiv and consisted of 500 artworks by 120 Ukrainian artists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,559 | The aircraft's last commercial mission was from 2 to 5 February 2022, to collect almost 90 tons of COVID-19 test kits from Tianjin, China and deliver them to Billund in Denmark, via Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. From there, it returned on 5 February to its base at Antonov Airport in Hostomel, where it underwent an engine swap. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,560 | On 24 February, the An-225 was said to be intact. On 27 February, a photo was posted on Twitter of an object tentatively identified as the An-225 on fire in its hangar. A report by the Ukrainian edition of Radio Liberty stated that the airplane was destroyed during the Battle of Antonov Airport, which was repeated by F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,561 | Also on 27 February, a press release by Ukroboronprom stated that the An-225 had been destroyed by Russian forces. Several other aircraft were in the same hangar as the An-225 at the time of its destruction, and were also destroyed or damaged during the battle; these include a Hungarian-registered Cessna 152, which was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,562 | Ukroboronprom said that they planned to rebuild the plane at the Russians' expense. The statement said: "The restoration is estimated to take over 3 billion USD and over five years. Our task is to ensure that these costs are covered by the Russian Federation, which has caused intentional damage to Ukraine's aviation an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,563 | On 1 March, a new photograph, taken since the initial conflict, was tentatively identified as the tail of the aircraft protruding from its hangar, suggesting that it remained at least partly intact, however, further evidence proved to show that the aircraft is inoperable due to the extreme damage it sustained. On 3 Mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,564 | Major Dmytro Antonov, the pilot of the An-225, alleged on 19 March 2022 that Antonov Airlines knew that an invasion was imminent for quite some time, but did nothing to prevent the loss of the aircraft. In his YouTube channel, Dmytro accused the management of the company of not doing enough to prevent the destruction o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,565 | On 1 April, drone footage of Hostomel Airport showed the destroyed Mriya, with the forward fuselage completely burned and destroyed, but with the wings partly intact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,566 | Investigations into rebuilding the An-225 are being undertaken, including the possibilities of cannibalising the second, incomplete An-225, or salvaging the remnants of the first plane to finish the second. However, there are several obstacles to rebuilding. Many of the aircraft's Soviet-made components were from the 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,567 | On 20 May 2022, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky announced his intentions to complete the second An-225, to replace the destroyed aircraft and as a tribute to all the Ukrainian pilots killed during the war. In November 2022, Antonov confirmed plans to rebuild the aircraft at an estimated cost of $500 million. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406245 |
10,568 | ISO 8601 is an international standard covering the worldwide exchange and communication of date and time-related data. It is maintained by the Geneva-based International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was first published in 1988, with updates in 1991, 2000, 2004, and 2019, and an amendment in 2022. The stan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,569 | ISO 8601 applies to these representations and formats: "dates," in the Gregorian calendar (including the proleptic Gregorian calendar); "times," based on the 24-hour timekeeping system, with optional UTC offset; "time intervals"; and combinations thereof. The standard does not assign specific meaning to any element of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,570 | In representations that adhere to the ISO 8601 "interchange standard", dates and times are arranged such that the greatest temporal term (typically a year) is placed at the left and each successively lesser term is placed to the right of the previous term. Representations must be written in a combination of Arabic nume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,571 | The first edition of the ISO 8601 standard was published as "ISO 8601:1988" in 1988. It unified and replaced a number of older ISO standards on various aspects of date and time notation: ISO 2014, ISO 2015, ISO 2711, ISO 3307, and ISO 4031. It has been superseded by a second edition "ISO 8601:2000" in 2000, by a third ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,572 | ISO 2014, though superseded, is the standard that originally introduced the all-numeric date notation in most-to-least-significant order . The ISO week numbering system was introduced in ISO 2015, and the identification of days by ordinal dates was originally defined in ISO 2711. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,573 | Issued in February 2019, the fourth revision of the standard ISO 8601-1:2019 represents slightly updated contents of the previous ISO 8601:2004 standard, whereas the new ISO 8601-2:2019 defines various extensions such as uncertainties or parts of the Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,574 | An amendment was published in October 2022 featuring minor technical clarifications and attempts to remove ambiguities in definitions. The most significant change, however, was the reintroduction of the `24:00:00` format to refer to the instant at the "end" of a calendar day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,575 | ISO 8601:2004 fixes a reference calendar date to the Gregorian calendar of 20 May 1875 as the date the (Metre Convention) was signed in Paris (the explicit reference date was removed in ISO 8601-1:2019). However, ISO calendar dates before the convention are still compatible with the Gregorian calendar all the way back ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,576 | Earlier dates, in the proleptic Gregorian calendar, may be used by mutual agreement of the partners exchanging information. The standard states that every date must be consecutive, so usage of the Julian calendar would be contrary to the standard (because at the switchover date, the dates would not be consecutive). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,577 | ISO 8601 prescribes, as a minimum, a four-digit year [YYYY] to avoid the year 2000 problem. It therefore represents years from 0000 to 9999, year 0000 being equal to 1 BC and all others AD, similar to astronomical year numbering. However, years before 1583 are not automatically allowed by the standard. Instead, the sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,578 | To represent years before 0000 or after 9999, the standard also permits the expansion of the year representation but only by prior agreement between the sender and the receiver. An expanded year representation [±YYYYY] must have an agreed-upon number of extra year digits beyond the four-digit minimum, and it must be pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,579 | Calendar date representations are in the form shown in the adjacent box. [YYYY] indicates a four-digit year, 0000 through 9999. [MM] indicates a two-digit month of the year, 01 through 12. [DD] indicates a two-digit day of that month, 01 through 31. For example, "5 April 1981" may be represented as either in the "exten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,580 | The standard also allows for calendar dates to be written with reduced precision. For example, one may write to mean "1981 April". One may simply write "1981" to refer to that year, "198" to refer to the decade from 1980 to 1989 inclusive, or "19" to refer to the century from 1900 to 1999 inclusive. Although the standa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,581 | Week date representations are in the formats as shown in the adjacent box. [YYYY] indicates the "ISO week-numbering year" which is slightly different from the traditional Gregorian calendar year (see below). [Www] is the "week number" prefixed by the letter "W", from W01 through W53. [D] is the "weekday number", from 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,582 | As a consequence, if 1 January is on a Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday, it is in week 01. If 1 January is on a Friday, Saturday or Sunday, it is in week 52 or 53 of the previous year (there is no week 00). 28 December is always in the last week of its year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,583 | The week number can be described by counting the Thursdays: week 12 contains the 12th Thursday of the year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,584 | The "ISO week-numbering year" starts at the first day (Monday) of week 01 and ends at the Sunday before the new ISO year (hence without overlap or gap). It consists of 52 or 53 full weeks. The first ISO week of a year may have up to three days that are actually in the Gregorian calendar year that is ending; if three, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,585 | An "ordinal date" is a simple form for occasions when the arbitrary nature of week and month definitions are more of an impediment than an aid, for instance, when comparing dates from different calendars. As represented above, [YYYY] indicates a year and [DDD] is the "day of year", from 001 through 365 (366 in leap yea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,586 | This format is used with simple hardware systems that have a need for a date system, but where including full calendar calculation software may be a significant nuisance. This system is sometimes referred to as "Julian Date", but this can cause confusion with the astronomical Julian day, a sequential count of the numbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,587 | ISO 8601 uses the 24-hour clock system. As of ISO 8601-1:2019, the "basic format" is T[hh][mm][ss] and the "extended format" is T[hh]:[mm]:[ss]. Earlier versions omitted the T (representing time) in both formats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,588 | So a time might appear as either "T134730" in the "basic format" or "T13:47:30" in the "extended format". ISO 8601-1:2019 allows the T to be omitted in the extended format, as in "13:47:30", but only allows the T to be omitted in the basic format when there is no risk of ambiguity with date expressions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,589 | Either the seconds, or the minutes and seconds, may be omitted from the basic or extended time formats for greater brevity but decreased precision; the resulting reduced precision time formats are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,590 | As of ISO 8601-1:2019/Amd 1:2022 "midnight" may be referred to as "00:00:00", corresponding to the instant at the beginning of a calendar day; or "24:00:00", corresponding to the instant at the end of a calendar day. ISO 8601-1:2019 as originally published removed "24:00" as a representation for the end of day although... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,591 | A decimal fraction may be added to the lowest order time element present, in any of these representations. A decimal mark, either a comma or a dot is used as a separator between the time element and its fraction. (Following ISO 80000-1 according to ISO 8601:1-2019, it does not stipulate a preference except within Inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,592 | For example, to denote "14 hours, 30 and one half minutes", do not include a seconds figure; represent it as "14:30,5", "1430,5", "T14:30.5", or "T1430.5". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,593 | There is no limit on the number of decimal places for the decimal fraction. However, the number of decimal places needs to be agreed to by the communicating parties. For example, in Microsoft SQL Server, the precision of a decimal fraction is 3 for a DATETIME, i.e., "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss[.mmm]". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,594 | Time zones in ISO 8601 are represented as local time (with the location unspecified), as UTC, or as an offset from UTC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,595 | If no UTC relation information is given with a time representation, the time is assumed to be in local time. While it "may" be safe to assume local time when communicating in the same time zone, it is ambiguous when used in communicating across different time zones. Even within a single geographic time zone, some local... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,596 | If the time is in UTC, add a "Z" directly after the time without a space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "T0930Z". "14:45:15 UTC" would be "14:45:15Z" or "T144515Z". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,597 | The "Z" suffix in the ISO 8601 time representation is sometimes referred to as "Zulu time" or "Zulu meridian" because the same letter is used to designate the Zulu time zone. However the ACP 121 standard that defines the list of military time zones makes no mention of UTC and derives the "Zulu time" from the Greenwich ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,598 | The UTC offset is appended to the time in the same way that 'Z' was above, in the form ±[hh]:[mm], ±[hh][mm], or ±[hh]. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
10,599 | Negative UTC offsets describe a time zone west of , where the civil time is behind (or earlier) than UTC so the zone designator will look like "−03:00","−0300", or "−03". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15024 |
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