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10,700 | In 2014, American firearms designer Jim Sullivan provided a video interview regarding his contributions to the M16/M4 family of rifles while working for Armalite. A noted critic of the M4, he illustrates the deficiencies found in the rifle in its current configuration. In the video, he demonstrates his "Arm West LLC mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,701 | The M4 carbine has been used for close quarters operations where the M16 would be too long and bulky to use effectively. It has been a compact, light, customizable, and accurate weapon. Like other firearms, failure to properly maintain the M4 can result in malfunctions. This became apparent as it saw continued use in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,702 | By late 2002, 89% of U.S. troops reported they were confident with the M4, but they had a range of problems. 34% of users said the handguards rattled and became excessively hot when firing, and 15% had trouble zeroing the M68 Close Combat Optic. 35% added barber brushes and 24% added dental picks to their cleaning kits... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,703 | In December 2006, the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) released a report on U.S. small arms in combat. The CNA conducted surveys on 2,608 troops returning from combat in Iraq and Afghanistan over the previous 12 months. Only troops who fired their weapons at enemy targets were allowed to participate. 917 troops were arm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,704 | In summer and fall 2007, the Army tested the M4 against three other carbines in "sandstorm conditions" at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: the Heckler & Koch XM8, Fabrique Nationale de Herstal SOF Combat Assault Rifle (SCAR) and the Heckler & Koch HK416. Ten of each type of rifle were used to fire 6,000 rounds each, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,705 | Despite 863 minor stoppages—termed "class one" stoppages, which require 10 seconds or less to clear, or "class two" stoppages, which require more than ten seconds to clear—the M4 functioned well, with over 98% of the 60,000 total rounds firing without a problem. The Army said it planned to improve the M4 with a new col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,706 | According to the Army, the M4 only suffered 296 stoppages and said that the high number reported could be attributed to discrepancies in the scoring process. The Army testing command stated that, if the number of stoppages caused by a broken part met some threshold, they would be eliminated from the final report pendin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,707 | There were three extreme dust tests performed in 2007. The second test results showed a large difference from the last test with the M4 having 148 class 1 stoppages caused by rifle malfunctions and 148 class 1 stoppages caused by magazine stoppages. The full-size M16 rifle had 61 stoppages during the same extreme dust ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,708 | In early 2010, two journalists from the "New York Times" spent three months with soldiers and Marines in Afghanistan. While there, they questioned around 100 infantrymen about the reliability of their M4 carbines, as well as the M16 rifle. Troops did not report reliability problems with their rifles. While only 100 tro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,709 | The reliability of the M4 has increased as the design was upgraded. In 1990, the M4 was required to fire 600 mean rounds between stoppages using M855 ammunition. In 2013, the current M4A1 version can fire 1,691 mean rounds between stoppages using M855A1 ammunition. During the 2009 Marine Corps Infantry Automatic Rifle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,710 | An array of firearms accessory makers have offered gas piston conversion kits for the M4. The claimed benefits include less needed lubrication for the bolt carrier group to run reliably and reduced fouling. The argument against it is increased weight and reduced accuracy. The Enhanced M4 uses an articulating link pisto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,711 | In a study conducted by the Army Marksmanship Unit, they found that at a distance of , the M16 achieved a grouping, and the M4 achieved a grouping, which dropped to and respectively when using match grade ammunition. As the average male torso is wide, author Chris McNab concluded that this meant the M4 can be consisten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,712 | The M4 was developed and produced for the United States government by Colt Firearms, which had an exclusive contract to produce the M4 family of weapons through 2011. However, a number of other manufacturers offer M4-like firearms. Colt previously held a U.S. trademark on the term "M4". Many manufacturers have producti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,713 | In April 2004, Colt filed a lawsuit against Heckler & Koch and Bushmaster Firearms, claiming acts of trademark infringement, trade dress infringement, trademark dilution, false designation of origin, false advertising, patent infringement, unfair competition, and deceptive trade practices. Heckler & Koch later settled ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,714 | Sales of select-fire or fully automatic M4s by Colt are restricted to military and law enforcement agencies. No private citizen can own an M4 in a select-fire or fully automatic configuration, as this model of fully automatic rifle was developed after the 1986 ban on fully automatic weapons available to be purchased by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,715 | The M4 falls under restrictions of Title II of the National Firearms Act. The barrel makes the M4 a Short Barrel Rifle (SBR), and select fire capability (semi-automatic and fully automatic or burst-automatic) makes the M4 a machine gun. Civilian replicas of the M4 typically have barrels (or standard M4 barrels with per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321957 |
10,716 | Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of data and information. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT). An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,717 | Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed, the term "information technology" in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the "Harvard Business Review"; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,718 | The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,719 | Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC — 1450 AD), mechanical (1450—1840), electromechanical (1840—1940), and electronic (1940 to present). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,720 | Information technology is also a branch of computer science, which can be defined as the overall study of procedure, structure, and the processing of various types of data. As this field continues to evolve across the world, the overall priority and importance has also grown, which is where we begin to see the introduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,721 | Ideas of computer science were first mentioned before the 1950s under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, where they had discussed and began thinking of computer circuits and numerical calculations. As time went on, the field of information technology and computer science became more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,722 | Looking at early computing, Alan Turing, J. Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly were considered to be some of the major pioneers of computer technology in the mid-1900s. Giving them such credit for their developments, most of their efforts were focused on designing the first digital computer. Along with that, topics such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,723 | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. The Antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer, and the earliest known geared mechanism. Com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,724 | Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. The electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the world's first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. During the Second World War, Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,725 | The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, contained 4050 valves and had a power consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,726 | Several other breakthroughs in semiconductor technology include the integrated circuit (IC) invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959, the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Laboratories in 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,727 | By the year of 1984, according to the "National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review", the term 'information technology' had been redefined as "The development of cable television was made possible by the convergence of telecommunications and computing technology (…generally known in Britain as information technology).” W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,728 | Innovations in technology have already revolutionized the world by the twenty-first century as people were able to access different online services. This has changed the workforce drastically as thirty percent of U.S. workers were already in careers in this profession. 136.9 million people were personally connected to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,729 | Along with technology revolutionizing society, millions of processes could be done in seconds. Innovations in communication were also crucial as people began to rely on the computer to communicate through telephone lines and cable. The introduction of the email was a really big thing as "companies in one part of the wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,730 | Not only personally, computers and technology have also revolutionized the marketing industry, resulting in more buyers of their products. During the year of 2002, Americans exceeded $28 billion in goods just over the Internet alone while e-commerce a decade later resulted in $289 billion in sales. And as computers are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,731 | Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete. Electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from World War II, when a form of delay-line memory was developed to remove the clu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,732 | IBM introduced the first hard disk drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system. Most digital data today is still stored magnetically on hard disks, or optically on media such as CD-ROMs. Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,733 | Database Management Systems (DMS) emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. An early such system was IBM's Information Management System (IMS), which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later. IMS stores data hierarchically, but in the 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,734 | All DMS consist of components, they allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity. All databases are common in one point that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a database schema. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,735 | In recent years, the extensible markup language (XML) has become a popular format for data representation. Although XML data can be stored in normal file systems, it is commonly held in relational databases to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort." As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,736 | The relational database model introduced a programming-language independent Structured Query Language (SQL), based on relational algebra. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,737 | The terms "data" and "information" are not synonymous. Anything stored is data, but it only becomes information when it is organized and presented meaningfully. Most of the world's digital data is unstructured, and stored in a variety of different physical formats even within a single organization. Data warehouses bega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,738 | Data transmission has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception. It can be broadly categorized as broadcasting, in which information is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or telecommunications, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,739 | XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s, particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented protocols such as SOAP, describing "data-in-transit rather than... data-at-rest". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,740 | Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of Moore's law): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information per capita roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the per capita capacity of the world's general-purpose computers doubled every 18 months durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,741 | Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analyzed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited". To address that issue, the field of data mining — "the process of discovering interesting patterns and know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,742 | As technology is becoming more sophisticated by the day, there are increasing problems for security as everyone relies on storing information into computers more than ever. With data and databases becoming more dependent in businesses and organizations, it is considered to be the "backbone" of those businesses and orga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,743 | Along with IT Departments and personnel, there are also different types of agencies that "strengthen" the workforce. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is one of those examples that do just that as they make sure all organizations have all of the different necessities to add infrastructure and security to protec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,744 | The technology and services it provides for sending and receiving electronic messages (called "letters" or "electronic letters") over a distributed (including global) computer network. In terms of the composition of elements and the principle of operation, electronic mail practically repeats the system of regular (pape... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,745 | Disadvantages of e-mail: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (massive advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a particular letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); limits on the size of one message and on the total size of messages in the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,746 | A software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to search for information on the Internet. A search engine usually means a site that hosts the interface (front-end) of the system. The software part of a search engine is a search engine (search engine) — a set of programs that provides the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,747 | According to Statcounter Global Stats for August 2021, in Asia, the Chinese resource Baidu managed to take almost 3% of the Internet market. In turn, Yandex in the same region bypassed Yahoo, receiving a share of almost 2% and third place in the ranking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,748 | In an academic context, the Association for Computing Machinery defines Information Technology as "undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations IT specialists assume responsibility for selecting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,749 | Undergraduate degrees in IT (B.S., A.S.) are similar to other computer science degrees. In fact, they oftentimes have the same foundational level courses. Computer science (CS) programs tend to focus more on theory and design, whereas Information Technology programs are structured to equip the graduate with expertise i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,750 | However this not true in all cases. For example, in India an engineering degree in Information Technology (B.Tech IT) is a 4-year professional course and it is considered as an equivalent degree to a degree in Computer Science and Engineering since they share strikingly similar syllabus across many universities in Indi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,751 | B.Tech IT degree focuses heavily on mathematical foundations of computer science since students are taught calculus, linear algebra, graph theory and discrete mathematics in first two years. B.Tech. IT program also contains core computer science courses like Data Structures, Algorithm Analysis And Design, Compiler Desi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,752 | Concerns have been raised about this fact that most schools are lacking advanced-placement courses in this field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,753 | Companies in the information technology field are often discussed as a group as the "tech sector" or the "tech industry." These titles can be misleading at times and should not be mistaken for “tech companies;" which are generally large scale, for-profit corporations that sell consumer technology and software. It is al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,754 | Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. Companies have also sought to integrate IT with business outcomes and decision-making through a BizOps or business operations department. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,755 | In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems". The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,756 | Information services is a term somewhat loosely applied to a variety of IT-related services offered by commercial companies, as well as data brokers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,757 | The field of information ethics was established by mathematician Norbert Wiener in the 1940s. Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,758 | When talking about computer security, most of us think about computers being hacked or taken over by cybercriminals. However, computer security doesn't only deal with protecting the internal components of a computer, but also protecting them from natural disasters like tornadoes, floods, fires, etc. Computer security b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,759 | Cybersecurity is a big topic under the computer security category as this basically deals with protecting technology from unwanted cyber criminals or trolls. It is a very important aspect to businesses and organizations and is critical to the overall health and well-being of the organization's structure. As technology ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,760 | With computer security, there comes a need for professionals, or people who have educational experience in the different fields of this profession to help protect networks, databases, and computer systems from internal and external threats that could potentially cause harm. With technology getting more sophisticated, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674345 |
10,761 | Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine and a half times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,762 | Saturn's interior is most likely composed of a core of iron–nickel and rock (silicon and oxygen compounds). Its core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, an intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium, and finally, a gaseous outer layer. Saturn has a pale yellow hue due to ammonia crystals in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,763 | The planet's most notable feature is its prominent ring system, which is composed mainly of ice particles, with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. At least 83 moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which 53 are officially named; this does not include the hundreds of moonlets in its rings. Titan, Saturn's largest m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,764 | Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture and father of Jupiter. Its astronomical symbol () has been traced back to the Greek Oxyrhynchus Papyri, where it can be seen to be a Greek kappa-rho with a horizontal stroke, as an abbreviation for "Κρονος" (Cronus), the Greek name for the planet (). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,765 | It later came to look like a lower-case Greek eta, with the cross added at the top in the 16th century to Christianize this pagan symbol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,766 | The Romans named the seventh day of the week Saturday, "Sāturni diēs" ("Saturn's Day"), for the planet Saturn. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,767 | Saturn is a gas giant composed predominantly of hydrogen and helium. It lacks a definite surface, though it is likely to have a solid core. Saturn's rotation causes it to have the shape of an oblate spheroid; that is, it is flattened at the poles and bulges at its equator. Its equatorial and polar radii differ by almos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,768 | Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less. Although Saturn's core is considerably denser than water, the average specific density of the planet is due to the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318 times Earth's mass, and Saturn is 95 times Earth's mass. Together, Jupiter and Saturn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,769 | Despite consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, most of Saturn's mass is not in the gas phase, because hydrogen becomes a non-ideal liquid when the density is above , which is reached at a radius containing 99.9% of Saturn's mass. The temperature, pressure, and density inside Saturn all rise steadily toward the core,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,770 | Standard planetary models suggest that the interior of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, having a small rocky core surrounded by hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of various volatiles. Analysis of the distortion shows that Saturn is substantially more centrally condensed than Jupiter and therefore contains a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,771 | This core is similar in composition to Earth, but is more dense. The examination of Saturn's gravitational moment, in combination with physical models of the interior, has allowed constraints to be placed on the mass of Saturn's core. In 2004, scientists estimated that the core must be 9–22 times the mass of Earth, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,772 | Saturn has a hot interior, reaching 11,700 °C at its core, and radiates 2.5 times more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. Jupiter's thermal energy is generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism of slow gravitational compression, but such a process alone may not be sufficient to explain heat production for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,773 | The outer atmosphere of Saturn contains 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium by volume. The proportion of helium is significantly deficient compared to the abundance of this element in the Sun. The quantity of elements heavier than helium (metallicity) is not known precisely, but the proportions are assumed to mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,774 | Trace amounts of ammonia, acetylene, ethane, propane, phosphine, and methane have been detected in Saturn's atmosphere. The upper clouds are composed of ammonia crystals, while the lower level clouds appear to consist of either ammonium hydrosulfide () or water. Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun causes methane photoly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,775 | Saturn's atmosphere exhibits a banded pattern similar to Jupiter's, but Saturn's bands are much fainter and are much wider near the equator. The nomenclature used to describe these bands is the same as on Jupiter. Saturn's finer cloud patterns were not observed until the flybys of the "Voyager" spacecraft during the 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,776 | The composition of the clouds varies with depth and increasing pressure. In the upper cloud layers, with the temperature in the range 100–160 K and pressures extending between 0.5–2 bar, the clouds consist of ammonia ice. Water ice clouds begin at a level where the pressure is about 2.5 bar and extend down to 9.5 bar, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,777 | Saturn's usually bland atmosphere occasionally exhibits long-lived ovals and other features common on Jupiter. In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope imaged an enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator that was not present during the "Voyager" encounters, and in 1994 another smaller storm was observed. The 1990 storm was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,778 | The winds on Saturn are the second fastest among the Solar System's planets, after Neptune's. "Voyager" data indicate peak easterly winds of . In images from the "Cassini" spacecraft during 2007, Saturn's northern hemisphere displayed a bright blue hue, similar to Uranus. The color was most likely caused by Rayleigh sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,779 | A persisting hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the "Voyager" images. The sides of the hexagon are each about long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth. The entire structure rotates with a period of (the same period as that of the planet's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,780 | HST imaging of the south polar region indicates the presence of a jet stream, but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave. NASA reported in November 2006 that "Cassini" had observed a "hurricane-like" storm locked to the south pole that had a clearly defined eyewall. Eyewall clouds had not previously bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,781 | The south pole storm may have been present for billions of years. This vortex is comparable to the size of Earth, and it has winds of 550 km/h. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,782 | Saturn has an intrinsic magnetic field that has a simple, symmetric shape—a magnetic dipole. Its strength at the equator—0.2 gauss (µT)—is approximately one twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's magnetic field. As a result, Saturn's magnetosphere is much smaller than Jupiter's. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,783 | The average distance between Saturn and the Sun is over 1.4 billion kilometers (9 AU). With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km/s, it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about years) to finish one revolution around the Sun. As a consequence, it forms a near 5:2 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter. The elliptical orbit o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,784 | Astronomers use three different systems for specifying the rotation rate of Saturn. "System I" has a period of (844.3°/d) and encompasses the Equatorial Zone, the South Equatorial Belt, and the North Equatorial Belt. The polar regions are considered to have rotation rates similar to "System I". All other Saturnian lati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,785 | A precise value for the rotation period of the interior remains elusive. While approaching Saturn in 2004, "Cassini" found that the radio rotation period of Saturn had increased appreciably, to approximately . An estimate of Saturn's rotation (as an indicated rotation rate for Saturn as a whole) based on a compilation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,786 | In March 2007, it was found that the variation of radio emissions from the planet did not match Saturn's rotation rate. This variance may be caused by geyser activity on Saturn's moon Enceladus. The water vapor emitted into Saturn's orbit by this activity becomes charged and creates a drag upon Saturn's magnetic field,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,787 | An apparent oddity for Saturn is that it does not have any known trojan asteroids. These are minor planets that orbit the Sun at the stable Lagrangian points, designated L and L, located at 60° angles to the planet along its orbit. Trojan asteroids have been discovered for Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. Orbital re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,788 | Saturn has 83 known moons, 53 of which have formal names. In addition, there is evidence of dozens to hundreds of moonlets with diameters of 40–500 meters in Saturn's rings, which are not considered to be true moons. Titan, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the ring... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,789 | Many of the other moons are small: 34 are less than 10 km in diameter and another 14 between 10 and 50 km in diameter. Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after Titans of Greek mythology. Titan is the only satellite in the Solar System with a major atmosphere, in which a complex organic chemistry occu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,790 | On 6 June 2013, scientists at the IAA-CSIC reported the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the upper atmosphere of Titan, a possible precursor for life. On 23 June 2014, NASA claimed to have strong evidence that nitrogen in the atmosphere of Titan came from materials in the Oort cloud, associated with com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,791 | Saturn's moon Enceladus, which seems similar in chemical makeup to comets, has often been regarded as a potential habitat for microbial life. Evidence of this possibility includes the satellite's salt-rich particles having an "ocean-like" composition that indicates most of Enceladus's expelled ice comes from the evapor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,792 | In April 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon within the A Ring, which was imaged by "Cassini" on 15 April 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,793 | Saturn is probably best known for the system of planetary rings that makes it visually unique. The rings extend from outward from Saturn's equator and average approximately in thickness. They are composed predominantly of water ice, with trace amounts of tholin impurities and a peppered coating of approximately 7% amor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,794 | There are two main hypotheses regarding the origin of the rings. One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn, for which a research team at MIT has proposed the name "Chrysalis". The second hypothesis is that the rings are left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,795 | Beyond the main rings, at a distance of 12 million km from the planet is the sparse Phoebe ring. It is tilted at an angle of 27° to the other rings and, like Phoebe, orbits in retrograde fashion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,796 | Some of the moons of Saturn, including Pandora and Prometheus, act as shepherd moons to confine the rings and prevent them from spreading out. Pan and Atlas cause weak, linear density waves in Saturn's rings that have yielded more reliable calculations of their masses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,797 | The observation and exploration of Saturn can be divided into three phases. The first phase is ancient observations (such as with the naked eye), before the invention of modern telescopes. The second phase began in the 17th century, with telescopic observations from Earth, which improved over time. The third phase is v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,798 | Saturn has been known since prehistoric times, and in early recorded history it was a major character in various mythologies. Babylonian astronomers systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn. In ancient Greek, the planet was known as Phainon, and in Roman times it was known as the "star of Saturn". I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
10,799 | The Greek scientist Ptolemy based his calculations of Saturn's orbit on observations he made while it was in opposition. In Hindu astrology, there are nine astrological objects, known as Navagrahas. Saturn is known as "Shani" and judges everyone based on the good and bad deeds performed in life. Ancient Chinese and Jap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44474 |
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