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11,600 | In March 1904, the Wright Brothers applied for French and German patents. The French patent was granted on July 1, 1904. According to Combs, regarding the U.S. patent, "... by 1906 the drawings in the Wright patents were available to anyone who wanted badly enough to get them. And they gave proof – in vivid, technical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,601 | Attempting to circumvent the patent, Glenn Curtiss and other early aviators devised ailerons to emulate lateral control described in the patent and demonstrated by the Wrights in their public flights. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,602 | Soon after the historic July 4, 1908, one-kilometer flight by Curtiss in the AEA June Bug, the Wrights warned him not to infringe their patent by profiting from flying or selling aircraft that used ailerons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,603 | Orville wrote Curtiss, "Claim 14 of our patent no. 821,393, specifically covers the combination which we are informed you are using. If it is your desire to enter the exhibition business, we would be glad to take up the matter of a license to operate under our patent for that purpose." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,604 | Curtiss was at the time a member of the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), headed by Alexander Graham Bell, where in 1908 he had helped reinvent wingtip ailerons for their Aerodrome No. 2, known as the AEA White Wing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,605 | Curtiss refused to pay license fees to the Wrights and sold an airplane equipped with ailerons to the Aeronautic Society of New York in 1909. The Wrights filed a lawsuit, beginning a years-long legal conflict. They also sued foreign aviators who flew at U.S. exhibitions, including the leading French aviator Louis Paulh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,606 | European companies which bought foreign patents the Wrights had received sued other manufacturers in their countries. Those lawsuits were only partly successful. Despite a pro-Wright ruling in France, legal maneuvering dragged on until the patent expired in 1917. A German court ruled the patent invalid because of prior... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,607 | The Wright brothers won their initial case against Curtiss in February 1913 when a judge ruled that ailerons were covered under the patent. The Curtiss company appealed the decision. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,608 | From 1910 until his death from typhoid fever in 1912, Wilbur took the leading role in the patent struggle, travelling incessantly to consult with lawyers and testify in what he felt was a moral cause, particularly against Curtiss, who was creating a large company to manufacture aircraft. The Wrights' preoccupation with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,609 | In January 1914, a U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the verdict against the Curtiss company, which continued to avoid penalties through legal tactics. Orville apparently felt vindicated by the decision, and much to the frustration of company executives, he did not push vigorously for further legal action to ensure ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,610 | Aviation historian C.H. Gibbs-Smith stated a number of times that the Wrights' legal victory would have been "doubtful" if an 1868 patent of "a prior but lost invention" by M.P.W. Boulton of the U.K. had been known in the period 1903–1906. The patent, titled "Aërial Locomotion &c," described several engine improvements... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,611 | The lawsuits damaged the public image of the Wright brothers, who were generally regarded before this as heroes. Critics said the brothers were greedy and unfair, and compared their actions unfavorably to European inventors, who worked more openly. Supporters said the brothers were protecting their interests and were j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,612 | The Wright Company was incorporated on November 22, 1909. The brothers sold their patents to the company for $100,000 and also received one-third of the shares in a million dollar stock issue and a 10 percent royalty on every airplane sold. With Wilbur as president and Orville as vice president, the company set up a fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,613 | In mid-1910, the Wrights changed the design of the "Wright Flyer", moving the horizontal elevator from the front to the back and adding wheels although keeping the skids as part of the undercarriage unit. It had become apparent by then that a rear elevator would make an airplane easier to control, especially as higher ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,614 | There were not many customers for airplanes, so in the spring of 1910 the Wrights hired and trained a team of salaried exhibition pilots to show off their machines and win prize money for the company – despite Wilbur's disdain for what he called "the mountebank business". The team debuted at the Indianapolis Speedway o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,615 | The Wright Company transported the first known commercial air cargo on November 7, 1910, by flying two bolts of dress silk from Dayton to Columbus, Ohio, for the Morehouse-Martens Department Store, which paid a $5,000 fee. Company pilot Phil Parmelee made the flight – which was more an exercise in advertising than a si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,616 | Between 1910 and 1916 the Wright Brothers Flying School at Huffman Prairie trained 115 pilots who were instructed by Orville and his assistants. Several trainees became famous, including Henry "Hap" Arnold, who rose to Five-Star General, commanded U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, and became the first head of the U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,617 | In 1912–1913 a series of fatal crashes of Wright airplanes bought by the U.S. Army called into question their safety and design. The death toll reached 11 by 1913, half of them in the Wright model C. All six model C Army airplanes crashed. They had a tendency to nose dive, but Orville insisted that stalls were caused b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,618 | S.P. Langley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1887 until his death in 1906, experimented for years with model flying machines and successfully flew unmanned powered fixed-wing model aircraft in 1896 and 1903. Two tests of his manned full-size motor-driven Aerodrome in October and December 1903, however, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,619 | The Smithsonian based its claim for the Aerodrome on short test flights Glenn Curtiss and his team made with it in 1914. The Smithsonian had allowed Curtiss to make major modifications to the craft before attempting to fly it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,620 | The Smithsonian hoped to salvage Langley's aeronautical reputation by proving the Aerodrome could fly; Curtiss wanted to prove the same thing to defeat the Wrights' patent lawsuits against him. The tests had no effect on the patent battle, but the Smithsonian made the most of them, honoring the Aerodrome in its museum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,621 | Orville repeatedly objected to misrepresentation of the Aerodrome, but the Smithsonian was unyielding. Orville responded by lending the restored 1903 Kitty Hawk Flyer to the London Science Museum in 1928, refusing to donate it to the Smithsonian while the Institution "perverted" the history of the flying machine. Orvil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,622 | Charles Lindbergh attempted to mediate the dispute, to no avail. In 1942, after years of bad publicity, and encouraged by Wright biographer F.C. Kelly, the Smithsonian finally relented by publishing, for the first time, a list of the Aerodrome modifications and recanting the misleading statements it had published about... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,623 | On November 23, 1948, the executors of Orville's estate signed an agreement for the Smithsonian to purchase the Flyer for one dollar. At the insistence of the executors, the agreement also included strict conditions for display of the airplane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,624 | If this agreement is not fulfilled, the "Flyer" can be reclaimed by the heir of the Wright brothers. Some aviation enthusiasts, particularly those who promote the legacy of Gustave Whitehead, have accused the Smithsonian of refusing to investigate claims of earlier flights. After a ceremony in the Smithsonian museum, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,625 | Both Wilbur and Orville were life-long bachelors. Wilbur once quipped that he 'did not have time for both a wife and an airplane'. The 1909 short silent film "Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine" (which translates to "Wilbur Wright and his Flying Machine") is considered to be the first use of motion picture aerial pho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,626 | Wilbur spent the next year before his death traveling, where he spent a full six months in Europe attending to various business and legal matters. Wilbur urged American cities to emulate the European – particularly Parisian – philosophy of apportioning generous public space near every important public building. He was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,627 | It was decided by the family that a new and far grander house would be built, using the money that the Wrights had earned through their inventions and business. Called affectionately Hawthorn Hill, building had begun in the Dayton suburb of Oakwood, Ohio, while Wilbur was in Europe. Katharine and Orville oversaw the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,628 | He became ill on a business trip to Boston in April 1912. The illness is sometimes attributed to eating bad shellfish at a banquet. After returning to Dayton in early May 1912, worn down in mind and body, he fell ill again and was diagnosed with typhoid fever. He lingered on, his symptoms relapsing and remitting for ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,629 | Orville succeeded to the presidency of the Wright Company upon Wilbur's death. He won the prestigious Collier Trophy in 1914 for development of his automatic stabilizer on the brothers' Wright Model E. Sharing Wilbur's distaste for business but not his brother's executive skills, Orville sold the company in 1915. The W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,630 | After 42 years living at their residence on 7 Hawthorn Street, Orville, Katharine, and their father, Milton, moved to Hawthorn Hill in spring 1914. Milton died in his sleep on April 3, 1917, at age 88. Up until his death, Milton had been very active, preoccupied with reading, writing articles for religious publications... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,631 | Orville made his last flight as a pilot in 1918 in a 1911 Model B. He retired from business and became an elder statesman of aviation, serving on various official boards and committees, including the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce (ACCA). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,632 | Katharine married Henry Haskell of Kansas City, a former Oberlin classmate, in 1926. Orville was furious and inconsolable, feeling he had been betrayed by his sister Katharine. He refused to attend the wedding or even communicate with her. He finally agreed to see her, apparently at Lorin's insistence, just before she ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,633 | Orville Wright served in the NACA for 28 years. In 1930, he received the first Daniel Guggenheim Medal established in 1928 by the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. In 1936, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued a president... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,634 | On April 19, 1944, the second production Lockheed Constellation, piloted by Howard Hughes and TWA president Jack Frye, flew from Burbank, California, to Washington, DC, in 6 hours and 57 minutes (2300 mi, 330.9 mph). On the return trip, the airliner stopped at Wright Field to give Orville Wright his last airplane fligh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,635 | Orville's last major project was supervising the reclamation and preservation of the 1905 "Wright Flyer III", which historians describe as the first practical airplane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,636 | Orville expressed sadness in an interview years later about the death and destruction brought about by the bombers of World War II: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,637 | Orville died at age 76 on January 30, 1948, over 35 years after his brother, following his second heart attack, having lived from the horse-and-buggy age to the dawn of supersonic flight. Both brothers are buried in the family plot at Woodland Cemetery, Dayton, Ohio. John T. Daniels, the Coast Guardsman who took their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,638 | First powered flight claims are made for Clément Ader, Gustave Whitehead, Richard Pearse, and Karl Jatho for their variously documented tests in years prior to and including 1903. Claims that the first true flight occurred after 1903 are made for Traian Vuia and Alberto Santos-Dumont. Supporters of the post-Wright pion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,639 | The aviation historian C.H. Gibbs-Smith was a supporter of the Wrights' claim to primacy in flight. He wrote that a barn door can be made to "fly" for a short distance if enough energy is applied to it; he determined that the very limited flight experiments of Ader, Vuia, and others were "powered hops" instead of fully... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,640 | The U.S. states of Ohio and North Carolina both take credit for the Wright brothers and their world-changing inventions—Ohio because the brothers developed and built their designs in Dayton, and North Carolina because Kitty Hawk was the site of the Wrights' first powered flight. With a spirit of friendly rivalry, Ohio ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,641 | The site of the first flights in North Carolina is preserved as Wright Brothers National Memorial, while their Ohio facilities are part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park. As the positions of both states can be factually defended, and each played a significant role in the history of flight, neither st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,642 | Notwithstanding the competition between those two states, in 1937 the Wrights' last bicycle shop and home were moved from Dayton, Ohio to Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan, where they remain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,643 | NASA named the first Martian take-off and landing area for the 2021 "Ingenuity" helicopter "Wright Brothers Field". "Ingenuity" arrived on Mars stored under the "Perseverance" rover as part of the Mars 2020 mission, was flown five times from Wright Brothers Field between April 19 and May 7, 2021, and was flown away fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,644 | The helicopter carries a small piece of wing fabric from the 1903 "Wright Flyer" attached to a cable underneath its solar panel. In 1969, Neil Armstrong carried a similar "Wright Flyer" artifact to the Moon in the Lunar Module "Eagle" during Apollo 11. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58410 |
11,645 | Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about one second of mean solar time (such as UT1) at 0° longitude (at the IERS Reference Meridian as the currently used prime meridian) and is not adjusted for daylight saving time. It is effectivel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,646 | The coordination of time and frequency transmissions around the world began on 1 January 1960. UTC was first officially adopted as CCIR Recommendation 374, "Standard-Frequency and Time-Signal Emissions", in 1963, but the official abbreviation of UTC and the official English name of Coordinated Universal Time (along wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,647 | The system has been adjusted several times, including a brief period during which the time-coordination radio signals broadcast both UTC and "Stepped Atomic Time (SAT)" before a new UTC was adopted in 1970 and implemented in 1972. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments. This CCIR Recommend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,648 | The General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted a resolution to alter UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds by 2035. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,649 | The current version of UTC is defined by International Telecommunication Union Recommendation (ITU-R TF.460-6), "Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions", and is based on International Atomic Time (TAI) with leap seconds added at irregular intervals to compensate for the accumulated difference between TAI and time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,650 | The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is "UTC". This abbreviation comes as a result of the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union wanting to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed "CUT" (for "coordinated universal time"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,651 | Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, as in the list of time zones by UTC offset. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,652 | The westernmost time zone uses , being twelve hours behind UTC; the easternmost time zone uses , being fourteen hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the island nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC−10 to so that Kiribati would all be on the same day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,653 | UTC is used in many Internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol (NTP), designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the Internet, transmits time information from the UTC system. If only milliseconds precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,654 | UTC is also the time standard used in aviation, e.g. for flight plans and air traffic control. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones and daylight saving time. The International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,655 | Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up in many time zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,656 | UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds. Days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes. The number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 6... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,657 | Nearly all UTC days contain exactly 86,400 SI seconds with exactly 60 seconds in each minute. UTC is within about one second of mean solar time at 0° longitude, so that, because the mean solar day is slightly longer than 86,400 SI seconds, occasionally the last minute of a UTC day is adjusted to have 61 seconds. The ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,658 | Since 1972, UTC is calculated by subtracting the accumulated leap seconds from International Atomic Time (TAI), which is a coordinate time scale tracking notional proper time on the rotating surface of the Earth (the geoid). In order to maintain a close approximation to UT1, UTC occasionally has discontinuities where i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,659 | As with TAI, UTC is only known with the highest precision in retrospect. Users who require an approximation in real time must obtain it from a time laboratory, which disseminates an approximation using techniques such as GPS or radio time signals. Such approximations are designated UTC("k"), where "k" is an abbreviatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,660 | Because of time dilation, a standard clock not on the geoid, or in rapid motion, will not maintain synchronicity with UTC. Therefore, telemetry from clocks with a known relation to the geoid is used to provide UTC when required, on locations such as those of spacecraft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,661 | It is not possible to compute the exact time interval elapsed between two UTC timestamps without consulting a table that shows how many leap seconds occurred during that interval. By extension, it is not possible to compute the precise duration of a time interval that ends in the future and may encompass an unknown num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,662 | Time zones are usually defined as differing from UTC by an integer number of hours, although the laws of each jurisdiction would have to be consulted if sub-second accuracy was required. Several jurisdictions have established time zones that differ by an odd integer number of half-hours or quarter-hours from UT1 or UTC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,663 | Current civil time in a particular time zone can be determined by adding or subtracting the number of hours and minutes specified by the UTC offset, which ranges from in the west to in the east (see List of UTC time offsets). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,664 | The time zone using UTC is sometimes denoted or by the letter "Z"—a reference to the equivalent nautical time zone (GMT), which has been denoted by a "Z" since about 1950. Time zones were identified by successive letters of the alphabet and the Greenwich time zone was marked by a "Z" as it was the point of origin. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,665 | On electronic devices which only allow the time zone to be configured using maps or city names, UTC can be selected indirectly by selecting cities such as Accra in Ghana or Reykjavík in Iceland as they are always on UTC and do not currently use Daylight Saving Time (which Greenwich and London do, and so could be a sour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,666 | UTC does not change with a change of seasons, but local time or civil time may change if a time zone jurisdiction observes daylight saving time (summer time). For example, local time on the east coast of the United States is five hours behind UTC during winter, but four hours behind while daylight saving is observed th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,667 | In 1928, the term Universal Time (UT) was introduced by the International Astronomical Union to refer to GMT, with the day starting at midnight. Until the 1950s, broadcast time signals were based on UT, and hence on the rotation of the Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,668 | In 1955, the caesium atomic clock was invented. This provided a form of timekeeping that was both more stable and more convenient than astronomical observations. In 1956, the U.S. National Bureau of Standards and U.S. Naval Observatory started to develop atomic frequency time scales; by 1959, these time scales were use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,669 | In a controversial decision, the frequency of the signals was initially set to match the rate of UT, but then kept at the same frequency by the use of atomic clocks and deliberately allowed to drift away from UT. When the divergence grew significantly, the signal was phase shifted (stepped) by 20 ms to bring it back in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,670 | In 1958, data was published linking the frequency for the caesium transition, newly established, with the ephemeris second. The ephemeris second is a unit in the system of time that, when used as the independent variable in the laws of motion that govern the movement of the planets and moons in the solar system, enable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,671 | In 1961, the Bureau International de l'Heure began coordinating the UTC process internationally (but the name Coordinated Universal Time was not formally adopted by the International Astronomical Union until 1967). From then on, there were time steps every few months, and frequency changes at the end of each year. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,672 | In 1967, the SI second was redefined in terms of the frequency supplied by a caesium atomic clock. The length of second so defined was practically equal to the second of ephemeris time. This was the frequency that had been provisionally used in TAI since 1958. It was soon decided that having two types of second with di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,673 | There was also dissatisfaction with the frequent jumps in UTC (and SAT). In 1968, Louis Essen, the inventor of the caesium atomic clock, and G. M. R. Winkler both independently proposed that steps should be of 1 second only. This system was eventually approved, along with the idea of maintaining the UTC second equal to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,674 | The first leap second occurred on 30 June 1972. Since then, leap seconds have occurred on average about once every 19 months, always on 30 June or 31 December. , there have been 27 leap seconds in total, all positive, putting UTC 37 seconds behind TAI. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,675 | Earth's rotational speed is very slowly decreasing because of tidal deceleration; this increases the length of the mean solar day. The length of the SI second was calibrated on the basis of the second of ephemeris time and can now be seen to have a relationship with the mean solar day observed between 1750 and 1892, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,676 | The excess of the LOD over the nominal 86,400 s accumulates over time, causing the UTC day, initially synchronised with the mean sun, to become desynchronised and run ahead of it. Near the end of the 20th century, with the LOD at 1.3 ms above the nominal value, UTC ran faster than UT by 1.3 ms per day, getting a second... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,677 | Just as adding a leap day every four years does not mean the year is getting longer by one day every four years, the insertion of a leap second every 800 days does not indicate that the mean solar day is getting longer by a second every 800 days. It will take about 50,000 years for a mean solar day to lengthen by one s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,678 | In the graph of DUT1 above, the excess of LOD above the nominal 86,400 s corresponds to the downward slope of the graph between vertical segments. (The slope became shallower in the 1980s, 2000s and late 2010s to 2020s because of slight accelerations of Earth's rotation temporarily shortening the day.) Vertical positio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,679 | As the Earth's rotation continues to slow, positive leap seconds will be required more frequently. The long-term rate of change of LOD is approximately +1.7 ms per century. At the end of the 21st century, LOD will be roughly 86,400.004 s, requiring leap seconds every 250 days. Over several centuries, the frequency of l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,680 | Some time in the 22nd century, two leap seconds will be required every year. The current practice of only allowing leap seconds in June and December will be insufficient to maintain a difference of less than 1 second, and it might be decided to introduce leap seconds in March and September. In the 25th century, four le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,681 | In April 2001, Rob Seaman of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory proposed that leap seconds be allowed to be added monthly rather than twice yearly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,682 | A resolution has been adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures to redefine UTC and abolish leap seconds, but keep the civil second constant and equal to the SI second, so that sundials would slowly get further and further out of sync with civil time. The leap seconds will be eliminated by 2035. The res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,683 | ITU‑R Study Group 7 and Working Party 7A were unable to reach consensus on whether to advance the proposal to the 2012 Radiocommunications Assembly; the chairman of Study Group 7 elected to advance the question to the 2012 Radiocommunications Assembly (20 January 2012), but consideration of the proposal was postponed b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,684 | A proposed alternative to the leap second is the leap hour or leap minute, which requires changes only once every few centuries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453500 |
11,685 | Machine learning (ML) is a field of inquiry devoted to understanding and building methods that 'learn', that is, methods that leverage data to improve performance on some set of tasks. It is seen as a part of artificial intelligence. Machine learning algorithms build a model based on sample data, known as training data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,686 | A subset of machine learning is closely related to computational statistics, which focuses on making predictions using computers, but not all machine learning is statistical learning. The study of mathematical optimization delivers methods, theory and application domains to the field of machine learning. Data mining is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,687 | Learning algorithms work on the basis that strategies, algorithms, and inferences that worked well in the past are likely to continue working well in the future. These inferences can be obvious, such as "since the sun rose every morning for the last 10,000 days, it will probably rise tomorrow morning as well". They can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,688 | Machine learning programs can perform tasks without being explicitly programmed to do so. It involves computers learning from data provided so that they carry out certain tasks. For simple tasks assigned to computers, it is possible to program algorithms telling the machine how to execute all steps required to solve th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,689 | The discipline of machine learning employs various approaches to teach computers to accomplish tasks where no fully satisfactory algorithm is available. In cases where vast numbers of potential answers exist, one approach is to label some of the correct answers as valid. This can then be used as training data for the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,690 | The term "machine learning" was coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel, an IBM employee and pioneer in the field of computer gaming and artificial intelligence. Also the synonym "self-teaching computers" were used in this time period. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,691 | By the early 1960s an experimental "learning machine" with punched tape memory, called Cybertron, had been developed by Raytheon Company to analyze sonar signals, electrocardiograms, and speech patterns using rudimentary reinforcement learning. It was repetitively "trained" by a human operator/teacher to recognize patt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,692 | Tom M. Mitchell provided a widely quoted, more formal definition of the algorithms studied in the machine learning field: "A computer program is said to learn from experience "E" with respect to some class of tasks "T" and performance measure "P" if its performance at tasks in "T", as measured by "P", improves with exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,693 | Modern-day machine learning has two objectives, one is to classify data based on models which have been developed, the other purpose is to make predictions for future outcomes based on these models. A hypothetical algorithm specific to classifying data may use computer vision of moles coupled with supervised learning i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,694 | As a scientific endeavor, machine learning grew out of the quest for artificial intelligence. In the early days of AI as an academic discipline, some researchers were interested in having machines learn from data. They attempted to approach the problem with various symbolic methods, as well as what was then termed "neu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,695 | However, an increasing emphasis on the logical, knowledge-based approach caused a rift between AI and machine learning. Probabilistic systems were plagued by theoretical and practical problems of data acquisition and representation. By 1980, expert systems had come to dominate AI, and statistics was out of favor. Work ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,696 | Machine learning (ML),is reorganized as a separate field, started to flourish in the 1990s. The field changed its goal from achieving artificial intelligence to tackling solvable problems of a practical nature. It shifted focus away from the symbolic approaches it had inherited from AI, and toward methods and models bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,697 | The difference between ML and AI is frequently misunderstood. ML learns and predicts based on passive observations, whereas AI implies an agent interacting with the environment to learn and take actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,698 | As of 2020, many sources continue to assert that ML remains a subfield of AI. Others have the view that not all ML is part of AI, but only an 'intelligent subset' of ML should be considered AI. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
11,699 | Machine learning and data mining often employ the same methods and overlap significantly, but while machine learning focuses on prediction, based on "known" properties learned from the training data, data mining focuses on the discovery of (previously) "unknown" properties in the data (this is the analysis step of know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
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