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11,900 | Ambient intelligence and autonomous control are not part of the original concept of the Internet of things. Ambient intelligence and autonomous control do not necessarily require Internet structures, either. However, there is a shift in research (by companies such as Intel) to integrate the concepts of the IoT and auto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,901 | IoT intelligence can be offered at three levels: IoT devices, Edge/Fog nodes, and Cloud computing. The need for intelligent control and decision at each level depends on the time sensitiveness of the IoT application. For example, an autonomous vehicle's camera needs to make real-time obstacle detection to avoid an acci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,902 | In the future, the Internet of things may be a non-deterministic and open network in which auto-organized or intelligent entities (web services, SOA components) and virtual objects (avatars) will be interoperable and able to act independently (pursuing their own objectives or shared ones) depending on the context, circ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,903 | IoT system architecture, in its simplistic view, consists of three tiers: Tier 1: Devices, Tier 2: the Edge Gateway, and Tier 3: the Cloud. Devices include networked things, such as the sensors and actuators found in IoT equipment, particularly those that use protocols such as Modbus, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or proprietary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,904 | Building on the Internet of things, the web of things is an architecture for the application layer of the Internet of things looking at the convergence of data from IoT devices into Web applications to create innovative use-cases. In order to program and control the flow of information in the Internet of things, a pred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,905 | The Internet of things requires huge scalability in the network space to handle the surge of devices. IETF 6LoWPAN can be used to connect devices to IP networks. With billions of devices being added to the Internet space, IPv6 will play a major role in handling the network layer scalability. IETF's Constrained Applicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,906 | Fog computing is a viable alternative to prevent such a large burst of data flow through the Internet. The edge devices' computation power to analyze and process data is extremely limited. Limited processing power is a key attribute of IoT devices as their purpose is to supply data about physical objects while remainin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,907 | Decentralized Internet of things, or decentralized IoT, is a modified IoT. It utilizes Fog Computing to handle and balance requests of connected IoT devices in order to reduce loading on the cloud servers and improve responsiveness for latency-sensitive IoT applications like vital signs monitoring of patients, vehicle-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,908 | Conventional IoT is connected via a mesh network and led by a major head node (centralized controller). The head node decides how a data is created, stored, and transmitted. In contrast, decentralized IoT attempts to divide IoT systems into smaller divisions. The head node authorizes partial decision making power to lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,909 | Decentralized IoT attempts to address the limited bandwidth and hashing capacity of battery powered or wireless IoT devices via lightweight blockchain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,910 | Cyberattack identification can be done through early detection and mitigation at the edge nodes with traffic monitoring and evaluation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,911 | In semi-open or closed loops (i.e., value chains, whenever a global finality can be settled) the IoT will often be considered and studied as a complex system due to the huge number of different links, interactions between autonomous actors, and its capacity to integrate new actors. At the overall stage (full open loop)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,912 | As a practical approach, not all elements on the Internet of things run in a global, public space. Subsystems are often implemented to mitigate the risks of privacy, control and reliability. For example, domestic robotics (domotics) running inside a smart home might only share data within and be available via a local n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,913 | The exact scale of the Internet of things is unknown, with quotes of billions or trillions often quoted at the beginning of IoT articles. In 2015 there were 83 million smart devices in people's homes. This number is expected to grow to 193 million devices by 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,914 | In the Internet of things, the precise geographic location of a thing—and also the precise geographic dimensions of a thing—can be critical. Therefore, facts about a thing, such as its location in time and space, have been less critical to track because the person processing the information can decide whether or not th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,915 | Many IoT devices have the potential to take a piece of this market. Jean-Louis Gassée (Apple initial alumni team, and BeOS co-founder) has addressed this topic in an article on "Monday Note", where he predicts that the most likely problem will be what he calls the "basket of remotes" problem, where we'll have hundreds ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,916 | Social Internet of things (SIoT) is a new kind of IoT that focuses the importance of social interaction and relationship between IoT devices. SIoT is a pattern of how cross-domain IoT devices enabling application to application communication and collaboration without human intervention in order to serve their owners wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,917 | IoT defines a device with an identity like a citizen in a community and connect them to the internet to provide services to its users. SIoT defines a social network for IoT devices only to interact with each other for different goals that to serve human. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,918 | SIoT is different from the original IoT in terms of the collaboration characteristics. IoT is passive, it was set to serve for dedicated purposes with existing IoT devices in predetermined system. SIoT is active, it was programmed and managed by AI to serve for unplanned purposes with mix and match of potential IoT dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,919 | IoT devices built-in with sociability will broadcast their abilities or functionalities, and at the same time discovers, navigates and groups with other IoT devices in the same or nearby network for useful service compositions in order to help its users proactively in every day's life especially during emergency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,920 | There are many technologies that enable the IoT. Crucial to the field is the network used to communicate between devices of an IoT installation, a role that several wireless or wired technologies may fulfill: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,921 | The original idea of the Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags and distinct identification through the Electronic Product Code. This has evolved into objects having an IP address or URI. An alternative view, from the world of the Semantic Web focuses instead on making all things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,922 | Internet-of-things devices additionally will benefit from the stateless address auto-configuration present in IPv6, as it reduces the configuration overhead on the hosts, and the IETF 6LoWPAN header compression. To a large extent, the future of the Internet of things will not be possible without the support of IPv6; an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,923 | This is a list of technical standards for the IoT, most of which are open standards, and the standards organizations that aspire to successfully setting them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,924 | Some scholars and activists argue that the IoT can be used to create new models of civic engagement if device networks can be open to user control and inter-operable platforms. Philip N. Howard, a professor and author, writes that political life in both democracies and authoritarian regimes will be shaped by the way th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,925 | One of the key drivers of the IoT is data. The success of the idea of connecting devices to make them more efficient is dependent upon access to and storage & processing of data. For this purpose, companies working on the IoT collect data from multiple sources and store it in their cloud network for further processing.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,926 | A report published by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in January 2015 made the following three recommendations: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,927 | However, the FTC stopped at just making recommendations for now. According to an FTC analysis, the existing framework, consisting of the FTC Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, and the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, along with developing consumer education and business guidance, participation in multi-stakeh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,928 | A resolution passed by the Senate in March 2015, is already being considered by the Congress. This resolution recognized the need for formulating a National Policy on IoT and the matter of privacy, security and spectrum. Furthermore, to provide an impetus to the IoT ecosystem, in March 2016, a bipartisan group of four ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,929 | Approved on 28 September 2018, California Senate Bill No. 327 goes into effect on 1 January 2020. The bill requires ""a manufacturer of a connected device, as those terms are defined, to equip the device with a reasonable security feature or features that are appropriate to the nature and function of the device, approp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,930 | Several standards for the IoT industry are actually being established relating to automobiles because most concerns arising from use of connected cars apply to healthcare devices as well. In fact, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is preparing cybersecurity guidelines and a database of best pra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,931 | A recent report from the World Bank examines the challenges and opportunities in government adoption of IoT. These include – | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,932 | In early December 2021, the U.K. government introduced the Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure bill (PST), an effort to legislate IoT distributors, manufacturers, and importers to meet certain cybersecurity standards. The bill also seeks to improve the security credentials of consumer IoT devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,933 | The IoT suffers from platform fragmentation, lack of interoperability and common technical standards a situation where the variety of IoT devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently between different inco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,934 | The IoT's amorphous computing nature is also a problem for security, since patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-price devices. One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support older devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,935 | Philip N. Howard, a professor and author, writes that the Internet of things offers immense potential for empowering citizens, making government transparent, and broadening information access. Howard cautions, however, that privacy threats are enormous, as is the potential for social control and political manipulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,936 | Concerns about privacy have led many to consider the possibility that big data infrastructures such as the Internet of things and data mining are inherently incompatible with privacy. Key challenges of increased digitalization in the water, transport or energy sector are related to privacy and cybersecurity which neces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,937 | Writer Adam Greenfield claims that IoT technologies are not only an invasion of public space but are also being used to perpetuate normative behavior, citing an instance of billboards with hidden cameras that tracked the demographics of passersby who stopped to read the advertisement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,938 | The Internet of Things Council compared the increased prevalence of digital surveillance due to the Internet of things to the conceptual panopticon described by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th Century. The assertion was defended by the works of French philosophers Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze. In "Discipline and Punis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,939 | Peter-Paul Verbeek, a professor of philosophy of technology at the University of Twente, Netherlands, writes that technology already influences our moral decision making, which in turn affects human agency, privacy and autonomy. He cautions against viewing technology merely as a human tool and advocates instead to cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,940 | Justin Brookman, of the Center for Democracy and Technology, expressed concern regarding the impact of the IoT on consumer privacy, saying that "There are some people in the commercial space who say, 'Oh, big data – well, let's collect everything, keep it around forever, we'll pay for somebody to think about security l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,941 | Tim O'Reilly believes that the way companies sell the IoT devices on consumers are misplaced, disputing the notion that the IoT is about gaining efficiency from putting all kinds of devices online and postulating that the "IoT is really about human augmentation. The applications are profoundly different when you have s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,942 | Editorials at WIRED have also expressed concern, one stating "What you're about to lose is your privacy. Actually, it's worse than that. You aren't just going to lose your privacy, you're going to have to watch the very concept of privacy be rewritten under your nose." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,943 | The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) expressed concern regarding the ability of IoT to erode people's control over their own lives. The ACLU wrote that "There's simply no way to forecast how these immense powers – disproportionately accumulating in the hands of corporations seeking financial advantage and governme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,944 | In response to rising concerns about privacy and smart technology, in 2007 the British Government stated it would follow formal Privacy by Design principles when implementing their smart metering program. The program would lead to replacement of traditional power meters with smart power meters, which could track and ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,945 | A challenge for producers of IoT applications is to clean, process and interpret the vast amount of data which is gathered by the sensors. There is a solution proposed for the analytics of the information referred to as Wireless Sensor Networks. These networks share data among sensor nodes that are sent to a distribute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,946 | Another challenge is the storage of this bulk data. Depending on the application, there could be high data acquisition requirements, which in turn lead to high storage requirements. Currently the Internet is already responsible for 5% of the total energy generated, and a "daunting challenge to power" IoT devices to col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,947 | Data silos, although a common challenge of legacy systems, still commonly occur with the implementation of IoT devices, particularly within manufacturing. As there are a lot of benefits to be gained from IoT and IIoT devices, the means in which the data is stored can present serious challenges without the principles of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,948 | Security is the biggest concern in adopting Internet of things technology, with concerns that rapid development is happening without appropriate consideration of the profound security challenges involved and the regulatory changes that might be necessary. The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has allowe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,949 | Most of the technical security concerns are similar to those of conventional servers, workstations and smartphones. These concerns include using weak authentication, forgetting to change default credentials, unencrypted messages sent between devices, SQL injections, Man-in-the-middle attacks, and poor handling of secur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,950 | Rather than conventional security vulnerabilities, fault injection attacks are on the rise and targeting IoT devices. A fault injection attack is a physical attack on a device to purposefully introduce faults in the system to change the intended behavior. Faults might happen unintentionally by environmental noises and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,951 | Internet of things devices also have access to new areas of data, and can often control physical devices, so that even by 2014 it was possible to say that many Internet-connected appliances could already "spy on people in their own homes" including televisions, kitchen appliances, cameras, and thermostats. Computer-con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,952 | Poorly secured Internet-accessible IoT devices can also be subverted to attack others. In 2016, a distributed denial of service attack powered by Internet of things devices running the Mirai malware took down a DNS provider and major web sites. The Mirai Botnet had infected roughly 65,000 IoT devices within the first 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,953 | The U.S. National Intelligence Council in an unclassified report maintains that it would be hard to deny "access to networks of sensors and remotely-controlled objects by enemies of the United States, criminals, and mischief makers... An open market for aggregated sensor data could serve the interests of commerce and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,954 | On 31 January 2019, the Washington Post wrote an article regarding the security and ethical challenges that can occur with IoT doorbells and cameras: "Last month, Ring got caught allowing its team in Ukraine to view and annotate certain user videos; the company says it only looks at publicly shared videos and those fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,955 | There have been a range of responses to concerns over security. The Internet of Things Security Foundation (IoTSF) was launched on 23 September 2015 with a mission to secure the Internet of things by promoting knowledge and best practice. Its founding board is made from technology providers and telecommunications compa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,956 | Governmental regulation is argued by some to be necessary to secure IoT devices and the wider Internet – as market incentives to secure IoT devices is insufficient. It was found that due to the nature of most of the IoT development boards, they generate predictable and weak keys which make it easy to be utilized by Man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,957 | IoT security within the field of manufacturing presents different challenges, and varying perspectives. Within the EU and Germany, data protection is constantly referenced throughout manufacturing and digital policy particularly that of I4.0. However, the attitude towards data security differs from the enterprise persp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,958 | IoT systems are typically controlled by event-driven smart apps that take as input either sensed data, user inputs, or other external triggers (from the Internet) and command one or more actuators towards providing different forms of automation. Examples of sensors include smoke detectors, motion sensors, and contact s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,959 | A problem specific to IoT systems is that buggy apps, unforeseen bad app interactions, or device/communication failures, can cause unsafe and dangerous physical states, e.g., "unlock the entrance door when no one is at home" or "turn off the heater when the temperature is below 0 degrees Celsius and people are sleeping... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,960 | Given widespread recognition of the evolving nature of the design and management of the Internet of things, sustainable and secure deployment of IoT solutions must design for "anarchic scalability." Application of the concept of anarchic scalability can be extended to physical systems (i.e. controlled real-world object... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,961 | Brown University computer scientist Michael Littman has argued that successful execution of the Internet of things requires consideration of the interface's usability as well as the technology itself. These interfaces need to be not only more user-friendly but also better integrated: "If users need to learn different i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,962 | A concern regarding Internet-of-things technologies pertains to the environmental impacts of the manufacture, use, and eventual disposal of all these semiconductor-rich devices. Modern electronics are replete with a wide variety of heavy metals and rare-earth metals, as well as highly toxic synthetic chemicals. This ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,963 | The Electronic Frontier Foundation has raised concerns that companies can use the technologies necessary to support connected devices to intentionally disable or "brick" their customers' devices via a remote software update or by disabling a service necessary to the operation of the device. In one example, home automat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,964 | Owners should be free to point their devices to a different server or collaborate on improved software. But such action violates the United States DMCA section 1201, which only has an exemption for "local use". This forces tinkerers who want to keep using their own equipment into a legal grey area. EFF thinks buyers sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,965 | Examples of post-sale manipulations include Google Nest Revolv, disabled privacy settings on Android, Sony disabling Linux on PlayStation 3, enforced EULA on Wii U. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,966 | Kevin Lonergan at "Information Age", a business technology magazine, has referred to the terms surrounding the IoT as a "terminology zoo". The lack of clear terminology is not "useful from a practical point of view" and a "source of confusion for the end user". A company operating in the IoT space could be working in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,967 | Despite a shared belief in the potential of the IoT, industry leaders and consumers are facing barriers to adopt IoT technology more widely. Mike Farley argued in Forbes that while IoT solutions appeal to early adopters, they either lack interoperability or a clear use case for end-users. A study by Ericsson regarding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,968 | As for IoT, especially in regards to consumer IoT, information about a user's daily routine is collected so that the "things" around the user can cooperate to provide better services that fulfill personal preference. When the collected information which describes a user in detail travels through multiple hops in a netw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,969 | For example, on 21 October 2016, a multiple distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks systems operated by domain name system provider Dyn, which caused the inaccessibility of several websites, such as GitHub, Twitter, and others. This attack is executed through a botnet consisting of a large number of IoT devices in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,970 | Fundamentally there are 4 security objectives that the IoT system requires: (1) data confidentiality: unauthorized parties cannot have access to the transmitted and stored data; (2) data integrity: intentional and unintentional corruption of transmitted and stored data must be detected; (3) non-repudiation: the sender ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,971 | Information privacy regulations also require organizations to practice "reasonable security". California's SB-327 Information privacy: connected devices "would require a manufacturer of a connected device, as those terms are defined, to equip the device with a reasonable security feature or features that are appropriat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,972 | According to antivirus provider Kaspersky, there were 639 million data breaches of IoT devices in 2020 and 1.5 billion breaches in the first six months of 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,973 | A study issued by Ericsson regarding the adoption of Internet of things among Danish companies identified a "clash between IoT and companies' traditional governance structures, as IoT still presents both uncertainties and a lack of historical precedence." Among the respondents interviewed, 60 percent stated that they "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,974 | According to 2018 study, 70–75% of IoT deployments were stuck in the pilot or prototype stage, unable to reach scale due in part to a lack of business planning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,975 | Even though scientists, engineers, and managers across the world are continuously working to create and exploit the benefits of IoT products, there are some flaws in the governance, management and implementation of such projects. Despite tremendous forward momentum in the field of information and other underlying techn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12057519 |
11,976 | Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building personal area networks (PANs). In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5 milliwatts, giving it a very short range of up to . It employs UHF... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,977 | Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 35,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees developme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,978 | The name "Bluetooth" was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach of Intel, one of the founders of the Bluetooth SIG. The name was inspired by a conversation with Sven Mattisson who related Scandinavian history through tales from Frans G. Bengtsson's "The Long Ships", a historical novel about Vikings and the 10th-century Danish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,979 | Bluetooth is the Anglicised version of the Scandinavian "Blåtand"/"Blåtann" (or in Old Norse "blátǫnn"). It was the epithet of King Harald Bluetooth, who united the disparate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,980 | Danish tribes into a single kingdom; Kardach chose the name to imply that Bluetooth similarly unites communication protocols. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,981 | The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes (ᚼ, Hagall) and (ᛒ, Bjarkan), Harald's initials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,982 | The development of the "short-link" radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden. The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman, and . Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with specifying and Dutchman Jaap ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,983 | In 1997, Adalio Sanchez, then head of IBM ThinkPad product R&D, approached Nils Rydbeck about collaborating on integrating a mobile phone into a ThinkPad notebook. The two assigned engineers from Ericsson and IBM to study the idea. The conclusion was that power consumption on cellphone technology at that time was too h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,984 | The first Bluetooth device was revealed in 1999. It was a hands-free mobile headset that earned the "Best of show Technology Award" at COMDEX. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,985 | The first Bluetooth mobile phone was the Ericsson T36 but it was the revised T39 model that actually made it to store shelves in 2001. In parallel, IBM introduced the IBM ThinkPad A30 in October 2001 which was the first notebook with integrated Bluetooth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,986 | Bluetooth's early incorporation into consumer electronics products continued at Vosi Technologies in Costa Mesa, California, USA, initially overseen by founding members Bejan Amini and Tom Davidson. Vosi Technologies had been created by real estate developer Ivano Stegmenga, with United States Patent 608507, for commun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,987 | Vosi needed a means for the system to communicate without a wired connection from the vehicle to the other devices in the network. Bluetooth was chosen, since Wi-Fi was not yet readily available or supported in the public market. Vosi had begun to develop the Vosi Cello integrated vehicular system and some other intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,988 | Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2.402 and 2.480GHz, or 2.400 and 2.4835GHz, including guard bands 2MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5MHz wide at the top. This is in the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) 2.4GHz short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,989 | Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation was the only modulation scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4-DQPSK (differential quadrature phase-shift keying) and 8-DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,990 | In 2019, Apple published an extension called HDR which supports data rates of 4 (HDR4) and 8 (HDR8) Mbit/s using π/4-DQPSK modulation on 4 MHz channels with forward error correction (FEC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,991 | Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a master/slave architecture. One master may communicate with up to seven slaves in a piconet. All devices within a given piconet use the clock provided by the master as the base for packet exchange. The master clock ticks with a period of 312.5μs, two clock ticks then make up a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,992 | The above excludes Bluetooth Low Energy, introduced in the 4.0 specification, which uses the same spectrum but somewhat differently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,993 | A master BR/EDR Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet (an ad hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach this maximum. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master (for example, a headset initiating a connectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,994 | The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form a scatternet, in which certain devices simultaneously play the master/leader role in one piconet and the slave role in another. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,995 | At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for the little-used broadcast mode). The master chooses which slave device to address; typically, it switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. Since it is the master that chooses which slave to address... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,996 | Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in visual line of sight of each other; howe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,997 | Historically, the Bluetooth range was defined by the radio class, with a lower class (and higher output power) having larger range. The actual range achieved by a given link will depend on the qualities of the devices at both ends of the link, as well as the air and obstacles in between. The primary hardware attributes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,998 | The effective range varies depending on propagation conditions, material coverage, production sample variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. Most Bluetooth applications are for indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections make the range far lower than spec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
11,999 | Most Bluetooth applications are battery-powered Class 2 devices, with little difference in range whether the other end of the link is a Class 1 or Class 2 device as the lower-powered device tends to set the range limit. In some cases the effective range of the data link can be extended when a Class 2 device is connecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742 |
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