doc_id int32 0 2.25M | text stringlengths 101 8.13k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|---|
12,600 | So while 4K UHD appears like it has a pixel structures with 1/4 the area of 1080p, that does not happen with pixel shifting. Only a true 4K projector offers that level of resolution. This is why "true" 4K projectors cost so much more than 4K UHD projectors with otherwise similar feature sets. They produce smaller pixel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,601 | Some companies like Kaleidescape offer media servers that allow for 4K UHD Blu-ray movies with high dynamic range in a home theater. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,602 | In November 2014, United States satellite provider DirecTV became the first pay TV provider to offer access to 4K content, although limited to selected video-on-demand films. In August 2015, British sports network BT Sport launched a 4K feed, with its first broadcast being the 2015 FA Community Shield football match. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,603 | In late 2015 and January 2016, three Canadian television providers including Quebec-based Vidéotron, Ontario-based Rogers Cable, and Bell Fibe TV, announced that they would begin to offer 4K compatible set-top boxes that can stream 4K content to subscribers over gigabit internet service. On October 5, 2015, alongside t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,604 | On January 14, 2016, in cooperation with BT Sport, Sportsnet broadcast the first ever NBA game produced in 4K a Toronto Raptors/Orlando Magic game at O2 Arena in London, England. On January 20, also during a Raptors game, TSN presented the first live 4K telecast produced in North America. Three days later, Sportsnet pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,605 | Dome Productions, a joint venture of Bell Media and Rogers Media (the respective owners of TSN and Sportsnet), constructed a "side-by-side" 4K mobile production unit shared by Sportsnet and TSN's first 4K telecasts; it was designed to operate alongside a separate HD truck and utilize cameras capable of output in both f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,606 | In February 2016, Univision trialed 4K by producing a closed circuit telecast of a football friendly between the national teams of Mexico and Senegal from Miami in the format. The broadcast was streamed privately to several special viewing locations. Univision aimed to develop a 4K streaming app to publicly televise th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,607 | After having trialed the technology in limited matches at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, and the 2014 FIFA World Cup (via private tests and public viewings in the host city of Rio de Janeiro), the 2018 FIFA World Cup was the first FIFA World Cup in which all matches were produced in 4K. Host Broadcasting Services st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,608 | The resolution of is the dominant 4K resolution in the consumer media and display industries. This is the resolution of the UHDTV1 format defined in SMPTE ST 2036–1, as well as the 4K UHDTV format defined by ITU-R in Rec. 2020, and is also the minimum resolution for CEA's definition of "Ultra HD" displays and projector... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,609 | This resolution has an aspect ratio of 169, with 8,294,400 total pixels. It is exactly double the horizontal and vertical resolution of 1080p () for a total of 4 times as many pixels, and triple the horizontal and vertical resolution of 720p () for a total of 9 times as many pixels. It is sometimes referred to as "2160... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,610 | In 2013, televisions capable of displaying UHD resolutions were seen by consumer electronics companies as the next trigger for an upgrade cycle after a lack of consumer interest in 3D television. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,611 | This resolution is used mainly in digital cinema production, and has a total of 8,847,360 pixels with an aspect ratio of 256135 (≈1910). It was standardized as the resolution of the 4K container format defined by Digital Cinema Initiatives in the Digital Cinema System specification, and is the native resolution of all ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,612 | The DCI 4K standard has twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of DCI 2K (), with four times as many pixels overall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,613 | Digital movies made in 4K may be produced, scanned, or stored in a number of other resolutions depending on what storage aspect ratio is used. In the digital cinema production chain, a resolution of 4096 × 3112 is often used for acquiring "open gate" or anamorphic input material, a resolution based on the historical re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,614 | The main advantage of recording video at the 4K standard is that fine spatial detail is resolved well. Individual still frames extracted from 3840×2160-pixel video footage can act as 8.3 megapixel still photographs, while only 2.1 megapixels at 1080p and 0.9 megapixels at 720p. If the final video quality is reduced to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,615 | Many consumer electronics such as mobile phones store video footage in format with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling, which records color information at only one quarter the resolution as the brightness information. For video, this means that the color information is only stored at . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,616 | Consumer cameras and mobile phones record 2160p footage at much higher bit rates (usually 50 to 100Mbit/s) than 1080p (usually 10 to 30Mbit/s). This higher bit rate reduces the visibility of compression artifacts, even if viewed on monitors with a lower resolution than 2160p. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27168879 |
12,617 | A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or "") is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,618 | The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a "doctoral student" or "PhD student"; a student who has completed all their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,619 | A PhD candidate must submit a project, thesis, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Universiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,620 | In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom." In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,621 | The degree is abbreviated PhD (sometimes Ph.D. in the U.S.), from the Latin "", pronounced as three separate letters (, ). The abbreviation DPhil, from the English 'Doctor of Philosophy', is used by a small number of British and Commonwealth universities, including Oxford, formerly York, and Sussex, as the abbreviation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,622 | In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties: the basic faculty of arts, and the three higher faculties of theology, medicine, and law (canon law and civil law). All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees (bachelor of arts, of theology, of laws, of medicine) and final degrees. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,623 | The doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current PhD degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements and examinations. Besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. Origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,624 | According to Keith Allan Noble (1994), the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal teacher's credential in the 17th century (circa 1652). There were no PhDs in Germany before the 1650s (when they gradually started replacing the MA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,625 | In theory, the full course of studies might, for example, lead in succession to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Licentiate of Arts, Master of Arts, or Bachelor of Medicine, Licentiate of Medicine, or Doctor of Medicine, but before the early modern era, many exceptions to this existed. Most students left the university... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,626 | This situation changed in the early 19th century through the educational reforms in Germany, most strongly embodied in the model of the University of Berlin, founded and controlled by the Prussian government in 1810. The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,627 | These reforms proved extremely successful, and fairly quickly the German universities started attracting foreign students, notably from the United States. The American students would go to Germany to obtain a PhD after having studied for a bachelor's degrees at an American college. So influential was this practice that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,628 | The PhD degree and similar awards spread across Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The degree was introduced in France in 1808, replacing diplomas as the highest academic degree; into Russia in 1819, when the "Doktor Nauk" degree, roughly equivalent to a PhD, gradually started replacing the specialist diploma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,629 | Research degrees first appeared in the UK in the late 19th century in the shape of the Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) and other such "higher doctorates." The University of London introduced the DSc in 1860, but as an advanced study course, following on directly from the BSc, rather than a research degree. The first hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,630 | Finally, in 1917, the current PhD degree was introduced, along the lines of the American and German model, and quickly became popular with both British and foreign students. The slightly older degrees of Doctor of Science and Doctor of Literature/Letters still exist at British universities; together with the much older... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,631 | In the English (but not the Scottish) universities, the Faculty of Arts had become dominant by the early 19th century. Indeed, the higher faculties had largely atrophied, since medical training had shifted to teaching hospitals, the legal training for the common law system was provided by the Inns of Court (with some m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,632 | Similar developments occurred in many other continental European universities, and at least until reforms in the early 21st century, many European countries (e.g., Belgium, Spain, and the Scandinavian countries) had in all faculties triple degree structures of bachelor (or candidate) − licentiate − doctor as opposed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,633 | Until the mid-19th century, advanced degrees were not a criterion for professorships at most colleges. That began to change as the more ambitious scholars at major schools went to Germany for 1 to 3 years to obtain a PhD in the sciences or humanities. Graduate schools slowly emerged in the United States. In 1861, Yale ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,634 | In the next two decades, New York University, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard, and Princeton also began granting the degree. Major shifts toward graduate education were foretold by the opening of Clark University in 1887 which offered only graduate programs and the Johns Hopkins University which focused on its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,635 | At the start of the 20th century, US universities were held in low regard internationally and many American students were still traveling to Europe for PhDs. The lack of centralised authority meant anyone could start a university and award PhDs. This led to the formation of the Association of American Universities by 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,636 | In Germany, the national government funded the universities and the research programs of the leading professors. It was impossible for professors who were not approved by Berlin to train graduate students. In the United States, by contrast, private universities and state universities alike were independent of the feder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,637 | Detailed requirements for the award of a PhD degree vary throughout the world and even from school to school. It is usually required for the student to hold an Honours degree or a Master's Degree with high academic standing, in order to be considered for a PhD program. In the US, Canada, India, and Denmark, for example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,638 | A candidate must submit a project, thesis, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed context. Moreover, some PhD programs, especially in science, require one to three published articles in peer-reviewed journals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,639 | In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university; in other countries, the dissertation is examined by a panel of expert examiners who stipulate whether the dissertation is in principle passable and any issues that need to be addressed before the dissert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,640 | Some universities in the non-English-speaking world have begun adopting similar standards to those of the anglophone PhD degree for their research doctorates (see the Bologna process). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,641 | A PhD student or candidate is conventionally required to study on campus under close supervision. With the popularity of distance education and e-learning technologies, some universities now accept students enrolled into a distance education part-time mode. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,642 | In a "sandwich PhD" program, PhD candidates do not spend their entire study period at the same university. Instead, the PhD candidates spend the first and last periods of the program at their home universities and in between conduct research at another institution or field research. Occasionally a "sandwich PhD" will b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,643 | A "PhD confirmation" is a preliminary presentation or lecture that a PhD candidate presents to faculty and possibly other interested members. The lecture follows after a suitable topic has been identified, and can include such matters as the aim of the research, methodology, first results, planned (or finished) publica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,644 | The confirmation lecture can be seen as a trial run for the final public defense, though faculty members at this stage can still largely influence the direction of the research. At the end of the lecture, the PhD candidate can be seen as "confirmed" – faculty members give their approval and trust that the study is well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,645 | In the United States, this is generally called advancing to Candidacy, the confirmation event being called the Candidacy Examination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,646 | A career in academia generally requires a PhD, although in some countries it is possible to reach relatively high positions without a doctorate. In North America, professors are increasingly being required to have a PhD, and the percentage of faculty with a PhD may be used as a university ratings measure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,647 | The motivation may also include increased salary, but in many cases, this is not the result. Research by Bernard H. Casey of the University of Warwick, U.K, suggests that, over all subjects, PhDs provide an earnings premium of 26% over non-accredited graduates, but notes that master's degrees already provide a premium ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,648 | However, some research suggests that overqualified workers are often less satisfied and less productive at their jobs. These difficulties are increasingly being felt by graduates of professional degrees, such as law school, looking to find employment. PhD students may need to take on debt to undertake their degree. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,649 | A PhD is also required in some positions outside academia, such as research jobs in major international agencies. In some cases, the Executive Directors of some types of foundations may be expected to hold a PhD. A PhD is sometimes felt to be a necessary qualification in certain areas of employment, such as in foreign ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,650 | "The Economist" published an article in 2010 citing various criticisms against the state of PhDs. These included a prediction by economist Richard B. Freeman that, based on pre-2000 data, only 20% of life science PhD students would gain a faculty job in the U.S., and that in Canada 80% of postdoctoral research fellows ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,651 | The US higher education system often offers little incentive to move students through PhD programs quickly and may even provide incentive to slow them down. To counter this problem, the United States introduced the Doctor of Arts degree in 1970 with seed money from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teachin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,652 | Mark C. Taylor opined in 2011 in "Nature" that total reform of PhD programs in almost every field is necessary in the U.S. and that pressure to make the necessary changes will need to come from many sources (students, administrators, public and private sectors, etc.). Other articles in "Nature" have also examined the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,653 | Freeman Dyson, professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, was opposed to the PhD system and did not have a PhD degree. On the other hand, it was understood by all his peers that he was a world leading scientist with many accomplishments already under his belt during his graduate study years an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,654 | In German-speaking nations, most Eastern European nations, successor states of the former Soviet Union, most parts of Africa, Asia, and many Spanish-speaking countries, the corresponding degree to a Doctor of Philosophy is simply called "Doctor" ("Doktor"), and the subject area is distinguished by a Latin suffix (e.g.,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,655 | The UNESCO, in its International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), states that: "Programmes to be classified at ISCED level 8 are referred to in many ways around the world such as PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar terms. However, it is important to note that programmes with a similar name ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,656 | In Argentina, the admission to a PhD program at public Argentine University requires the full completion of a Master's degree or a Licentiate degree. Non-Argentine Master's titles are generally accepted into a PhD program when the degree comes from a recognized university. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,657 | While a significant portion of postgraduate students finance their tuition and living costs with teaching or research work at private and state-run institutions, international institutions, such as the Fulbright Program and the Organization of American States (OAS), have been known to grant full scholarships for tuitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,658 | Others apply for funds to CONICET, the national public body of scientific and technical research, which typically awards more than a thousand scholarships each year for this purpose, thus guaranteeing many PhD candidates remain within the system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,659 | Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence. The doctoral candidate's work should be presented in a dissertation or thesis prepared under ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,660 | Admission to a PhD program in Australia requires applicants to demonstrate capacity to undertake research in the proposed field of study. The standard requirement is a bachelor's degree with either first-class or upper second-class honors. Research master's degrees and coursework master's degrees with a 25% research co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,661 | PhD students are sometimes offered a scholarship to study for their PhD degree. The most common of these was the government-funded Australian Postgraduate Award (APA) until its dissolution in 2017. It was replaced by Research Training Program (RTP), awarded to students of "exceptional research potential," which provide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,662 | Australian citizens, permanent residents, and New Zealand citizens are not charged course fees for their PhD or research master's degree, with the exception in some universities of the student services and amenities fee (SSAF) which is set by each university and typically involves the largest amount allowed by the Aust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,663 | Completion requirements vary. Most Australian PhD programs do not have a required coursework component. The credit points attached to the degree are all in the product of the research, which is usually an 80,000-word thesis that makes a significant new contribution to the field. Recent pressure on higher degree by rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,664 | Admission to a doctoral programme at a Canadian university usually requires completion of a Master's degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades and proven research ability. In some cases, a student may progress directly from an Honours Bachelor's degree to a PhD program; other programs allow a student to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,665 | An application package typically includes a research proposal, letters of reference, transcripts, and in some cases, a writing sample or Graduate Record Examinations scores. A common criterion for prospective PhD students is the comprehensive or qualifying examination, a process that often commences in the second year ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,666 | At English-speaking universities, a student may also be required to demonstrate English language abilities, usually by achieving an acceptable score on a standard examination (for example the Test of English as a Foreign Language). Depending on the field, the student may also be required to demonstrate ability in one o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,667 | While some students work outside the university (or at student jobs within the university), in some programs students are advised (or must agree) not to devote more than ten hours per week to activities (e.g., employment) outside of their studies, particularly if they have been given funding. For large and prestigious ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,668 | At some Canadian universities, most PhD students receive an award equivalent to part or all of the tuition amount for the first four years (this is sometimes called a tuition deferral or tuition waiver). Other sources of funding include teaching assistantships and research assistantships; experience as a teaching assis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,669 | In general, the first two years of study are devoted to completion of coursework and the comprehensive examinations. At this stage, the student is known as a "PhD student" or "doctoral student." It is usually expected that the student will have completed most of their required coursework by the end of this stage. Furth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,670 | Upon successful completion of the comprehensive exams, the student becomes known as a "PhD candidate." From this stage on, the bulk of the student's time will be devoted to their own research, culminating in the completion of a PhD thesis or dissertation. The final requirement is an oral defense of the thesis, which is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,671 | In China, doctoral programs can be applied directly after obtaining a bachelor's degree or applied after obtaining a master's degree. Those who directly apply for a doctoral program after a bachelor's degree usually need four to five years to obtain a doctorate and will not be awarded a master's degree during the perio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,672 | The courses at the doctoral level are mainly completed in the first and second years, and the remaining years are spent doing experiments/research and writing papers. At most universities, the maximum duration of doctoral study is 7 years. If a doctoral student does not complete their degree within 7 years, it is likel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,673 | China has thirteen statutory types of academic degrees, which also apply to doctorate degrees. Despite the naming difference, all these thirteen types of doctoral degrees are research and academic degrees that are equivalent to PhD degrees. These thirteen doctorates are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,674 | In international academic communication, Chinese doctoral degree recipients sometimes translate their doctorate degree names to "PhD in Discipline" (such as "PhD in Engineering, Computer Science") to facilitate peer understanding. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,675 | In Colombia, the PhD course admission may require a master's degree (Magíster) in some universities, specially public universities. However, it could also be applied for a direct doctorate in specific cases, according to the jury's recommendations on the thesis proposal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,676 | Most of postgraduate students in Colombia must finance their tuition fees by means of teaching assistant seats or research works. Some institutions such as Colciencias, Colfuturo, CeiBA, and Icetex grant scholarships or provide awards in the form of forgivable loans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,677 | After two or two and a half years, it is expected that the research work of the doctoral candidate be submitted in the form of oral qualification, where suggestions and corrections about the research hypothesis and methodology, as well as on the course of the research work, are performed. The PhD degree is only receive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,678 | In Finland, the degree of "filosofian tohtori" (abbreviated "FT") is awarded by traditional universities, such as University of Helsinki. A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,679 | Before 1984 three research doctorates existed in France: the State doctorate ("doctorat d'État", the old doctorate introduced in 1808), the third cycle doctorate ("doctorat de troisième cycle", created in 1954 and shorter than the State doctorate) and the diploma of doctor-engineer ("diplôme de docteur-ingénieur "creat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,680 | Students pursuing the PhD degree must first complete a master's degree program, which takes two years after graduation with a bachelor's degree (five years in total). The candidate must apply to a doctoral research project associated with a doctoral advisor (Directeur de thèse or directeur doctoral) with a habilitation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,681 | The PhD admission is granted by a graduate school (in French, "école doctorale"). A PhD candidate may follow some in-service training offered by the graduate school while continuing their research in a laboratory. Their research may be carried out in a laboratory, at a university or in a company. In the first case, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,682 | The financing of PhD research comes mainly from funds for research of the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research. The most common procedure is a short-term employment contract called doctoral contract: the institution of higher education is the employer and the PhD candidate the employee. However, the candida... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,683 | In Germany, admission to a doctoral program is generally on the basis of having an advanced degree (i.e., a master's degree, "diplom", "magister", or "staatsexamen"), mostly in a related field and having above-average grades. A candidate must also find a tenured professor from a university to serve as the formal adviso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,684 | The duration of the doctorate depends on the field. A doctorate in medicine may take less than a full-time year to complete; those in other fields, two to six years. Most doctorates are awarded with specific Latin designations for the field of research (except for engineering, where the designation is German), instead ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,685 | Over fifty such designations exist, many of them rare or no longer in use. As a title, the degree is commonly written in front of the name in abbreviated form, e.g., "Dr. rer. nat. Max Mustermann" or "Dr. Max Mustermann", dropping the designation entirely. However, leaving out the designation is only allowed when the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,686 | While most German doctorates are considered equivalent to the PhD, an exception is the medical doctorate, where "doctoral" dissertations are often written alongside undergraduate study. The European Research Council decided in 2010 that those doctorates do not meet the international standards of a PhD research degree. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,687 | Depending on the university, doctoral students ("Doktoranden") can be required to attend formal classes or lectures, some of them also including exams or other scientific assignments, in order to get one or more certificates of qualification ("Qualifikationsnachweise"). Depending on the doctoral regulations ("Promotion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,688 | Many universities have established research-intensive "Graduiertenkollegs" ("graduate colleges"), which are graduate schools that provide funding for doctoral studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,689 | The typical duration of a doctoral program can depend heavily on the subject and area of research. Usually, three to five years of full-time research work are required. The average time to graduation is 4.5 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,690 | In India, generally, a master's degree is required to gain admission to a doctoral program. Direct admission to a PhD programme after bachelors is also offered by the IITs, the IIITs, the NITs and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research. In some subjects, doing a Masters in Philosophy (M.Phil.) is a prerequis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,691 | In the last few years, there have been many changes in the rules relating to a PhD in India. According to the new rules described by UGC, universities must have to conduct entrance exams in general ability and the selected subject. After clearing these tests, the shortlisted candidates need to appear for an interview w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,692 | The "Dottorato di ricerca" (research doctorate), abbreviated to "Dott. Ric." or "PhD", is an academic title awarded at the end of a course of not less than three years, admission to which is based on entrance examinations and academic rankings in the Bachelor of Arts ("Laurea", a three-year diploma) and Master of Arts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,693 | The first institution in Italy to create a doctoral program (PhD) was Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in 1927 under the historic name ""Diploma di Perfezionamento"". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,694 | Further, the research doctorates or PhD ("") in Italy were introduced by law and Presidential Decree in 1980, referring to the reform of academic teaching, training and experimentation in organisation and teaching methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,695 | Hence, the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy ('), also called "Schools of Excellence" (') such as Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies still keep their reputed historical ""Diploma di Perfezionamento"" PhD title by law and MIUR Decree. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,696 | Doctorate courses are open, without age or citizenship limits, to all those who already hold a "laurea magistrale" (master degree) or similar academic title awarded abroad which has been recognised as equivalent to an Italian degree by the Committee responsible for the entrance examinations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,697 | The number of places on offer each year and details of the entrance examinations are set out in the examination announcement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,698 | A doctoral degree (Pol. "doktor"), abbreviated to PhD (Pol. "dr") is an advanced academic degree awarded by universities in most fields as well as by the Polish Academy of Sciences, regulated by the Polish parliament acts and the government orders, in particular by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,699 | The doctorate was introduced in Sweden in 1477 and in Denmark-Norway in 1479 and awarded in theology, law, and medicine, while the magister's degree was the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy, equivalent to the doctorate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.