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12,700 | Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a degree known as a doctorate of philosophy, based upon the German model. Denmark and Norway both introduced the Dr. Phil(os). degree in 1824, replacing the Magister's degree as the highest degree, while Uppsala University of Sweden renamed its Magister's degree "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,701 | The degrees were uncommon and not a prerequisite for employment as a professor; rather, they were seen as distinctions similar to the British (higher) doctorates (DLitt, DSc). Denmark introduced an American-style PhD, the ph.d., in 1989; it formally replaced the Licentiate's degree and is considered a lower degree than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,702 | In Sweden, the doctorate of philosophy was introduced at Uppsala University's Faculty of Philosophy in 1863. In Sweden, the Latin term is officially translated into Swedish "filosofie doktor" and commonly abbreviated fil. dr or FD. The degree represents the traditional Faculty of Philosophy and encompasses subjects fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,703 | Singapore has six universities offering doctoral study opportunities: National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Management University, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, and Singapore University of Social Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,704 | Doctoral degrees are regulated by "Real Decreto" (Royal Decree in Spanish) 99/2011 from the 2014/2015 academic year. They are granted by a university on behalf of the King, and its diploma has the force of a public document. The Ministry of Science keeps a National Registry of Theses called TESEO. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,705 | All doctoral programs are of a research nature. The studies should include original results and can take a maximum of three years, although this period can be extended under certain circumstances to 5 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,706 | The student must write their thesis presenting a new discovery or original contribution to science. If approved by her or his "thesis director (or directors)," the study will be presented to a panel of 3-5 distinguished scholars. Any doctor attending the public presentations is allowed to challenge the candidate with q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,707 | The social standing of doctors in Spain was evidenced by the fact that Philip III let PhD holders to take seat and cover their heads during an act in the University of Salamanca in which the King took part so as to recognise their merits. This right to cover their heads in the presence of the King is traditionally rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,708 | All Doctor Degree holders are reciprocally recognized as equivalent in Germany and Spain ("Bonn Agreement of November 14, 1994"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,709 | Starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, ) is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a substantial contribution to scientific knowledge, origination of new directions and visions in science. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university depart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,710 | Universities admit applicants to PhD programs on a case-by-case basis; depending on the university, admission is typically conditional on the prospective student having completed an undergraduate degree with at least upper second-class honours or a postgraduate master's degree but requirements can vary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,711 | In the case of the University of Oxford, for example, "The one essential condition of being accepted … is evidence of previous academic excellence, and of future potential." Some UK universities (e.g. Oxford) abbreviate their Doctor of Philosophy degree as "DPhil", while most use the abbreviation "PhD"; but these are s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,712 | PhD students from countries outside the EU/EFTA area are required to comply with the Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS), which involves undergoing a security clearance process with the Foreign Office for certain courses in medicine, mathematics, engineering and material sciences. This requirement was introduced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,713 | In the United Kingdom, funding for PhD students is sometimes provided by government-funded Research Councils (UK Research and Innovation - UKRI)or the European Social Fund, usually in the form of a tax-free bursary which consists of tuition fees together with a stipend. Tuition fees are charged at different rates for "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,714 | , the national minimum stipend for UKRI-funded students is £16,062 per year, increasing annually typically with inflation. The period of funding for a PhD project is between three and four years, depending on the research council and the decisions of individual institutions, with extensions in funding of up to twelve m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,715 | jury service. PhD work beyond this may be unfunded or funded from other sources. A very small number of scientific studentships are sometimes paid at a higher rate – for example, in London, Cancer Research UK, the ICR and the Wellcome Trust stipend rates start at around £19,000 and progress annually to around £23,000 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,716 | Many students who are not in receipt of external funding may choose to undertake the degree part-time, thus reducing the tuition fees. The tuition fee per annum for part-time PhD degrees are typically 50 - 60% of the equivalent full-time doctorate. However, since the duration of a part-time PhD degree is longer than a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,717 | There is usually a preliminary assessment to remain in the program and the thesis is submitted at the end of a three- to four-year program. These periods are usually extended pro rata for part-time students. With special dispensation, the final date for the thesis can be extended for up to four additional years, for a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,718 | There has recently been an increase in the number of Integrated PhD programs available, such as at the University of Southampton. These courses include a Master of Research (MRes) in the first year, which consists of a taught component as well as laboratory rotation projects. The PhD must then be completed within the n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,719 | In the United Kingdom, PhD degrees are distinct from other doctorates, most notably the higher doctorates such as DLitt (Doctor of Letters) or DSc (Doctor of Science), which may be granted on the recommendation of a committee of examiners on the basis of a substantial portfolio of submitted (and usually published) rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,720 | Recent years have seen the introduction of professional doctorates, which are the same level as PhDs but more specific in their field. Most tend not to be solely academic, but combine academic research, a taught component or a professional qualification. These are most notably in the fields of engineering (EngD), educa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,721 | In the United States, the PhD degree is the highest academic degree awarded by universities in most fields of study. There are more than 282 universities in the United States that award the PhD degree, and those universities vary widely in their criteria for admission, as well as the rigor of their academic programs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,722 | Typically, PhD programs require applicants to have a bachelor's degree in a relevant field (and, in many cases in the humanities, a master's degree), reasonably high grades, several letters of recommendation, relevant academic coursework, a cogent statement of interest in the field of study, and satisfactory performanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,723 | Depending on the specific field of study, completion of a PhD program usually takes four to eight years of study after the Bachelor's Degree; those students who begin a PhD program with a master's degree may complete their PhD degree a year or two sooner. As PhD programs typically lack the formal structure of undergrad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,724 | The median age of PhD recipients in the US is 32 years. While many candidates are awarded their degree in their 20s, 6% of PhD recipients in the US are older than 45 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,725 | The number of PhD diplomas awarded by US universities has risen nearly every year since 1957, according to data compiled by the US National Science Foundation. In 1957, US universities awarded 8,611 PhD diplomas; 20,403 in 1967; 31,716 in 1977; 32,365 in 1987; 42,538 in 1997; 48,133 in 2007, and 55,006 in 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,726 | PhD students at US universities typically receive a tuition waiver and some form of annual stipend. Many US PhD students work as teaching assistants or research assistants. Graduate schools increasingly encourage their students to seek outside funding; many are supported by fellowships they obtain for themselves or by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,727 | The degree of Candidate of Sciences (, Kandidat Nauk) was the first advanced research qualification in the former USSR (it was introduced there in 1934) and some Eastern Bloc countries (Czechoslovakia, Hungary) and is still awarded in some post-Soviet states (Russian Federation, Belarus, and others). According to "Guid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,728 | Since most education systems only have one advanced research qualification granting doctoral degrees or equivalent qualifications (ISCED 2011, par.270), the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Kandidat Nauk) of the former USSR countries is usually considered to be at the same level as the doctorate or PhD degrees of those... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,729 | According to the Joint Statement by the Permanent Conference of the Ministers for Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder of the Federal Republic of Germany (Kultusministerkonferenz, KMK), German Rectors' Conference (HRK) and the Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation, the degree ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,730 | According to the International Standard Classification of Education, for purposes of international educational statistics, Kandidat Nauk (Candidate of Sciences) belongs to ISCED level 8, or "doctoral or equivalent," together with PhD, DPhil, DLitt, DSc, LLD, Doctorate, or similar. It is mentioned in the Russian version... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,731 | About 88% of Russian students studying at state universities study at the expense of budget funds. The average stipend in Russia () is $430 a year ($35/month). The average tuition fee in graduate school is $2,000 per year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,732 | On 19 June 2013, for the first time in the Russian Federation, defenses were held for the PhD degree awarded by universities, instead of the Candidate of Sciences degree awarded by the State Supreme Certification Commission. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,733 | Renat Yuldashev, the graduate of the Department of Applied Cybernetics of the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University, was the first to defend his thesis in field of mathematics according to new rules for the PhD SPbSU degree. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,734 | For the defense procedure in the field of mathematics, it was used the experience of joint Finnish-Russian research and educational program organized in 2007 by the Faculty of Information Technology of the University of Jyväskylä and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University: co-chairs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,735 | At some universities, there may be training for those wishing to supervise PhD studies. There is now a lot of literature published for academics who wish to do this, such as Delamont, Atkinson, and Parry (1997). Indeed, Dinham and Scott (2001) have argued that the worldwide growth in research students has been matched ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,736 | Wisker (2005) has noticed how research into this field has distinguished between two models of supervision: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,737 | The technical-rationality model of supervision, emphasising technique; The negotiated order model, being less mechanistic and emphasising fluid and dynamic change in the PhD process. These two models were first distinguished by Acker, Hill and Black (1994; cited in Wisker, 2005). Considerable literature exists on the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,738 | PhD Graduates still represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries. Some countries notably Slovenia, Switzerland and Luxembourg have higher numbers of PhD Graduates per capita as illustrated by this OECD figure below. For Slovenia, this is due to a fact, tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21031297 |
12,739 | Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies, first announced and released in June 2005 at Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a Mac OS X game engine. The engine has since been gradually extended to support a variety of desktop, mobile, console and virtual reality platforms. It is particul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,740 | The engine can be used to create three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) games, as well as interactive simulations and other experiences. The engine has been adopted by industries outside video gaming, such as film, automotive, architecture, engineering, construction, and the United States Armed Forces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,741 | The Unity game engine launched in 2005, aiming to "democratize" game development by making it accessible to more developers. The next year, Unity was named runner-up in the Best Use of Mac OS X Graphics category in Apple Inc.'s Apple Design Awards. Unity was initially released for Mac OS X, later adding support for Mic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,742 | Unity 2.0 launched in 2007 with approximately 50 new features. The release included an optimized terrain engine for detailed 3D environments, real-time dynamic shadows, directional lights and spotlights, video playback, and other features. The release also added features whereby developers could collaborate more easily... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,743 | When Apple launched its App Store in 2008, Unity quickly added support for the iPhone. For several years, the engine was uncontested on the iPhone and it became well-known with iOS game developers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,744 | Unity 3.0 launched in September 2010 with features expanding the engine's graphics features for desktop computers and video game consoles. In addition to Android support, Unity 3 featured integration of Illuminate Labs' Beast Lightmap tool, deferred rendering, a built-in tree editor, native font rendering, automatic UV... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,745 | In 2012 "VentureBeat" wrote, "Few companies have contributed as much to the flowing of independently produced games as Unity Technologies. [...] More than 1.3 million developers are using its tools to create gee-whiz graphics in their iOS, Android, console, PC, and web-based games. Unity wants to be the engine for mult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,746 | In November 2012, Unity Technologies delivered Unity 4.0. This version added DirectX 11 and Adobe Flash support, new animation tools called Mecanim, and access to the Linux preview. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,747 | Facebook integrated a software development kit for games using the Unity game engine in 2013. This featured tools that allowed tracking advertising campaigns and deep linking, where users were directly linked from social media posts to specific portions within games, and easy in-game-image sharing. In 2016, Facebook de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,748 | "The Verge" said of 2015's Unity 5 release: "Unity started with the goal of making game development universally accessible. [...] Unity 5 is a long-awaited step towards that future." With Unity 5, the engine improved its lighting and audio. Through WebGL, Unity developers could add their games to compatible Web browser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,749 | However, some gamers criticized Unity's accessibility due to the high volume of quickly produced games published on the Steam distribution platform by inexperienced developers. CEO John Riccitiello said in an interview that he believes this to be a side-effect of Unity's success in democratizing game development: "If I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,750 | In December 2016, Unity Technologies announced that they would change the versioning numbering system for Unity from sequence-based identifiers to year of release to align the versioning with their more frequent release cadence; Unity 5.6 was therefore followed by Unity 2017. Unity 2017 tools featured a real-time graph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,751 | Unity 2018 featured the Scriptable Render Pipeline for developers to create high-end graphics. This included the High-Definition Rendering Pipeline for console and PC experiences, and the Lightweight Rendering Pipeline for mobile, virtual reality, and augmented reality. Unity 2018 also included machine learning tools, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,752 | The C# source code of Unity was published under a "reference-only" license in March 2018, which prohibits reuse and modification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,753 | As of 2020, software built with Unity's game engine was running on more than 1.5 billion devices. According to Unity, apps made with their game engine account for 50 percent of all mobile games, and are downloaded more than 3 billion times per month, and approximately 15,000 new projects are started daily with its soft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,754 | In June 2020, Unity introduced the Mixed and Augmented Reality Studio (MARS), which provides developers with additional functionality for rules-based generation of augmented reality (AR) applications. Unity released Unity Forma, an automotive and retail solution tool, on December 9, 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,755 | Unity acquired Finger Food Advanced Technology Group in 2020, as it aimed to bolster its non-video game uses and offer additional design help to customers. The company went public in September 2020, to further expand use of its game engine into industries outside of gaming. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,756 | Unity 2021 brought multiple new features such as Bolt, Unity's Visual Scripting system, a new multiplayer library to support multiplayer games, improved Il2cpp runtime performance, Volumetric clouds for the High Definition Render pipeline. Shadow caching and Screen Space Global Illumination for HDRP. For the Universal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,757 | For the year 2022, Unity has come up with some upgrades which involves speed integration to enter play mode and import files, visual search queries and multiselection in the package manager. For 2D creators, they've focused on accelerating foundations, import, animation, and physics. They have added Sprite Atlas v2, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,758 | Unity gives users the ability to create games and experiences in both 2D and 3D, and the engine offers a primary scripting API in C# using Mono, for both the Unity editor in the form of plugins, and games themselves, as well as drag and drop functionality. Prior to C# being the primary programming language used for the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,759 | Within 2D games, Unity allows importation of sprites and an advanced 2D world renderer. For 3D games, Unity allows specification of texture compression, mipmaps, and resolution settings for each platform that the game engine supports, and provides support for bump mapping, reflection mapping, parallax mapping, screen s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,760 | Two separate render pipelines are available, "High Definition Render Pipeline" (HDRP) and "Universal Render Pipeline" (URP, previously LWRP), in addition to the legacy built-in pipeline. All three render pipelines are incompatible with each other. Unity offers a tool to upgrade shaders using the legacy renderer to URP ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,761 | Unity is a cross-platform engine. The Unity editor is supported on Windows, macOS, and the Linux platform, while the engine itself currently supports building games for more than 19 different platforms, including mobile, desktop, consoles, and virtual reality. "Unity 2020 LTS" officially supports the following platform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,762 | Formerly supported platforms are Wii, Wii U, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Tizen, PlayStation Vita, 3DS, BlackBerry 10, Windows Phone 8, Samsung Smart TV, Gear VR, Daydream, Vuforia, and Facebook Gameroom. Unity formerly supported other platforms including its own Unity Web Player, a Web browser plugin. However, it was depr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,763 | Unity was the default software development kit (SDK) used for Nintendo's Wii U video game console, with a free copy included by Nintendo with each Wii U developer license. Unity Technologies called this bundling of a third-party SDK an "industry first". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,764 | During its first ten years as a product, the paid versions of Unity were sold outright; in 2016, the corporation changed to a subscription model. Unity has free and paid licensing options. The free license is for personal use or smaller companies generating less than $100,000 annually, later raised to $200,000, and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,765 | Creators can develop and sell user-generated assets to other game makers via the Unity Asset Store. This includes 3D and 2D assets and environments for developers to buy and sell. Unity Asset Store launched in 2010. By 2018, there had been approximately 40 million downloads through the digital store. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,766 | The engine is used in games including "Pokémon Go", "Monument Valley", "", "Beat Saber" and "Cuphead" according to the Financial Times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,767 | , Unity had been used to create approximately half of the mobile games on the market and 60 percent of augmented reality and virtual reality content, including approximately 90 percent on emerging augmented reality platforms, such as Microsoft HoloLens, and 90 percent of Samsung Gear VR content. Unity technology is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,768 | In the 2010s, Unity Technologies used its game engine to transition into other industries using the real-time 3D platform, including film and automotive. Unity first experimented in filmmaking with "Adam", a short film about a robot escaping from prison. Later, Unity partnered with filmmaker Neill Blomkamp, whose Oats ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,769 | Automakers use Unity's technology to create full-scale models of new vehicles in virtual reality, build virtual assembly lines, and train workers. Unity's engine is used by DeepMind, an Alphabet Inc. company, to train artificial intelligence. Other uses being pursued by Unity Technologies include architecture, engineer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,770 | On December 16, 2013, Unity Technologies Japan revealed an official mascot character named , real name (voiced by ). The character's associated game data was released in early 2014. The character was designed by Unity Technologies Japan designer "ntny" as an open-source heroine character. The company allows the use of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5462396 |
12,771 | The Sukhoi Su-35 (-35; NATO reporting name: Flanker-E) is the designation for two improved derivatives of the Su-27 air-defence fighter. They are single-seat, twin-engine, supermaneuverable aircraft, designed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau and built by Sukhoi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,772 | The type was originally developed by the Soviet Union from the Su-27 and was known as the Su-27M. It incorporated canards and a multi-function radar giving it multi-role capabilities. The first prototype made its maiden flight in June 1988. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union Sukhoi re-designated it as the Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,773 | In 2003, Sukhoi embarked on a second modernization of the Su-27 to serve as an interim aircraft awaiting the development of the Sukhoi PAK FA (Su-57) program. Also known as the Su-35, this version has a redesigned cockpit and weapons-control system and features thrust-vectoring engines in place of the canards. The type... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,774 | The first aircraft design to receive the Su-35 designation had its origins in the early 1980s, at a time when the Su-27 was being introduced into service with the Soviet Armed Forces. The definitive production version of the Su-27, which had the factory code of T-10S, started mass ("serial") production with the Komsomo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,775 | While sharing broadly the blended wing-body design of the Su-27, the Su-27M is visibly distinguished from the basic version by the addition of canards, which are small lifting surfaces, ahead of the wings. First tested in 1985 using an experimental aircraft, the canards, in complement with the reshaped wing leading-edg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,776 | Besides the increase in manoeuvrability, another feature that distinguished the Su-27M from the original design was the new weapons-control system. The centrepiece of this system was the multi-function N011 Bars (literally "Leopard") phased-array radar with pulse-Doppler tracking that allowed it to detect targets below... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,777 | In 1987, Sukhoi started converting the first prototype (designated ) from a T-10S airframe at its experimental plant in Moscow. Although it had canards, the first prototype, like several subsequent aircraft, lacked the many physical alterations of the new design. It made its first flight after conversion on 28 June 198... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,778 | By the time of the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Sukhoi had been demonstrating the Su-27M to senior defence and government officials. With its debut to a Western audience at the 1992 Farnborough Airshow, the company redesignated the aircraft as Su-35. The aircraft subsequently made flying demonstrations overseas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,779 | As the flight-test programme of the Su-27M proceeded, engineers discovered that the pilot failed to maintain active control of the aircraft during certain manoeuvres, such as the Pugachev's Cobra. The eleventh Su-27M () was therefore equipped with thrust-vectoring engine nozzles in 1995, and the resultant Su-37 technol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,780 | Apart from the single-seat design, a two-seat aircraft was also constructed. Working in cooperation with Sukhoi, KnAAPO's own engineers designed the Su-35UB so as to combine thrust-vectoring engines with features of the Su-27M. Modified from an Su-30MKK airframe, the aircraft made its first flight on 7 August 2000, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,781 | With the need to update Russia's aging fleet of Su-27 aircraft, Sukhoi and KnAAPO in 2002 started integrating glass cockpits and improved weapons-control systems (to accommodate a greater variety of weapons) to existing air force aircraft. The Su-27SM, as the modified aircraft is called, made its first flight in Decemb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,782 | In many respects, the T-10BM design outwardly resembles the Su-27 more than the Su-27M. During tests of the thrust-vectoring engines and the Su-27M's aerodynamic layout, Sukhoi had concluded that the loss of manoeuvrability due to the removal of the canards – the design of which imposed a weight penalty on the airframe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,783 | While the Su-27M design had the avionics to give the aircraft the nominal designation as a multi-role fighter, flight tests with the Russian Air Force revealed difficulties in efficiently deploying the aircraft's armament. According to "Aviation Week & Space Technology", air force pilots described weapons trials with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,784 | The Su-35 employs the powerful N035 Irbis-E ("Snow Leopard") passive electronically scanned array (PESA) radar, which is a further development of the N011M radar that had been evaluated on Su-27M test-beds and constitutes the core of the Su-35's weapons-control system. It is capable of detecting an aerial target up to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,785 | The Su-35 is powered by a pair of Saturn AL-41F1S turbofan engines, formerly known as "izdeliye" (Product) 117S. A highly upgraded variant of the AL-31F, the AL-41F1S is related to the Su-57's Saturn AL-41F1 ("izdeliye" 117), differing primarily in the engine control system. The engines are equipped with thrust-vectori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,786 | The engine gives the Su-35 the limited ability to sustain supersonic speed without the use of afterburners. According to Carlo Kopp of the think tank Air Power Australia, such a "supercruise" feature allows the Su-35 to engage an opponent at a greater speed and altitude and increases the range of its long-range missile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,787 | Following the completion of design work, KnAAPO constructed the first prototype, which was finished in mid-2007. The prototype, Su-35-1, was then transferred to the Gromov Flight Research Institute at Zhukovsky Airfield, in preparation for its maiden flight. On 19 February 2008, Sergey Bogdan took the aircraft aloft fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,788 | The Su-35 project was aimed primarily at the export market. During the early stages of the flight-test programme, Sukhoi estimated that there was such a market for 160 aircraft, with a particular emphasis on Latin America, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Some of the candidate countries, such as Algeria, Malaysia, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,789 | Apart from the launch order at the 2009 MAKS Air Show, the Russian government and the state-owned VEB development bank agreed to provide Sukhoi with capital for the aircraft's production. In November 2009, KnAAPO (which was renamed KnAAZ in 2013 after it became part of the Sukhoi Company) started manufacturing the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,790 | In 1996, three production Su-27Ms were delivered to the air force's 929th State Flight Test Centre named for V. P. Chkalov (GLITs) at , Akhtubinsk, to perform weapons trials. In 2001, the air force decided to transfer several Su-27Ms to re-equip the Russian Knights aerobatics team, and so the team's pilots took familia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,791 | Initially, one static and three flyable prototypes (bort no. 901, 902, 904) were built between 2007 and 2009. The third one (bort no. 904) was later destroyed when it crashed into a barrier during its taxi runs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,792 | The first contract for 48 production aircraft was signed at the 2009 MAKS Air show in Moscow. In May 2011, Sukhoi delivered the first Su-35S to Akhtubinsk to conduct state joint tests with the Defence Ministry to prepare for operational service. The first of two stages of the trials commenced in August 2011. By March 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,793 | Twelve production Su-35Ss were delivered in December 2013, followed by another twelve production aircraft in February 2014, ten of which were handed over to the 23rd Fighter Aviation Regiment stationed in the Far East with the remaining two tasked with carrying out the final phase of state joint tests. The handover mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,794 | The introduction of the Su-35S into the service with the Russian Air Force is a part of the Russia's state armament programme for 2011–2020 that was formulated following the war with Georgia in 2008 with an aim to significantly increase the number of modern military equipment in the Russian Armed Forces. The aircraft i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,795 | In July 2020, the Russian Knights aerobatic team received eight new Su-35Ss as an addition to its previously acquired Su-30SM aircraft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,796 | The 185th Combat Training and Combat Application Center, also known as an aggressor squadron of the of the Russian Aerospace Forces, has received three new Su-35S on 9 September 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,797 | In January 2016, Russia made the first combat deployment of the Su-35S when it sent four aircraft to Syria. This occurred following the increased tensions between Russia and Turkey as result of reported incursions by Russian aircraft into the Turkish airspace and the shooting down of a Russian Su-24 bomber by a Turkish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,798 | On 20 August 2019, two Russian Air Force Su-35Ss, operating from the Khmeimim Air Base, intercepted two Turkish Air Force F-16s over the southern Idlib and forced them to leave the Syrian airspace. Russian Su-35Ss again intercepted several Israeli aircraft over southern Syria on 10 September 2019 and prevented them fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
12,799 | Russian Su-30SM and Su-35s fighters were used for air superiority missions during the war. At least 7 air-to-air victories were reported over Ukrainian jet aircraft and one over a Ukrainian Naval Aviation Mil Mi-14. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 |
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