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1,300 | In line with the maturing PC business, in July 2013, Microsoft announced that it would reorganize the business into four new business divisions, namely Operating systems, Apps, Cloud, and Devices. All previous divisions will be dissolved into new divisions without any workforce cuts. On September 3, 2013, Microsoft agr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,301 | On February 4, 2014, Steve Ballmer stepped down as CEO of Microsoft and was succeeded by Satya Nadella, who previously led Microsoft's Cloud and Enterprise division. On the same day, John W. Thompson took on the role of chairman, in place of Bill Gates, who continued to participate as a technology advisor. Thompson bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,302 | On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced the release of their first Interactive whiteboard, Microsoft Surface Hub. On July 29, 2015, Windows 10 was released, with its server sibling, Windows Server 2016, released in September 2016. In Q1 2015, Microsoft was the third largest maker of mobile phones, selling 33 million u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,303 | On March 1, 2016, Microsoft announced the merger of its PC and Xbox divisions, with Phil Spencer announcing that Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps would be the focus for Microsoft's gaming in the future. On January 24, 2017, Microsoft showcased Intune for Education at the BETT 2017 education technology conference i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,304 | In January 2018, Microsoft patched Windows 10 to account for CPU problems related to Intel's Meltdown security breach. The patch led to issues with the Microsoft Azure virtual machines reliant on Intel's CPU architecture. On January 12, Microsoft released PowerShell Core 6.0 for the macOS and Linux operating systems. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,305 | In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish farming tools using the Microsoft Azure application suite for Internet of things (IoT) technologies related to water management. Developed in part by researchers from Kindai University, the water pump mechanisms use artificial intelligence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,306 | On February 20, 2019, Microsoft Corp said it will offer its cyber security service AccountGuard to 12 new markets in Europe including Germany, France and Spain, to close security gaps and protect customers in political space from hacking. In February 2019, hundreds of Microsoft employees protested the company's war pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,307 | On March 26, 2020, Microsoft announced it was acquiring Affirmed Networks for about $1.35 billion. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft closed all of its retail stores indefinitely due to health concerns. On July 22, 2020, Microsoft announced plans to close its Mixer service, planning to move existing partners to Fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,308 | On July 31, 2020, it was reported that Microsoft was in talks to acquire TikTok after the Trump administration ordered ByteDance to divest ownership of the application to the U.S. On August 3, 2020, after speculation on the deal, Donald Trump stated that Microsoft could buy the application, however, it should be comple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,309 | On August 5, 2020, Microsoft stopped its xCloud game streaming test for iOS devices. According to Microsoft, the future of xCloud on iOS remains unclear and potentially out of Microsoft's hands. Apple has imposed a strict limit on "remote desktop clients" which means applications are only allowed to connect to a user-o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,310 | On September 22, 2020, Microsoft announced that it had an exclusive license to use OpenAI’s GPT-3 artificial intelligence language generator. The previous version of GPT-3, called GPT-2, made headlines for being “too dangerous to release” and had numerous capabilities, including designing websites, prescribing medicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,311 | In April 2021, Microsoft announced it would buy Nuance Communications for approximately $16 billion. The acquisition of Nuance was completed in March 2022. In 2021, in part due to the strong quarterly earnings spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft's valuation came to near $2 trillion. The increased necessity for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,312 | On June 24, 2021, Microsoft announced Windows 11 during a Livestream. The announcement came with confusion after Microsoft announced Windows 10 would be the last version of the operating system; set to be released in the third quarter of 2021. It was released to the general public on October 5, 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,313 | In early September 2021, it was announced that the company had acquired Takelessons, an online platform which connects students and tutors in numerous subjects. The acquisition positioned Microsoft to grow its presence in the market of providing an online education to large numbers of people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,314 | In October 2021, Microsoft announced that it began rolling out end-to-end encryption (E2EE) support for Microsoft Teams calls in order to secure business communication while using video conferencing software. Users can ensure that their calls are encrypted and can utilize a security code that both parties on a call mus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,315 | On January 18, 2022, Microsoft announced the acquisition of American video game developer and holding company Activision Blizzard in an all-cash deal worth $68.7 billion. Activision Blizzard is best known for producing franchises, including but not limited to "Warcraft", "Diablo", "Call of Duty", "StarCraft", "Candy Cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,316 | The company is run by a board of directors made up of mostly company outsiders, as is customary for publicly traded companies. Members of the board of directors as of July 2020 are Satya Nadella, Reid Hoffman, Hugh Johnston, Teri List-Stoll, Sandi Peterson, Penny Pritzker, Charles Scharf, Arne Sorenson, John W. Stanton... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,317 | On March 13, 2020, Gates announced that he is leaving the board of directors of Microsoft and Berkshire Hathaway to focus more on his philanthropic efforts. According to Aaron Tilley of "The Wall Street Journal" this is "marking the biggest boardroom departure in the tech industry since the death of longtime rival and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,318 | On January 13, 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Microsoft's board of directors plans to hire an external law firm to review its sexual harassment and gender discrimination policies, and to release a summary of how the company handled past allegations of misconduct against Bill Gates and other corporate execu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,319 | When Microsoft went public and launched its initial public offering (IPO) in 1986, the opening stock price was $21; after the trading day, the price closed at $27.75. As of July 2010, with the company's nine stock splits, any IPO shares would be multiplied by 288; if one were to buy the IPO today, given the splits and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,320 | Standard & Poor's and Moody's Investors Service have both given a AAA rating to Microsoft, whose assets were valued at $41 billion as compared to only $8.5 billion in unsecured debt. Consequently, in February 2011 Microsoft released a corporate bond amounting to $2.25 billion with relatively low borrowing rates comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,321 | On July 20, 2012, Microsoft posted its first quarterly loss ever, despite earning record revenues for the quarter and fiscal year, with a net loss of $492 million due to a writedown related to the advertising company aQuantive, which had been acquired for $6.2 billion back in 2007. As of January 2014, Microsoft's mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,322 | In November 2018, the company won a $480 million military contract with the U.S. government to bring augmented reality (AR) headset technology into the weapon repertoires of American soldiers. The two-year contract may result in follow-on orders of more than 100,000 headsets, according to documentation describing the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,323 | Microsoft is an international business. As such, it needs subsidiaries present in whatever national markets it chooses to harvest. An example is Microsoft Canada, which it established in 1985. Other countries have similar installations, to funnel profits back up to Redmond and to distribute the dividends to the holders... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,324 | In 2004, Microsoft commissioned research firms to do independent studies comparing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Windows Server 2003 to Linux; the firms concluded that companies found Windows easier to administrate than Linux, thus those using Windows would administrate faster resulting in lower costs for their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,325 | As part of the "Get the Facts" campaign, Microsoft highlighted the .NET Framework trading platform that it had developed in partnership with Accenture for the London Stock Exchange, claiming that it provided "five nines" reliability. After suffering extended downtime and unreliability the London Stock Exchange announce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,326 | In 2012, Microsoft hired a political pollster named Mark Penn, whom "The New York Times" called "famous for bulldozing" his political opponents as Executive Vice-president, Advertising and Strategy. Penn created a series of negative advertisements targeting one of Microsoft's chief competitors, Google. The advertisemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,327 | In July 2014, Microsoft announced plans to lay off 18,000 employees. Microsoft employed 127,104 people as of June 5, 2014, making this about a 14 percent reduction of its workforce as the biggest Microsoft lay off ever. This included 12,500 professional and factory personnel. Previously, Microsoft had eliminated 5,800 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,328 | Microsoft provides information about reported bugs in their software to intelligence agencies of the United States government, prior to the public release of the fix. A Microsoft spokesperson has stated that the corporation runs several programs that facilitate the sharing of such information with the U.S. government. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,329 | During the first six months of 2013, Microsoft received requests that affected between 15,000 and 15,999 accounts. In December 2013, the company made statement to further emphasize the fact that they take their customers' privacy and data protection very seriously, even saying that "government snooping potentially now ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,330 | In April 2016, the company sued the U.S. government, argued that secrecy orders were preventing the company from disclosing warrants to customers in violation of the company's and customers' rights. Microsoft argued that it was unconstitutional for the government to indefinitely ban Microsoft from informing its users t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,331 | Technical references for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as "Microsoft Systems Journal" (MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN). MSDN also offers subscriptions for companies and individuals, and the more expensive subscriptions usually offer access to pre-release ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,332 | Noted for its internal lexicon, the expression "eating your own dog food" is used to describe the policy of using pre-release and beta versions of products inside Microsoft in an effort to test them in "real-world" situations. This is usually shortened to just "dog food" and is used as a noun, verb, and adjective. Anot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,333 | Microsoft is an outspoken opponent of the cap on H-1B visas, which allows companies in the U.S. to employ certain foreign workers. Bill Gates claims the cap on H1B visas makes it difficult to hire employees for the company, stating "I'd certainly get rid of the H1B cap" in 2005. Critics of H1B visas argue that relaxing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,334 | In August 2018, Microsoft implemented a policy for all companies providing subcontractors to require 12 weeks of paid parental leave to each employee. This expands on the former requirement from 2015 requiring 15 days of paid vacation and sick leave each year. In 2015, Microsoft established its own parental leave polic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,335 | In 2011, Greenpeace released a report rating the top ten big brands in cloud computing on their sources of electricity for their data centers. At the time, data centers consumed up to 2% of all global electricity, and this amount was projected to increase. Phil Radford of Greenpeace said "we are concerned that this new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,336 | Microsoft's main U.S. campus received a silver certification from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program in 2008, and it installed over 2,000 solar panels on top of its buildings at its Silicon Valley campus, generating approximately 15 percent of the total energy needed by the facilities in A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,337 | In January 2021, the company announced on Twitter to join the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact, which engages the cloud infrastructure and data centers industries to reach carbon neutrality in Europe by 2030. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,338 | The corporate headquarters, informally known as the Microsoft Redmond campus, is located at One Microsoft Way in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft initially moved onto the grounds of the campus on February 26, 1986, weeks before the company went public on March 13. The headquarters has since experienced multiple expansion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,339 | On October 26, 2015, the company opened its retail location on Fifth Avenue in New York City. The location features a five-story glass storefront and is 22,270 square feet. As per company executives, Microsoft had been on the lookout for a flagship location since 2009. The company's retail locations are part of a great... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,340 | Pro 4. On November 12, 2015, Microsoft opened a second flagship store, located in Sydney's Pitt Street Mall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,341 | Microsoft adopted the so-called ""Pac-Man" Logo," designed by Scott Baker, in 1987. Baker stated "The new logo, in Helvetica italic typeface, has a slash between the "o" and "s" to emphasize the "soft" part of the name and convey motion and speed." Dave Norris ran an internal joke campaign to save the old logo, which w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,342 | On August 23, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new corporate logo at the opening of its 23rd Microsoft store in Boston, indicating the company's shift of focus from the classic style to the tile-centric modern interface, which it uses/will use on the Windows Phone platform, Xbox 360, Windows 8 and the upcoming Office Suites.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,343 | The company was the official jersey sponsor of Finland's national basketball team at EuroBasket 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,344 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft's president, Brad Smith, announced that an initial batch of supplies, including 15,000 protection goggles, infrared thermometers, medical caps, and protective suits, was donated to Seattle, with further aid to come soon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,345 | During 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Microsoft started monitoring cyberattacks on behalf of the Russian government and Russia-backed hackers. In June 2022, Microsoft published the report on Russian cyber attacks, and concluded that state-backed Russian hackers "have engaged in "strategic espionage" against governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,346 | Criticism of Microsoft has followed various aspects of its products and business practices. Frequently criticized are the ease of use, robustness, and security of the company's software. They've also been criticized for the use of permatemp employees (employees employed for years as "temporary," and therefore without m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,347 | As reported by several news outlets, an Irish subsidiary of Microsoft based in the Republic of Ireland declared £220 bn in profits but paid no corporation tax for the year 2020. This is due to the company being tax resident in Bermuda as mentioned in the accounts for 'Microsoft Round Island One, a subsidiary that colle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,348 | In 2020, ProPublica reported that the company had diverted more than $39 billion in U.S. profits to Puerto Rico using a mechanism structured to make it seem as if the company was unprofitable on paper. As a result, the company paid a tax rate on those profits of "nearly 0%." When the Internal Revenue Service audited th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,349 | "Embrace, extend, and extinguish" (EEE), also known as "embrace, extend, and exterminate", is a phrase that the U.S. Department of Justice found that was used internally by Microsoft to describe its strategy for entering product categories involving widely used standards, extending those standards with proprietary capa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,350 | Microsoft was the first company to participate in the PRISM surveillance program, according to leaked NSA documents obtained by "The Guardian" and "The Washington Post" in June 2013, and acknowledged by government officials following the leak. The program authorizes the government to secretly access data of non-US citi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,351 | Jesse Jackson believes Microsoft should hire more minorities and women. In 2015, he praised Microsoft for appointing two women to its board of directors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,352 | The Microsoft Services Provider License Agreement, or SPLA, is a mechanism by which service providers and independent software vendors (ISVs), who license Microsoft products on a monthly basis, are able to provide software services and hosting services to end-users. The SPLA can be customized to suit the solution being... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 |
1,353 | C ("pronounced like the letter c") is a general-purpose computer programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems, device drivers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,354 | A successor to the programming language B, C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on Unix. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,355 | C is an imperative procedural language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, with a static type system. It was designed to be compiled to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, all with minimal runtime support. Despite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,356 | Since 2000, C has consistently ranked among the top two languages in the TIOBE index, a measure of the popularity of programming languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,357 | C is an imperative, procedural language in the ALGOL tradition. It has a static type system. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines (also called "functions", though not in the sense of functional programming). Function parameters are passed by value, although arrays are passed as pointers, i.e. the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,358 | C program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as a statement separator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,359 | While C does not include certain features found in other languages (such as object orientation and garbage collection), these can be implemented or emulated, often through the use of external libraries (e.g., the GLib Object System or the Boehm garbage collector). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,360 | Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including C++, C#, Unix's C shell, D, Go, Java, JavaScript (including transpilers), Julia, Limbo, LPC, Objective-C, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Rust, Swift, Verilog and SystemVerilog (hardware description languages). These languages have drawn many of their... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,361 | The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the Unix operating system, originally implemented in assembly language on a PDP-7 by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, incorporating several ideas from colleagues. Eventually, they decided to port the operating system to a PDP-11. The original PDP-11 version of Unix ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,362 | Thompson desired a programming language to make utilities for the new platform. At first, he tried to make a Fortran compiler, but soon gave up the idea. Instead, he created a cut-down version of the recently developed BCPL systems programming language. The official description of BCPL was not available at the time, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,363 | In 1971, Ritchie started to improve B, to utilise the features of the more-powerful PDP-11. A significant addition was a character type. He called this "New B". Thompson started to use NB to write the Unix kernel, and his requirements shaped the direction of the language development. Through to 1972, richer types were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,364 | The C compiler and some utilities made with it were included in Version 2 Unix, which is also known as Research Unix. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,365 | At Version 4 Unix, released in November 1973, the Unix kernel was extensively re-implemented in C. By this time, the C language had acquired some powerful features such as codice_6 types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,366 | The preprocessor was introduced around 1973 at the urging of Alan Snyder and also in recognition of the usefulness of the file-inclusion mechanisms available in BCPL and PL/I. Its original version provided only included files and simple string replacements: codice_15 and codice_16 of parameterless macros. Soon after th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,367 | Unix was one of the first operating system kernels implemented in a language other than assembly. Earlier instances include the Multics system (which was written in PL/I) and Master Control Program (MCP) for the Burroughs B5000 (which was written in ALGOL) in 1961. In around 1977, Ritchie and Stephen C. Johnson made fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,368 | In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie published the first edition of "The C Programming Language". This book, known to C programmers as "K&R", served for many years as an informal specification of the language. The version of C that it describes is commonly referred to as "K&R C". As this was released in 1978, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,369 | Even after the publication of the 1989 ANSI standard, for many years K&R C was still considered the "lowest common denominator" to which C programmers restricted themselves when maximum portability was desired, since many older compilers were still in use, and because carefully written K&R C code can be legal Standard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,370 | In early versions of C, only functions that return types other than codice_12 must be declared if used before the function definition; functions used without prior declaration were presumed to return type codice_12. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,371 | long some_function(); /* This is a function declaration, so the compiler can know the name and return type of this function. */ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,372 | /* int */ other_function(); /* Another function declaration. There is an implicit 'int' type here since we're talking about early version of C. It's commented out here to show where it could go in later variants. */ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,373 | /* int */ calling_function() /* this is a function definition, including the body of the code following in the { curly brackets } the return type is 'int', but this is implicit so no need to state 'int' when using this early version of C */ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,374 | The codice_12 type specifiers which are commented out could be omitted in K&R C, but are required in later standards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,375 | Since K&R function declarations did not include any information about function arguments, function parameter type checks were not performed, although some compilers would issue a warning message if a local function was called with the wrong number of arguments, or if multiple calls to an external function used differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,376 | In the years following the publication of K&R C, several features were added to the language, supported by compilers from AT&T (in particular PCC) and some other vendors. These included: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,377 | The large number of extensions and lack of agreement on a standard library, together with the language popularity and the fact that not even the Unix compilers precisely implemented the K&R specification, led to the necessity of standardization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,378 | During the late 1970s and 1980s, versions of C were implemented for a wide variety of mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers, including the IBM PC, as its popularity began to increase significantly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,379 | In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formed a committee, X3J11, to establish a standard specification of C. X3J11 based the C standard on the Unix implementation; however, the non-portable portion of the Unix C library was handed off to the IEEE working group 1003 to become the basis for the 1988 P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,380 | In 1990, the ANSI C standard (with formatting changes) was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ISO/IEC 9899:1990, which is sometimes called C90. Therefore, the terms "C89" and "C90" refer to the same programming language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,381 | ANSI, like other national standards bodies, no longer develops the C standard independently, but defers to the international C standard, maintained by the working group ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14. National adoption of an update to the international standard typically occurs within a year of ISO publication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,382 | One of the aims of the C standardization process was to produce a superset of K&R C, incorporating many of the subsequently introduced unofficial features. The standards committee also included several additional features such as function prototypes (borrowed from C++), codice_9 pointers, support for international char... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,383 | C89 is supported by current C compilers, and most modern C code is based on it. Any program written only in Standard C and without any hardware-dependent assumptions will run correctly on any platform with a conforming C implementation, within its resource limits. Without such precautions, programs may compile only on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,384 | In cases where code must be compilable by either standard-conforming or K&R C-based compilers, the codice_37 macro can be used to split the code into Standard and K&R sections to prevent the use on a K&R C-based compiler of features available only in Standard C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,385 | After the ANSI/ISO standardization process, the C language specification remained relatively static for several years. In 1995, Normative Amendment 1 to the 1990 C standard (ISO/IEC 9899/AMD1:1995, known informally as C95) was published, to correct some details and to add more extensive support for international charac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,386 | The C standard was further revised in the late 1990s, leading to the publication of ISO/IEC 9899:1999 in 1999, which is commonly referred to as "C99". It has since been amended three times by Technical Corrigenda. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,387 | C99 introduced several new features, including inline functions, several new data types (including codice_38 and a codice_39 type to represent complex numbers), variable-length arrays and flexible array members, improved support for IEEE 754 floating point, support for variadic macros (macros of variable arity), and su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,388 | C99 is for the most part backward compatible with C90, but is stricter in some ways; in particular, a declaration that lacks a type specifier no longer has codice_12 implicitly assumed. A standard macro codice_42 is defined with value codice_43 to indicate that C99 support is available. GCC, Solaris Studio, and other C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,389 | In addition, the standard requires support for Unicode identifiers (variable / function names) in the form of escaped characters (e.g. ) and suggests support for raw Unicode names. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,390 | In 2007, work began on another revision of the C standard, informally called "C1X" until its official publication of ISO/IEC 9899:2011 on 2011-12-08. The C standards committee adopted guidelines to limit the adoption of new features that had not been tested by existing implementations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,391 | The C11 standard adds numerous new features to C and the library, including type generic macros, anonymous structures, improved Unicode support, atomic operations, multi-threading, and bounds-checked functions. It also makes some portions of the existing C99 library optional, and improves compatibility with C++. The st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,392 | Published in June 2018 as ISO/IEC 9899:2018, C17 is the current standard for the C programming language. It introduces no new language features, only technical corrections, and clarifications to defects in C11. The standard macro codice_42 is defined as codice_47. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,393 | C2x is an informal name for the next (after C17) major C language standard revision. It is expected to be voted on in 2023 and would therefore be called C23. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,394 | Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,395 | In 2008, the C Standards Committee published a technical report extending the C language to address these issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces, and basic I/O hardware a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,396 | C has a formal grammar specified by the C standard. Line endings are generally not significant in C; however, line boundaries do have significance during the preprocessing phase. Comments may appear either between the delimiters codice_48 and codice_49, or (since C99) following codice_40 until the end of the line. Comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,397 | C source files contain declarations and function definitions. Function definitions, in turn, contain declarations and statements. Declarations either define new types using keywords such as codice_6, codice_33, and codice_8, or assign types to and perhaps reserve storage for new variables, usually by writing the type f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,398 | As an imperative language, C uses "statements" to specify actions. The most common statement is an "expression statement", consisting of an expression to be evaluated, followed by a semicolon; as a side effect of the evaluation, functions may be called and variables may be assigned new values. To modify the normal sequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
1,399 | Expressions can use a variety of built-in operators and may contain function calls. The order in which arguments to functions and operands to most operators are evaluated is unspecified. The evaluations may even be interleaved. However, all side effects (including storage to variables) will occur before the next "seque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 |
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