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1,500 | Although ACE was a feasible design, the effect of the Official Secrets Act surrounding the wartime work at Bletchley Park made it impossible for Turing to explain the basis of his analysis of how a computer installation involving human operators would work. This led to delays in starting the project and he became disil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,501 | According to the memoirs of the German computer pioneer Heinz Billing from the Max Planck Institute for Physics, published by Genscher, Düsseldorf, there was a meeting between Turing and Konrad Zuse. It took place in Göttingen in 1947. The interrogation had the form of a colloquium. Participants were Womersley, Turing,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,502 | In 1948, Turing was appointed reader in the Mathematics Department at the Victoria University of Manchester. A year later, he became deputy director of the Computing Machine Laboratory, where he worked on software for one of the earliest stored-program computers—the Manchester Mark 1. Turing wrote the first version of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,503 | In 1948, Turing, working with his former undergraduate colleague, D.G. Champernowne, began writing a chess program for a computer that did not yet exist. By 1950, the program was completed and dubbed the Turochamp. In 1952, he tried to implement it on a Ferranti Mark 1, but lacking enough power, the computer was unable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,504 | His Turing test was a significant, characteristically provocative, and lasting contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence, which continues after more than half a century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,505 | When Turing was 39 years old in 1951, he turned to mathematical biology, finally publishing his masterpiece "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" in January 1952. He was interested in morphogenesis, the development of patterns and shapes in biological organisms. He suggested that a system of chemicals reacting with eac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,506 | Although published before the structure and role of DNA was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology. One of the early applications of Turing's paper was the work by James Murray explaining spots and stripes on the fur of cats, l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,507 | In 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Hut 8 colleague Joan Clarke, a fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement was short-lived. After admitting his homosexuality to his fiancée, who was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,508 | In January 1952, Turing was 39 when he started a relationship with Arnold Murray, a 19-year-old unemployed man. Just before Christmas, Turing was walking along Manchester's Oxford Road when he met Murray just outside the Regal Cinema and invited him to lunch. On 23 January, Turing's house was burgled. Murray told Turin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,509 | Turing was later convinced by the advice of his brother and his own solicitor, and he entered a plea of guilty. The case, "Regina v. Turing and Murray," was brought to trial on 31 March 1952. Turing was convicted and given a choice between imprisonment and probation. His probation would be conditional on his agreement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,510 | Turing's conviction led to the removal of his security clearance and barred him from continuing with his cryptographic consultancy for the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the British signals intelligence agency that had evolved from GC&CS in 1946, though he kept his academic job. He was denied entry into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,511 | In the 1940s, Turing became worried about losing his savings in the event of a German invasion. In order to protect it, he bought two silver bars weighing and worth £250 (in 2022, £8,000 adjusted for inflation, £48,000 at spot price) and buried them in a wood near Bletchley Park. Upon returning to dig them up, Turing f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,512 | On 8 June 1954, at his house at 43 Adlington Road, Wilmslow, Turing's housekeeper found him dead. He had died the previous day at the age of 41. Cyanide poisoning was established as the cause of death. When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,513 | Philosopher Jack Copeland has questioned various aspects of the coroner's historical verdict. He suggested an alternative explanation for the cause of Turing's death: the accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from an apparatus used to electroplate gold onto spoons. The potassium cyanide was used to dissolve the gold. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,514 | It has been suggested that Turing's belief in fortune-telling may have caused his depressed mood. As a youth, Turing had been told by a fortune-teller that he would be a genius. In mid-May 1954, shortly before his death, Turing again decided to consult a fortune-teller during a day-trip to St Annes-on-Sea with the Gree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,515 | In August 2009, British programmer John Graham-Cumming started a petition urging the British government to apologise for Turing's prosecution as a homosexual. The petition received more than 30,000 signatures. The Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, acknowledged the petition, releasing a statement on 10 September 2009 apolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,516 | In December 2011, William Jones and his Member of Parliament, John Leech, created an e-petition requesting that the British government pardon Turing for his conviction of "gross indecency": | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,517 | The petition gathered over 37,000 signatures, and was submitted to Parliament by the Manchester MP John Leech but the request was discouraged by Justice Minister Lord McNally, who said: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,518 | John Leech, the MP for Manchester Withington (2005–15), submitted several bills to Parliament and led a high-profile campaign to secure the pardon. Leech made the case in the House of Commons that Turing's contribution to the war made him a national hero and that it was "ultimately just embarrassing" that the convictio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,519 | On 26 July 2012, a bill was introduced in the House of Lords to grant a statutory pardon to Turing for offences under section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, of which he was convicted on 31 March 1952. Late in the year in a letter to "The Daily Telegraph", the physicist Stephen Hawking and 10 other signatori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,520 | At the bill's second reading in the House of Commons on 29 November 2013, Conservative MP Christopher Chope objected to the bill, delaying its passage. The bill was due to return to the House of Commons on 28 February 2014, but before the bill could be debated in the House of Commons, the government elected to proceed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,521 | In September 2016, the government announced its intention to expand this retroactive exoneration to other men convicted of similar historical indecency offences, in what was described as an "Alan Turing law". The Alan Turing law is now an informal term for the law in the United Kingdom, contained in the Policing and Cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,522 | Turing was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1946. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1951. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,523 | Turing has been honoured in various ways in Manchester, the city where he worked towards the end of his life. In 1994, a stretch of the A6010 road (the Manchester city intermediate ring road) was named "Alan Turing Way". A bridge carrying this road was widened, and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge. A statue of Turin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,524 | A plaque at the statue's feet reads 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'. There is also a Bertrand Russell quotation: "Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture." The sculptor bur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,525 | In 1999, "Time" magazine named Turing as one of the and stated, "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,526 | A blue plaque was unveiled at King's College, Cambridge on the centenary of his birth on 23 June 2012 and is now installed at the college's Keynes Building on King's Parade. A high steel sculpture, designed in Turing's honour by Sir Antony Gormley, is planned to be installed at King's College, but Historic England deem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,527 | On 25 March 2021, the Bank of England publicly unveiled the design for a new £50 note, featuring Turing's portrait, before its official issue on 23 June, Turing's birthday. Turing was selected as the new face of the note in 2019 following a public nomination process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,528 | To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC) co-ordinated the Alan Turing Year in 2012, a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC, chaired by S. Barry Cooper with Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208 |
1,529 | C++ (pronounced "C plus plus") is a high-level general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language, or "C with Classes". The language has expanded significantly over time, and modern C++ now has object-oriented, generic, and functiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,530 | C++ was designed with systems programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems in mind, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,531 | C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2020 as "ISO/IEC 14882:2020" (informally known as C++20). The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as "ISO/IEC 14882:1998", which was then am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,532 | In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish computer scientist, began work on "", the predecessor to C++. The motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his PhD thesis. Stroustrup found that Simula had features that were very helpful for large software development, but th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,533 | Initially, Stroustrup's "C with Classes" added features to the C compiler, Cpre, including classes, derived classes, strong typing, inlining and default arguments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,534 | In 1982, Stroustrup started to develop a successor to C with Classes, which he named "C++" (++ being the increment operator in C) after going through several other names. New features were added, including virtual functions, function name and operator overloading, references, constants, type-safe free-store memory allo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,535 | In 1984, Stroustrup implemented the first stream input/output library. The idea of providing an output operator rather than a named output function was suggested by Doug McIlroy (who had previously suggested Unix pipes). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,536 | In 1985, the first edition of "The C++ Programming Language" was released, which became the definitive reference for the language, as there was not yet an official standard. The first commercial implementation of C++ was released in October of the same year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,537 | In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second edition of "The C++ Programming Language" in 1991. New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, const member functions, and protected members. In 1990, "The Annotated C++ Reference Manual" was published. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,538 | In 1998, C++98 was released, standardizing the language, and a minor update (C++03) was released in 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,539 | After C++98, C++ evolved relatively slowly until, in 2011, the C++11 standard was released, adding numerous new features, enlarging the standard library further, and providing more facilities to C++ programmers. After a minor C++14 update released in December 2014, various new additions were introduced in C++17. After ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,540 | On January 3, 2018, Stroustrup was announced as the 2018 winner of the Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering, "for conceptualizing and developing the C++ programming language". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,541 | According to Stroustrup, "the name signifies the evolutionary nature of the changes from C". This name is credited to Rick Mascitti (mid-1983) and was first used in December 1983. When Mascitti was questioned informally in 1992 about the naming, he indicated that it was given in a tongue-in-cheek spirit. The name comes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,542 | During C++'s development period, the language had been referred to as "new C" and "C with Classes" before acquiring its final name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,543 | C++ is standardized by an ISO working group known as JTC1/SC22/WG21. So far, it has published six revisions of the C++ standard and is currently working on the next revision, C++23. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,544 | In 1998, the ISO working group standardized C++ for the first time as "ISO/IEC 14882:1998", which is informally known as "C++98". In 2003, it published a new version of the C++ standard called "ISO/IEC 14882:2003", which fixed problems identified in C++98. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,545 | The next major revision of the standard was informally referred to as "C++0x", but it was not released until 2011. C++11 (14882:2011) included many additions to both the core language and the standard library. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,546 | In 2014, C++14 (also known as C++1y) was released as a small extension to C++11, featuring mainly bug fixes and small improvements. The Draft International Standard ballot procedures completed in mid-August 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,547 | After C++14, a major revision C++17, informally known as C++1z, was completed by the ISO C++ committee in mid July 2017 and was approved and published in December 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,548 | More technical specifications are in development and pending approval, including new set of concurrency extensions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,549 | The C++ language has two main components: a direct mapping of hardware features provided primarily by the C subset, and zero-overhead abstractions based on those mappings. Stroustrup describes C++ as "a light-weight abstraction programming language [designed] for building and using efficient and elegant abstractions"; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,550 | C++ inherits most of C's syntax. The following is Bjarne Stroustrup's version of the Hello world program that uses the C++ Standard Library stream facility to write a message to standard output: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,551 | As in C, C++ supports four types of memory management: static storage duration objects, thread storage duration objects, automatic storage duration objects, and dynamic storage duration objects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,552 | Static storage duration objects are created before codice_1 is entered (see exceptions below) and destroyed in reverse order of creation after codice_1 exits. The exact order of creation is not specified by the standard (though there are some rules defined below) to allow implementations some freedom in how to organize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,553 | Static storage duration objects are initialized in two phases. First, "static initialization" is performed, and only "after" all static initialization is performed, "dynamic initialization" is performed. In static initialization, all objects are first initialized with zeros; after that, all objects that have a constant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,554 | Variables of this type are very similar to static storage duration objects. The main difference is the creation time is just prior to thread creation and destruction is done after the thread has been joined. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,555 | The most common variable types in C++ are local variables inside a function or block, and temporary variables. The common feature about automatic variables is that they have a lifetime that is limited to the scope of the variable. They are created and potentially initialized at the point of declaration (see below for d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,556 | Local variables are created as the point of execution passes the declaration point. If the variable has a constructor or initializer this is used to define the initial state of the object. Local variables are destroyed when the local block or function that they are declared in is closed. C++ destructors for local varia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,557 | Member variables are created when the parent object is created. Array members are initialized from 0 to the last member of the array in order. Member variables are destroyed when the parent object is destroyed in the reverse order of creation. i.e. If the parent is an "automatic object" then it will be destroyed when i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,558 | Temporary variables are created as the result of expression evaluation and are destroyed when the statement containing the expression has been fully evaluated (usually at the codice_5 at the end of a statement). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,559 | These objects have a dynamic lifespan and can be created directly with a call to and destroyed explicitly with a call to . C++ also supports codice_6 and codice_7, from C, but these are not compatible with and . Use of returns an address to the allocated memory. The C++ Core Guidelines advise against using directly for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,560 | C++ templates enable generic programming. C++ supports function, class, alias, and variable templates. Templates may be parameterized by types, compile-time constants, and other templates. Templates are implemented by "instantiation" at compile-time. To instantiate a template, compilers substitute specific arguments fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,561 | Templates are different from macros: while both of these compile-time language features enable conditional compilation, templates are not restricted to lexical substitution. Templates are aware of the semantics and type system of their companion language, as well as all compile-time type definitions, and can perform hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,562 | In addition, templates are a compile-time mechanism in C++ that is Turing-complete, meaning that any computation expressible by a computer program can be computed, in some form, by a template metaprogram prior to runtime. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,563 | In summary, a template is a compile-time parameterized function or class written without knowledge of the specific arguments used to instantiate it. After instantiation, the resulting code is equivalent to code written specifically for the passed arguments. In this manner, templates provide a way to decouple generic, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,564 | C++ introduces object-oriented programming (OOP) features to C. It offers classes, which provide the four features commonly present in OOP (and some non-OOP) languages: abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. One distinguishing feature of C++ classes compared to classes in other programming languages... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,565 | Encapsulation is the hiding of information to ensure that data structures and operators are used as intended and to make the usage model more obvious to the developer. C++ provides the ability to define classes and functions as its primary encapsulation mechanisms. Within a class, members can be declared as either publ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,566 | The object-oriented principle ensures the encapsulation of all and only the functions that access the internal representation of a type. C++ supports this principle via member functions and friend functions, but it does not enforce it. Programmers can declare parts or all of the representation of a type to be public, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,567 | It is generally considered good practice to make all data private or protected, and to make public only those functions that are part of a minimal interface for users of the class. This can hide the details of data implementation, allowing the designer to later fundamentally change the implementation without changing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,568 | Inheritance allows one data type to acquire properties of other data types. Inheritance from a base class may be declared as public, protected, or private. This access specifier determines whether unrelated and derived classes can access the inherited public and protected members of the base class. Only public inherita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,569 | Multiple inheritance is a C++ feature allowing a class to be derived from more than one base class; this allows for more elaborate inheritance relationships. For example, a "Flying Cat" class can inherit from both "Cat" and "Flying Mammal". Some other languages, such as C# or Java, accomplish something similar (althoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,570 | C++ provides more than 35 operators, covering basic arithmetic, bit manipulation, indirection, comparisons, logical operations and others. Almost all operators can be overloaded for user-defined types, with a few notable exceptions such as member access (codice_8 and codice_9) as well as the conditional operator. The r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,571 | Overloadable operators are also an essential part of many advanced C++ programming techniques, such as smart pointers. Overloading an operator does not change the precedence of calculations involving the operator, nor does it change the number of operands that the operator uses (any operand may however be ignored by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,572 | Polymorphism enables one common interface for many implementations, and for objects to act differently under different circumstances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,573 | C++ supports several kinds of "static" (resolved at compile-time) and "dynamic" (resolved at run-time) polymorphisms, supported by the language features described above. Compile-time polymorphism does not allow for certain run-time decisions, while runtime polymorphism typically incurs a performance penalty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,574 | Function overloading allows programs to declare multiple functions having the same name but with different arguments (i.e. "ad hoc" polymorphism). The functions are distinguished by the number or types of their formal parameters. Thus, the same function name can refer to different functions depending on the context in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,575 | When declaring a function, a programmer can specify for one or more parameters a default value. Doing so allows the parameters with defaults to optionally be omitted when the function is called, in which case the default arguments will be used. When a function is called with fewer arguments than there are declared para... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,576 | Templates in C++ provide a sophisticated mechanism for writing generic, polymorphic code (i.e. parametric polymorphism). In particular, through the curiously recurring template pattern, it's possible to implement a form of static polymorphism that closely mimics the syntax for overriding virtual functions. Because C++ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,577 | Variable pointers and references to a base class type in C++ can also refer to objects of any derived classes of that type. This allows arrays and other kinds of containers to hold pointers to objects of differing types (references cannot be directly held in containers). This enables dynamic (run-time) polymorphism, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,578 | C++ also provides the dynamic_cast operator, which allows code to safely attempt conversion of an object, via a base reference/pointer, to a more derived type: "downcasting". The "attempt" is necessary as often one does not know which derived type is referenced. ("Upcasting", conversion to a more general type, can alwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,579 | Ordinarily, when a function in a derived class overrides a function in a base class, the function to call is determined by the type of the object. A given function is overridden when there exists no difference in the number or type of parameters between two or more definitions of that function. Hence, at compile time, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,580 | In addition to standard member functions, operator overloads and destructors can be virtual. An inexact rule based on practical experience states that if any function in the class is virtual, the destructor should be as well. As the type of an object at its creation is known at compile time, constructors, and by extens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,581 | A member function can also be made "pure virtual" by appending it with = 0 after the closing parenthesis and before the semicolon. A class containing a pure virtual function is called an "abstract class". Objects cannot be created from an abstract class; they can only be derived from. Any derived class inherits the vir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,582 | C++ provides support for anonymous functions, also known as lambda expressions, with the following form: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,583 | If the lambda takes no parameters, and no return type or other specifiers are used, the () can be omitted, that is, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,584 | The [capture] list supports the definition of closures. Such lambda expressions are defined in the standard as syntactic sugar for an unnamed function object. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,585 | Exception handling is used to communicate the existence of a runtime problem or error from where it was detected to where the issue can be handled. It permits this to be done in a uniform manner and separately from the main code, while detecting all errors. Should an error occur, an exception is thrown (raised), which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,586 | The exception-causing code is placed inside a try block. The exceptions are handled in separate catch blocks (the handlers); each try block can have multiple exception handlers, as it is visible in the example below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,587 | It is also possible to raise exceptions purposefully, using the throw keyword; these exceptions are handled in the usual way. In some cases, exceptions cannot be used due to technical reasons. One such example is a critical component of an embedded system, where every operation must be guaranteed to complete within a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,588 | Unlike signal handling, in which the handling function is called from the point of failure, exception handling exits the current scope before the catch block is entered, which may be located in the current function or any of the previous function calls currently on the stack. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,589 | A large part of the C++ library is based on the Standard Template Library (STL). Useful tools provided by the STL include containers as the collections of objects (such as vectors and lists), iterators that provide array-like access to containers, and algorithms that perform operations such as searching and sorting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,590 | Furthermore, (multi)maps (associative arrays) and (multi)sets are provided, all of which export compatible interfaces. Therefore, using templates it is possible to write generic algorithms that work with any container or on any sequence defined by iterators. As in C, the features of the library are accessed by using th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,591 | The standard incorporates the STL that was originally designed by Alexander Stepanov, who experimented with generic algorithms and containers for many years. When he started with C++, he finally found a language where it was possible to create generic algorithms (e.g., STL sort) that perform even better than, for examp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,592 | Most C++ compilers, and all major ones, provide a standards-conforming implementation of the C++ standard library. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,593 | The C++ Core Guidelines are an initiative led by Bjarne Stroustrup, the inventor of C++, and Herb Sutter, the convener and chair of the C++ ISO Working Group, to help programmers write 'Modern C++' by using best practices for the language standards C++11 and newer, and to help developers of compilers and static checkin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,594 | The Guidelines are accompanied by the Guideline Support Library (GSL), a header only library of types and functions to implement the Core Guidelines and static checker tools for enforcing Guideline rules. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,595 | To give compiler vendors greater freedom, the C++ standards committee decided not to dictate the implementation of name mangling, exception handling, and other implementation-specific features. The downside of this decision is that object code produced by different compilers is expected to be incompatible. There were, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,596 | C++ is often considered to be a superset of C but this is not strictly true. Most C code can easily be made to compile correctly in C++ but there are a few differences that cause some valid C code to be invalid or behave differently in C++. For example, C allows implicit conversion from void* to other pointer types but... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,597 | Some incompatibilities have been removed by the 1999 revision of the C standard (C99), which now supports C++ features such as line comments (//) and declarations mixed with code. On the other hand, C99 introduced a number of new features that C++ did not support that were incompatible or redundant in C++, such as vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,598 | To intermix C and C++ code, any function declaration or definition that is to be called from/used both in C and C++ must be declared with C linkage by placing it within an extern "C" {/*...*/} block. Such a function may not rely on features depending on name mangling (i.e., function overloading). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
1,599 | Despite its widespread adoption, some notable programmers have criticized the C++ language, including Linus Torvalds, Richard Stallman, Joshua Bloch, Ken Thompson and Donald Knuth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 |
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