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15,500 | The concept of neurodiversity is contentious within various autism advocacy and research groups and has led to infighting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,501 | Families who care for an autistic child face added stress from a number of different causes. Parents may struggle to understand the diagnosis and to find appropriate care options. Parents often take a negative view of the diagnosis, and may struggle emotionally. More than half of parents over the age of 50 are still li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,502 | The broader autism phenotype (BAP) describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic traits, such as avoiding eye contact and stimming. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,503 | The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936. Later, the climatologist Rudolf Geiger (1894–1981) introduced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,504 | The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are "A" (tropical), "B" (arid), "C" (temperate), "D" (continental), and "E" (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,505 | As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, his main climate groups are based on what types of vegetation grow in a given climate classification region. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,506 | The Köppen climate classification system was further modified within the Trewartha climate classification system in the mid-1960s (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone, which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system (the C climate group was too broad)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,507 | The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: "A" (tropical), "B" (arid), "C" (temperate), "D" (continental), and "E" (polar). The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat. Summers are defined as the 6-month pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,508 | This type of climate has every month of the year with an average temperature of or higher, with significant precipitation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,509 | This type of climate is defined by little precipitation that does not fit the polar (EF or ET) criteria of no month with an average temperature greater than . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,510 | The threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in Celsius by 20, then adding: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,511 | If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,512 | A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Originally, h signified low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above ) while k signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C), but the more common practice today, especially in the United States, is to use h to mean the coldes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,513 | This type of climate has the coldest month averaging between (or ) and and at least one month averaging above . For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,514 | This type of climate has at least one month averaging below (or ) and at least one month averaging above . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,515 | Tropical climates are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher; and generally high annual precipitation. They are subdivided as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,516 | All 12 months have an average precipitation of at least . These climates usually occur within 10° latitude of the equator. This climate has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes. When it is dominated most of the year by the doldrums low-pressure system due to the presence of the Intertropical Conv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,517 | Some of the places with this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest Pacific coast of South and Central America, from Ecuador to Costa Rica; see, for instance, Andagoya, Colombia), but in many cases, the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,518 | Among these places, some have a pure equatorial climate (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, and Singapore) with the dominant ITCZ aerological mechanism and no cyclones or a subequatorial climate with occasional hurricanes (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,519 | (Note. The term aseasonal refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in daylight hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. Annual cyclic changes occur in the tropics, but not as predictably as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature, but to water availabil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,520 | This type of climate results from the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than , but at least formula_3 of average monthly precipitation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,521 | "Aw" climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than and less than formula_4 of average monthly precipitation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,522 | Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone from the low teens to the mid-20s latitudes, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. The Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia–Panamá border to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,523 | This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminish inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon River—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is "Af". East from the Andes, between t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,524 | Sometimes "As" is used in place of "Aw" if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days (during summer). This is the case in parts of Hawaii, northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, and the Brazilian Northeastern Coast. In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however, the dr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,525 | These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the potential evapotranspiration. The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,526 | According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,527 | If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is "BW" (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is "BS" (semi-arid: steppe climate). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,528 | A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Originally, "h" signified low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while "k" signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C), but the more common practice today, especially in the United States, is to use "h" to mean... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,529 | Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by frequent fog and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received are labeled "BWn" with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,530 | In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above (or , as noted previously) in their coldest month but below . The average temperature of roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,531 | The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—"w" indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). "s" indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. "f" means significa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,532 | The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—"a" indicates warmest month average temperature above while "b" indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C but with at least four months averaging above , and "c" indicates one to three months averaging above . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,533 | These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°. These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high-pressure systems, except... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,534 | Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas (sometimes well north or south of) typical Mediterranean climates, however since their warmest month average temperatures do not reach they are classified as "Csb". Some of these areas would border the oceanic climate ("Cfb"), except their dry-summer patterns mee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,535 | Cold summer Mediterranean climates ("Csc") exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal "Csb" climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below 0 °C. This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,536 | These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,537 | The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,538 | "Cfb" climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 40° and 60°; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,539 | These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. "Cfb" climates are also encountered at high elevations in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,540 | Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall ("Cfb") are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of Australia, such as in or around the Great Dividing Range in the north of the state of New South Wales, and also sparsely in other continents, such as in South America, among others. Unlike a typica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,541 | Subpolar oceanic climates ("Cfc") occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemisphere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,542 | "Cwa" is monsoonal influenced, having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the "Cfa" climates, except in regions (such as southeast Asia) where monsoons are more prevalent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,543 | Dry-winter subtropical highland climate ("Cwb") is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics of Central America, South America, Africa, and Asia or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air mas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,544 | Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates ("Cwc") exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to "Cwb" climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,545 | These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below 0 °C (or , as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extreme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,546 | "Dfa" climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than . In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. "Dsa" exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean ("Csa") climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,547 | These climates exist only in the northern hemisphere because the southern hemisphere has no large landmasses isolated from the moderating effects of the sea within the middle latitudes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,548 | In eastern Asia, "Dwa" climates extend further south due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of monsoon Circulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,549 | "Dsa" exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean ("Csa") climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,550 | "Dfb" climates are immediately poleward of hot summer continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes in North America and Asia, and also extending to higher latitudes in central and eastern Europe and Russia, between the maritime temperate and continental subarctic climates, where it extends up t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,551 | "Dsb" arises from the same scenario as "Dsa", but at even higher altitudes or latitudes, and chiefly in North America, since the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,552 | "Dfc", "Dsc" and "Dwc" climates occur poleward of the other group D climates, or at higher altitudes, generally between the 55° to 65° North latitudes, occasionally reaching up to the 70°N latitude. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,553 | Places with this climate have severe winters, with the temperature in their coldest month lower than −38 °C. These climates occur only in eastern Siberia. The names of some of the places with this climate have become veritable synonyms for the extreme, severe winter cold. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,554 | In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,555 | Tundra climate ("ET"): Warmest month has an average temperature between 0 and 10 °C. These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N although they may be found farther south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. "ET" climates are also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,556 | Ice cap climate ("EF"): This climate is dominant in Antarctica, inner Greenland, and summits of many high mountains, even at lower latitudes. Monthly average temperatures never exceed 0 °C (32 °F). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,557 | The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,558 | Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential changes in vegetation over time. The most important ecological significance of the Köppen climate classification is that it helps to predict the dominant vegetation type based on the climati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,559 | In 2015, a Nanjing University paper published in "Scientific Reports" analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,560 | A 2018 "Nature" study provides detailed maps for present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,561 | All maps use the ≥0 °C (or >-3 °C) definition for temperate climates, the 18 °C (or >0 °C or >-3 °C) annual mean temperature threshold to distinguish between hot and cold dry climates, and solely 18 °C for tropical climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484254 |
15,562 | In economics, inflation is an increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation corresponds to a reduction in the purchasing power of money. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,563 | Most economists agree that high levels of inflation as well as hyperinflation—which have severely disruptive effects on the real economy—are caused by persistent excessive growth in the money supply. Views on low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,564 | Today, most economists favour a low and steady rate of inflation. Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,565 | The term originates from the Latin "inflare" (to blow into or inflate) and was initially used in America in 1838 with regard to inflating the currency. The term was used "not in reference to something that happens to prices, but as something that happens to a paper currency". The resulting imbalance between the quantit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,566 | Conceptually, inflation refers to the general trend of prices, not changes in any specific price. For example, if people choose to buy more cucumbers than tomatoes, cucumbers consequently become more expensive and tomatoes cheaper. These changes are not related to inflation; they reflect a shift in tastes. Inflation is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,567 | By the nineteenth century, economists categorised three separate factors that cause a rise or fall in the price of goods: a change in the "value" or production costs of the good, a change in the "price of money" which then was usually a fluctuation in the commodity price of the metallic content in the currency, and "cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,568 | Other economic concepts related to inflation include: deflationa fall in the general price level; disinflationa decrease in the rate of inflation; hyperinflationan out-of-control inflationary spiral; stagflationa combination of inflation, slow economic growth and high unemployment; reflationan attempt to raise the gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,569 | More specific forms of inflation refer to sectors whose prices vary semi-independently from the general trend. “House price inflation” applies to changes in the house price index while “energy inflation” is dominated by the costs of oil and gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,570 | Inflation presupposes the establishment of money, which arose as an unanticipated social construct over a period of perhaps 2500 years as a result of a variety of innovations and advancements. It reached its peak with the advent of coinage in Lydia and Ionia around 630 BC, as well as in China around the same time. This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,571 | Historically, when commodity money was used, periods of inflation and deflation would alternate depending on the condition of the economy. However, when large prolonged infusions of gold or silver into an economy occurred, this could lead to long periods of inflation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,572 | The adoption of fiat currency by many countries, from the 18th century onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Rapid increases in the money supply have taken place a number of times in countries experiencing political crises, producing hyperinflationsepisodes of extreme inflation rates muc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,573 | Historically, inflations of varying magnitudes have occurred from the price revolution of the 16th century, which was driven by the flood of gold and particularly silver seized and mined by the Spaniards in Latin America, to the largest paper money inflation of all time in Hungary after World War II. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,574 | However, since the 1980s, inflation has been held low and stable in countries with independent central banks. This has led to a moderation of the business cycle and a reduction in variation in most macroeconomic indicatorsan event known as the Great Moderation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,575 | Rapid increases in the quantity of money or in the overall money supply have occurred in many different societies throughout history, changing with different forms of money used. For instance, when silver was used as currency, the government could collect silver coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,576 | Song Dynasty China introduced the practice of printing paper money to create fiat currency. During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, the government spent a great deal of money fighting costly wars, and reacted by printing more money, leading to inflation. Fearing the inflation that plagued the Yuan dynasty, the Ming Dynasty ini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,577 | During the Malian king Mansa Musa's hajj to Mecca in 1324, he was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels. When he passed through Cairo, he spent or gave away so much gold that it depressed its price in Egypt for over a decade, reducing its purchasing power.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,578 | From the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, Western Europe experienced a major inflationary cycle referred to as the "price revolution", with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold over 150 years. This is often attributed to the influx of gold and silver from the New World into Habsburg Sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,579 | Given that there are many possible measures of the price level, there are many possible measures of price inflation. Most frequently, the term "inflation" refers to a rise in a broad price index representing the overall price level for goods and services in the economy. The Consumer Price Index (CPI), the Personal cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,580 | The inflation rate is most widely calculated by determining the movement or change in a price index, typically the consumer price index. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,581 | The inflation rate is the percentage change of a price index over time. The Retail Prices Index is also a measure of inflation that is commonly used in the United Kingdom. It is broader than the CPI and contains a larger basket of goods and services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,582 | Given the recent high inflation, the RPI is indicative of the experiences of a wide range of household types, particularly low-income households. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,583 | To illustrate the method of calculation, in January 2007, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 202.416, and in January 2008 it was 211.080. The formula for calculating the annual percentage rate inflation in the CPI over the course of the year is: formula_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,584 | The resulting inflation rate for the CPI in this one-year period is 4.28%, meaning the general level of prices for typical U.S. consumers rose by approximately four percent in 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,585 | Measuring inflation in an economy requires objective means of differentiating changes in nominal prices on a common set of goods and services, and distinguishing them from those price shifts resulting from changes in value such as volume, quality, or performance. For example, if the price of a can of corn changes from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,586 | Inflation measures are often modified over time, either for the relative weight of goods in the basket, or in the way in which goods and services from the present are compared with goods and services from the past. Basket weights are updated regularly, usually every year, to adapt to changes in consumer behavior. Sudde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,587 | Over time, adjustments are also made to the type of goods and services selected to reflect changes in the sorts of goods and services purchased by 'typical consumers'. New products may be introduced, older products disappear, the quality of existing products may change, and consumer preferences can shift. Both the sort... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,588 | Inflation numbers are often seasonally adjusted to differentiate expected cyclical cost shifts. For example, home heating costs are expected to rise in colder months, and seasonal adjustments are often used when measuring for inflation to compensate for cyclical spikes in energy or fuel demand. Inflation numbers may be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,589 | When looking at inflation, economic institutions may focus only on certain kinds of prices, or "special indices", such as the core inflation index which is used by central banks to formulate monetary policy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,590 | Most inflation indices are calculated from weighted averages of selected price changes. This necessarily introduces distortion, and can lead to legitimate disputes about what the true inflation rate is. This problem can be overcome by including all available price changes in the calculation, and then choosing the media... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,591 | Inflation expectations or expected inflation is the rate of inflation that is anticipated for some time in the foreseeable future. There are two major approaches to modeling the formation of inflation expectations. Adaptive expectations models them as a weighted average of what was expected one period earlier and the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,592 | Inflation expectations affect the economy in several ways. They are more or less built into nominal interest rates, so that a rise (or fall) in the expected inflation rate will typically result in a rise (or fall) in nominal interest rates, giving a smaller effect if any on real interest rates. In addition, higher expe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,593 | Historically, a great deal of economic literature was concerned with the question of what causes inflation and what effect it has. There were different schools of thought as to the causes of inflation; most historical theories can be divided into two broad areas: *quality* theories of inflation and *quantity* theories ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,594 | Currently, the quantity theory of money is widely accepted as an accurate model of inflation in the long run. Consequently, there is now broad agreement among economists that in the long run, the inflation rate is essentially dependent on the growth rate of the money supply relative to the growth of the economy. Howeve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,595 | The question of whether the short-term effects last long enough to be important is the central topic of debate between monetarist and Keynesian economists. In monetarism prices and wages adjust quickly enough to make other factors merely marginal behavior on a general trend-line. In the Keynesian view, prices and wages... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,596 | Keynesian economics proposes that changes in the money supply do not directly affect prices in the short run, and that visible inflation is the result of demand pressures in the economy expressing themselves in prices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,597 | There are three major sources of inflation, as part of what Robert J. Gordon calls the "triangle model": | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,598 | Demand-pull theory states that inflation accelerates when aggregate demand increases beyond the ability of the economy to produce (its potential output). Hence, any factor that increases aggregate demand can cause inflation. However, in the long run, aggregate demand can be held above productive capacity only by increa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
15,599 | The effect of money on inflation is most obvious when governments finance spending in a crisis, such as a civil war, by printing money excessively. This sometimes leads to hyperinflation, a condition where prices can double in a month or even daily. The money supply is also thought to play a major role in determining m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
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