doc_id int32 0 2.25M | text stringlengths 101 8.13k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|---|
15,300 | On 14 June 2004, it was announced that the Czech Republic was to lease 14 Gripens, modified to comply with NATO standards. The agreement also included the training of Czech pilots and technicians in Sweden. The first six were delivered on 18 April 2005. The lease was for an agreed period of 10 years at a cost of €780 m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,301 | In November 2014, Czech Air Force commander General Libor Štefánik proposed leasing a further six Gripens due to Russia's deteriorating relationship with the West; a Ministry of Defence spokesperson stated that the notion was the commander's personal vision and fleet expansion was not on the agenda for years to come. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,302 | Following Hungary's membership of NATO in 1999, there were several proposals to achieve a NATO-compatible fighter force. Considerable attention went into studying second-hand aircraft options as well as modifying the nation's existing MiG-29 fleet. In 2001, Hungary received several offers of new and used aircraft from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,303 | As part of the procurement arrangements, Saab had offered an offset deal valued at 110 per cent of the cost of the 14 fighters. Initially, Hungary had planned to lease several Batch II aircraft; however, the inability to conduct aerial refuelling and weapons compatibility limitations had generated Hungarian misgivings.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,304 | While the Hungarian Air Force operates a total of 14 Gripen aircraft under lease, in 2011, the country reportedly intended to purchase these aircraft outright. However, in January 2012, the Hungarian and Swedish governments agreed to extend the lease period for a further ten years; according to Hungarian Defence Minist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,305 | Two Gripens were lost in crashes in May and June 2015, leaving 12 Gripens in operation. From 2017, Hungary is back to operating 14 fighters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,306 | In August 2021, a contract was signed with Saab to modernize the Gripen fleet of the Hungarian Air Force. The radar will be upgraded to "PS-05/Mk4" and the software will be upgraded to "MS 20 Block 2" level. New weapons would be added to the arsenal of the Hungarian Gripens. The IRIS-T missiles have been ordered in Dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,307 | In 1999, South Africa signed a contract with BAe/Saab for the procurement of 26 Gripens (C/D standard) with minor modifications to meet their requirements. Deliveries to the South African Air Force commenced in April 2008. By April 2011, 18 aircraft (nine two-seater aircraft and nine single-seaters) had been delivered.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,308 | Between April 2013 and December 2013, South African contractors held prime responsibility for maintenance work on the Gripen fleet as support contracts with Saab had expired; this arrangement led to fears that extended operations may not be possible due to a lack of proper maintenance. In December 2013, Armscor awarded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,309 | In 2007, Thailand's Parliament authorized the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) to spend up to 34 billion baht (US$1.1 billion) as part of an effort to replace Thailand's existing Northrop F-5 fleet. In February 2008, the RTAF ordered six Gripens (two single-seat C-models and four two-seat D-models) from Saab; deliveries beg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,310 | The first of the six aircraft were delivered on 22 February 2011. Saab delivered three Gripens in April 2013, and three more in September 2013. In September 2013, RTAF Marshal Prajin Jantong stated that Thailand is interested in purchasing six aircraft more in the near future, pending government approval. Thai Supreme ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,311 | The Empire Test Pilots' School (ETPS) in the United Kingdom has used the Gripen for advanced fast jet training of test pilots under a "wet lease" arrangement since 1999. It operates a Gripen D aircraft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,312 | In October 2008, Brazil selected three finalists for its F-X2 fighter programme: the Dassault Rafale B/C, the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, and the Gripen NG. The Brazilian Air Force initially planned to procure at least 36 and possibly up to 120 later, to replace its Northrop F‐5EM and Dassault Mirage 2000C aircraft.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,313 | On 24 October 2014, Brazil and Sweden signed a 39.3 billion SEK (US$5.44 bn, R$13 bn) contract for 28 Gripen E (single-seat version) and 8 Gripen F (dual-seat version) fighters for delivery from 2019 to 2024 and maintained until 2050; the Swedish government will provide a subsidized 25-year, 2.19% interest rate loan fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,314 | The first Brazilian F-39E Gripen flight took place on 26 August 2019, from Saab's facility in Linköping, Sweden. It was handed over to the Brazilian Air Force on 10 September 2019 for flight testing. The fighter arrived in Brazil on 20 September 2020, and then was transported by land to Navegantes International Airport... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,315 | On 1 February 2022, the Brazilian Air Force commander Carlos de Almeida Baptista Júnior told newspaper "Folha de S. Paulo" that Brazil is in initial planning phase for negotiations with Saab for a new batch of 30 Gripen E/Fs, "our capacity planning takes us today, by our employment assumptions, to 66 Gripens in operati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,316 | Starting in the 1990s, the Gripen was one candidate to replace the Austrian Air Force's ageing Saab 35 Drakens; the Eurofighter Typhoon was selected in 2003. During the mid-2010s, Austria started considering replacing their Typhoons with Gripens due to obsolescence and cost, as they are all Tranche 1 and need upgrades ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,317 | In 2014, Saab opened an office in Botswana. The country is interested in buying eight surplus Gripen C/Ds, with possible extension to 16, to replace the Botswana Defence Force Air Wing's (BDF) 14 ex-Royal Canadian Air Force CF-5 fighters used since 1996. BDF officials reportedly believe the Gripen acquisition is a done... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,318 | Canada is a level 3 industrial partner in the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II development program, however an open fighter competition was launched in December 2017. The Royal Canadian Air Force announced in February 2018 that Saab was a contestant along with the F-35. The competition is very dependent on industrial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,319 | In June 2019, Saab stated it was ready to offer 88 Gripen Es to Canada, in addition to full transfer of technology, Saab stated that they could offer the integration of American and other non-Saab equipment so that the aircraft is interoperable with the US military. Saab also stated the Gripen E was built for arctic co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,320 | In late March 2022, the Canadian government announced its intention to negotiate a contract to purchase the F-35. While the Gripen wasn't eliminated, it will only be considered if negotiations with the F-35's manufacturer Lockheed Martin fail. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,321 | Saab has offered 15 Gripen C/D or E/F to Colombia, with possible deliveries during 2018–21, depending on variant selected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,322 | The Gripen was a contender for the Indian MRCA competition for 126 multirole combat aircraft. In April 2008, Gripen International offered the Next Generation Gripen for India's tender and opened an office in New Delhi to support its efforts in the Indian market. On 4 February 2009, Saab announced that it had partnered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,323 | In 2015, after the Rafale order was cut back to just 36 aircraft, Saab indicated a willingness to set up joint production of the Gripen in India. In October 2016, Saab, among other manufacturers, reportedly received an informal request-for-information query, resuming a new competition for a single-engine fighter to rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,324 | In July 2016, Saab Indonesia confirmed having submitted a proposal earlier in the year in response to an Indonesian Air Force requirement. The proposal included the initial acquisition of 16 Gripen C/D for US$1.5 billion, to replace Northrop F-5E Tiger II in service with the Indonesian Air Force since the 1980s. Saab h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,325 | In September 2016, Saab announced its intention to open an office in Manila to support its campaign to sell the Gripen to fill the Philippine Air Force's requirement for 12 multirole fighters; Saab also intends to offer ground infrastructure, integrated C2 systems and datalinks, similar to the capabilities of the Royal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,326 | In July 2022, the Minister of Defence Oleksii Reznikov announced the JAS 39 Gripen as a candidate aircraft for the Ukrainian Air Force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,327 | Saab's head of exports Eddy de La Motte has stated that the Gripen's chances have improved as nations waver in their commitments to the F-35. In September 2013, Saab's CEO Håkan Buskhe said he envisioned Gripen sales to reach 400 or 450 aircraft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,328 | In response to the Bulgarian Air Force's interest in the Gripen, the Gerdzhikov caretaker cabinet announced in April 2017 the fighter's section by a state commission and plans for an initial batch of eight Gripens at up to 1.5 billion BGN (ca. 745 million euro), to be delivered around 2018–2020, along with a second bat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,329 | In October 2018, potential suppliers responded to a renewed tender, consisting of new F-16V Vipers from Lockheed Martin, new F/A-18E/F Super Hornets from Boeing, used Eurofighter Typhoons from Italy and used Gripen C/Ds from Sweden. France, Germany, Israel and Portugal did not respond to requests for used Eurofighter T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,330 | On 24 October 2015, Sweden announced its Gripen C/D bid for Croatia's fighter replacement requirement, following a request for information from the Croatian Ministry of Defence in June for between 8 and 12 new-build aircraft to replace Croatia's fleet of MiG-21bis aircraft. The LTDP would run from 2015 to 2024 and was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,331 | In 2007, Denmark signed a Memorandum of Understanding between the Defence Ministers of Sweden and Denmark to evaluate the Gripen as a replacement for Denmark's fleet of 48 F-16s. Denmark also requested the development of Gripen variants featuring more powerful engines, larger payloads, longer range, and additional avio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,332 | On 9 June 2016, the Danish defence committee agreed to purchase 27 F-35As to replace its F-16s for US$3 billion. In May 2019, Danish Minister of Defence Claus Hjort Frederiksen stated that Denmark is considering stationing fighters in Greenland to counter Russia's expanding military presence in the Arctic region. Frede... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,333 | According to DR (Danish public-service) the US spied on other contenders, Danish ministries, and the defense industry to gain an advantage in the procurement process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,334 | The Gripen's first export bid was to Finland, where it competed against F-16, F/A-18, MiG-29 and Mirage 2000 to replace the Finnish Air Force's J 35 Draken and MiG-21 fleet. In May 1992, McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C/D was announced as a winner on performance and cost grounds. The Finnish Minister of Defence, Elisabeth Reh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,335 | In June 2015, a working group set up by the Finnish MoD proposed starting a program to replace the Finnish Air Force's F/A-18 Hornet fleet; it recognized five potential types: Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Lockheed Martin F-35, and Gripen. In December 2015, the Finnish MoD sent a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,336 | Saab announced the successful completion of planned tests to demonstrate both the Gripen and GlobalEye. On 31 January 2020 Saab submitted a revised offer in response to the revised Request for Quotation for the HX programme and follow-on BAFO activity anticipated to continue through April 2021. Saab submitted its Best ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,337 | In July 2008, the Netherlands announced it would evaluate Gripen NG together with four other competitors; in response, Saab offered 85 aircraft to the Royal Netherlands Air Force in August 2008. On 18 December 2008, it was reported that the Netherlands had evaluated the F-35 as having a better performance-price relatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,338 | On 18 January 2008, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence issued a Request for Binding Information (RBI) to the Swedish Defence Material Administration, who issued an offer for 48 Gripens in April 2008. On 20 November 2008, the selection of the F-35 Lightning II for the Royal Norwegian Air Force was announced, stating that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,339 | The Gripen C/D was a contender for 48 multirole fighters for the Polish Air Force started in 2001. On 27 December 2002, the Polish Defence Minister announced the F-16C/D Block 50/52+'s selection. According to Stephen Larrabee, the selection was heavily influenced by Lockheed Martin's lucrative offset agreement (totalin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,340 | In 2014, Poland planned to purchase 64 multirole combat aircraft from 2021 as part of its modernisation plans to replace the ageing fleet of Sukhoi Su-22M4 'Fitter-K' ground attack aircraft and Mikoyan MiG-29 'Fulcrum' fighters. On 23 November 2017, the Armament Inspectorate announced the acquisition process's start. B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,341 | On 30 August 2014, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Sweden signed a letter of intent agreeing to co-operate on using the Gripen, which might lead to its acquisition by the Slovak Air Force. The letter of intent laid the foundation for bilateral co-operation around a common airspace surveillance of Slovakia and the Czec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,342 | In February 2018, the Slovak Ministry of Defence announced the launch of a new study to examine bids from the US and Swedish governments for the F-16V Viper and the Gripen to replace Slovakian MiG-29s. On 11 July 2018, the Slovakian Defense ministry announced that it will purchase 14 F-16V Block 70/72s instead of Gripe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,343 | In January 2008, the Swiss Defence Material Administration invited Gripen International to bid to replace the nation's F-5 fleet. Saab responded with an initial proposal on 2 July 2008; other contenders were the Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon. On 30 November 2011, the Swiss government announced its decision to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,344 | On 25 August 2012, the plan to order was confirmed by both Swedish and Swiss authorities. Deliveries were expected to run from 2018 to 2021 at a fixed price of CHF 3.126 billion (US$3.27 billion) including development costs, mission planning systems, initial spares and support, training, and certification; the Swedish ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,345 | In 2015, Switzerland was set to relaunch the F-5E/F, and now also F/A-18C/D, replacement programme; the Gripen was again considered the favourite. In March 2018, Swiss officials named contenders in its Air 2030 programme that includes not only combat aircraft but also ground-based air defense systems: The Gripen, Dassa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,346 | The Gripen was one of the aircraft evaluated by the Chilean Air Force in 1999. Chile finally selected the F-16 over the Gripen, Boeing F/A-18, and Dassault Mirage 2000–5. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,347 | There were plans to begin licensed production of the Gripen in Lviv, Ukraine. However, these plans have stalled since 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,348 | , Gripen aircraft have been involved in at least 10 incidents, including nine hull-loss accidents, with one loss of life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,349 | The first two crashes, in 1989 and 1993 respectively, occurred during public displays of the Gripen and resulted in considerable negative media reports. The first crash was filmed by a Sveriges Television news crew and led to critics calling for development to be cancelled. The second crash occurred in an empty area on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87577 |
15,350 | Impostor syndrome, also known as impostor phenomenon or impostorism, is a psychological occurrence in which an individual doubts their skills, talents, or accomplishments and has a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as a fraud. Despite external evidence of their competence, those experiencing this phenomenon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,351 | When impostor syndrome was first conceptualized, it was viewed as a phenomenon that was common among high-achieving women. Further research has shown that it affects both men and women, in the collective sense that the proportion affected are more or less equally distributed among the genders. Individuals with impostor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,352 | The term "impostor phenomenon" was introduced in an article published in 1978, titled "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention" by Pauline R. Clance and Suzanne A. Imes. Clance and Imes defined impostor phenomenon as "an internal experience of intellectual phoniness" and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,353 | The researchers surveyed over 100 women, approximately one-third of whom were involved in psychotherapy for reasons besides impostor syndrome and two-thirds of whom they knew from their own lectures and therapy groups. All of the participants had been formally recognized for their professional excellence by colleagues ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,354 | Certain individuals with impostor syndrome may see themselves as less ill (less depressed, less anxious) than their peers or other mentally ill people, citing their lack of severe symptoms as the indication of the absence of or a minor underlying issue. People with this mindset often do not seek help for their issues b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,355 | Impostor phenomenon is studied as a reaction to particular stimuli and events. It is an experience that occurs in an individual, not a mental disorder. Impostor phenomenon is not recognized in the DSM or ICD, although both of these classification systems recognize low self-esteem and sense of failure as associated symp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,356 | The first scale designated to measure characteristics of impostor phenomenon was designed by Clance in 1985, called the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS). The scale can be used to determine if characteristics of fear are present in the individual, and to what extent. The aspects of fear include: "fear of evaluati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,357 | In her 1985 paper, Clance explained that impostor phenomenon can be distinguished by the following six characteristics, of which an individual who has impostorism must experience at least two: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,358 | It has been estimated that nearly 70% of individuals will experience signs and symptoms of impostor phenomenon at least once in their life. This can be a result of a new academic or professional setting. Research shows that impostor phenomenon is not uncommon for students who enter a new academic environment. Feelings ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,359 | Clance and Imes stated in their 1978 article that, based on their clinical experience, impostor phenomenon was less prevalent in men. However, more recent research has mostly found that impostor phenomenon is spread equally among men and women. Research has shown that women commonly face impostor phenomenon in regard t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,360 | Impostor phenomenon can occur in other various settings. Some examples include a new environment, academic settings, in the workplace, social interactions, and relationships (platonic or romantic). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,361 | In relationships, people with impostorism often feel they do not live up to the expectations of their friends or loved ones. It is common for the individual with impostorism to think that they must have somehow tricked others into liking them and wanting to spend time with them. They experience feelings of being unwort... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,362 | There is empirical evidence that demonstrates the harmful effects of impostor phenomenon in students. Studies have shown that when a student's academic self-concept increases, the symptoms of impostor phenomenon decrease, and vice versa. The worry and emotions the students held, had a direct impact of their performance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,363 | Cokley et al. investigated the impact impostor phenomenon has on students, specifically ethnic minority students. They found that the feelings the students had of being fraudulent resulted in psychological distress. Ethnic minority students often questioned the grounds on which they were accepted into the program. They... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,364 | Tigranyan et al. (2021) examined the way impostor phenomenon relates to psychology doctoral students. The purpose of the study was to investigate the IP's relationship to perfectionistic cognitions, depression, anxiety, achievement motives, self-efficacy, self-compassion, and self-esteem in clinical and counseling psyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,365 | Research has shown that there is a relationship between impostor phenomenon and the following factors: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,366 | The aspects listed are not mutually exclusive. These components are often found to correlate among individuals with impostor phenomenon. It is incorrect to infer that the correlational relationship between these aspects cause the impostor experience. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,367 | In individuals with impostor phenomenon, feelings of guilt often result in a fear of success. The following are examples of common notions that lead to feelings of guilt and reinforce the phenomenon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,368 | In their 1978 paper, Clance and Imes proposed a therapeutic approach they used for their participants or clients with impostor phenomenon. This technique includes a group setting where various individuals meet others who are also living with this experience. The researchers explained that group meetings made a signific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,369 | The researchers concluded that simply extracting the self-doubt before an event occurs helps eliminate feelings of impostorism. It was recommended that the individuals struggling with this experience seek support from friends and family. Although impostor phenomenon is not a pathological condition, it is a distorted sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,370 | Other research on therapeutic approaches for impostorism emphasizes the importance of self-worth. Individuals who live with impostor phenomenon commonly relate self-esteem and self-worth to others. A major aspect of other therapeutic approaches for impostor phenomenon focus on separating the two into completely separat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,371 | In a study in 2013, researcher Queena Hoang proposed that intrinsic motivation can decrease the feelings of being a fraud that are common in impostor phenomenon. Hoang also suggested that implementing a mentor program for new or entering students will minimize students' feelings of self-doubt. Having a mentor who has b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,372 | Impostor experience can be addressed with many kinds of psychotherapy. Group psychotherapy is an especially common and effective way of alleviating the impostor experience. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2177410 |
15,373 | The autism spectrum, often referred to as just autism or in the context of a professional diagnosis autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental condition (or conditions) characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and the presen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,374 | Autism is generally understood as a "spectrum disorder", which means that it can manifest differently in each person: any given autistic individual is likely to show some, but not all, of the characteristics associated with it, and the person may exhibit them to varying degrees. Some autistic people remain nonspeaking ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,375 | While psychiatry traditionally classifies autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder, many autistic people, most autistic advocates and a rapidly increasing number of researchers see autism as part of neurodiversity, the natural diversity in human thinking, and experience, with strengths, differences, and weaknesses. On t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,376 | Scientists are still trying to determine what causes autism; it is highly heritable and believed to be mainly genetic, but there are many genes involved, and environmental factors may also be relevant. It is unclear why autism frequently co-occurs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, intellectual di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,377 | It is now known that autism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder which is generally thought to cover a broad and deep spectrum, manifesting very differently from one individual to another. Some have high support needs, may be non-speaking, and experience developmental delays; this is more likely with other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,378 | The World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (11th Revision) ICD-11, regarded as the global standard, was released in June 2018 and came into full effect as of January 2022. It describes ASD as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,379 | ICD-11 was produced by professionals from 55 countries out of the 90 countries involved and is the most widely used reference worldwide. Clinicians use the ICD as a reference for diagnosis and reporting but researchers, particularly in the US, continue to use the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,380 | The American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision" (DSM-5-TR), released in 2022, is the current version of the DSM. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in May 2013, was the first to define ASD as a single diagnosis, which is continued in DSM-5-TR.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,381 | For many autistic individuals, characteristics usually first appear during infancy or childhood and generally follow a steady course without remission (different developmental timelines described in more detail below). Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,382 | Some autistic people can exhibit notable ability, for example in mathematics, music or artistic reproduction, which in exceptional cases is usually referred to as savant syndrome. More generally, autistic people tend to show a 'spiky skills profile', with strong abilities in some areas contrasting with much weaker abil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,383 | There are two possible developmental courses of ASD. One course of development is more gradual in nature, with symptoms appearing fairly early in life and persisting. A second course of development is characterized by normal or near-normal development before onset of regression or loss of skills, which is known as regr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,384 | Most parents report that the onset of autism features appear within the first or second year of life. This course of development is fairly gradual, in that parents typically report concerns in development over the first two years of life and diagnosis can be made around 3–4 years of age. Overt features gradually begin ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,385 | Regressive autism occurs when a child appears to develop typically but then starts to lose speech and social skills and is subsequently diagnosed with ASD. Other terms used to describe regression in children with autism are "autism with regression", "autistic regression", "setback-type autism", and "acquired autistic s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,386 | Within the regressive autism developmental course, there are two patterns. The first pattern is when developmental losses occur in the first 15 months to 3 years. The second pattern, childhood disintegrative disorder (a diagnosis now included under ASD), is characterized by regression after normal development in the fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,387 | After the regression, the child follows the standard pattern of autistic neurological development. The term "regressive autism" refers to the appearance that neurological development has reversed; it is actually only the affected developmental skills, rather than the neurology as a whole, that regresses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,388 | Usually, the apparent onset of regressive autism can be surprising and distressing to parents, who often initially suspect severe hearing loss. Attribution of regression to environmental stress factors may result in a delay in diagnosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,389 | There is no standard definition for regression. Some children show a mixture of features, with some early delays and some later losses; and there is evidence of a continuous spectrum of behaviors, rather than, or in addition to, a black-and-white distinction, between autism with and without regression. There are severa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,390 | Regression may occur in a variety of domains, including communication, social, cognitive, and self-help skills; however, the most common regression is loss of language. Some children lose social development instead of language; some lose both. Skill loss may be quite rapid, or may be slow and preceded by a lengthy peri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,391 | The prevalence of regression varies depending on the definition used. If regression is defined strictly to require loss of language, it is less common; if defined more broadly, to include cases where language is preserved but social interaction is diminished, it is more common. Although regressive autism is often thoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,392 | There continues to be a debate over the differential outcomes based on these two developmental courses. Some studies suggest that regression is associated with poorer outcomes and others report no differences between those with early gradual onset and those who experience a regression period. While there is conflicting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,393 | Impairments in social skills present many challenges for autistic individuals. Deficits in social skills may lead to problems with friendships, romantic relationships, daily living, and vocational success. One study that examined the outcomes of autistic adults found that, compared to the general population, autistic p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,394 | Prior to 2013, deficits in social function and communication were considered two separate symptom domains of autism. The current social communication domain criteria for autism diagnosis require individuals to have deficits across three social skills: social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and developin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,395 | A range of social-emotional reciprocity difficulties (an individual's ability to naturally engage in social interactions) may be present. Autistic individuals may lack mutual sharing of interests, for example many autistic children prefer not to play or interact with others. They may lack awareness or understanding of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,396 | Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face and emotion recognition than non-autistic individuals, although this may be partly due to a lower ability to define a person's own emotions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,397 | Autistic people experience deficits in their ability to develop, maintain, and understand relationships, as well as difficulties adjusting behavior to fit social contexts. ASD presents with impairments in pragmatic communication skills, such as difficulty initiating a conversation or failure to consider the interests o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,398 | Autistic people display atypical nonverbal behaviors or have difficulties with nonverbal communication. They may make infrequent eye contact – an autistic child may not make eye contact when called by name, or they may avoid making eye contact with an observer. Aversion of gaze can also be seen in anxiety disorders, ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
15,399 | Autistic people may also experience difficulties with verbal communication. Differences in communication may be present from the first year of life, and may include delayed onset of babbling, unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not synchronized with the caregiver. In the second and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.