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16,100 | Nash did not take any medication after 1970, nor was he committed to a hospital ever again. Nash recovered gradually. Encouraged by his then former wife, de Lardé, Nash lived at home and spent his time in the Princeton mathematics department where his eccentricities were accepted even when his mental condition was poor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,101 | Nash dated the start of what he termed "mental disturbances" to the early months of 1959, when his wife was pregnant. He described a process of change "from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as 'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,102 | Nash reported that he started hearing voices in 1964, then later engaged in a process of consciously rejecting them. He only renounced his "dream-like delusional hypotheses" after a prolonged period of involuntary commitment in mental hospitals—"enforced rationality". Upon doing so, he was temporarily able to return to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,103 | In 1978, Nash was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his discovery of non-cooperative equilibria, now called Nash Equilibria. He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,104 | In 1994, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) for his game theory work as a Princeton graduate student. In the late 1980s, Nash had begun to use email to gradually link with working mathematicians who realized that he was John Nash and that his new wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,105 | Nash's later work involved ventures in advanced game theory, including partial agency, which show that, as in his early career, he preferred to select his own path and problems. Between 1945 and 1996, he published 23 scientific studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,106 | Nash has suggested hypotheses on mental illness. He has compared not thinking in an acceptable manner, or being "insane" and not fitting into a usual social function, to being "on strike" from an economic point of view. He advanced views in evolutionary psychology about the potential benefits of apparently nonstandard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,107 | Nash developed work on the role of money in society. He criticized interest groups that promote quasi-doctrines based on Keynesian economics that permit manipulative short-term inflation and debt tactics that ultimately undermine currencies. He suggested a global "industrial consumption price index" system that would s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,108 | Nash received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science and Technology, from Carnegie Mellon University in 1999, an honorary degree in economics from the University of Naples Federico II in 2003, an honorary doctorate in economics from the University of Antwerp in 2007, an honorary doctorate of science from the City Univer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,109 | Nash was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2006 and became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,110 | On May 19, 2015, a few days before his death, Nash, along with Louis Nirenberg, was awarded the 2015 Abel Prize by King Harald V of Norway at a ceremony in Oslo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,111 | In 1951, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) hired Nash as a C. L. E. Moore instructor in the mathematics faculty. About a year later, Nash began a relationship with Eleanor Stier, a nurse he met while admitted as a patient. They had a son, John David Stier, but Nash left Stier when she told him of her preg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,112 | In Santa Monica, California, in 1954, while in his twenties, Nash was arrested for indecent exposure in a sting operation targeting gay men. Although the charges were dropped, he was stripped of his top-secret security clearance and fired from RAND Corporation, where he had worked as a consultant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,113 | Not long after breaking up with Stier, Nash met Alicia Lardé Lopez-Harrison, a naturalized U.S. citizen from El Salvador. Lardé graduated from MIT, having majored in physics. They married in February 1957. Although Nash was an atheist, the ceremony was performed in an Episcopal church. In 1958, Nash was appointed to a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,114 | On May 23, 2015, Nash and his wife died in a car accident on the New Jersey Turnpike near Exit 8A in Monroe Township, NJ. After a visit to Norway, where Nash had received the Abel Prize, they had made arrangements to be picked up by a limo at Newark Airport. But because of a change in flight plans at the last minute th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,115 | Following his death, obituaries appeared in scientific and popular media throughout the world. In addition to their obituary for Nash, "The New York Times" published an article containing quotes from Nash that had been assembled from media and other published sources. The quotes consisted of Nash's reflections on his l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,116 | At Princeton in the 1970s, Nash became known as "The Phantom of Fine Hall" (Princeton's mathematics center), a shadowy figure who would scribble arcane equations on blackboards in the middle of the night. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,117 | Sylvia Nasar's biography of Nash, "A Beautiful Mind", was published in 1998. A film by the same name was released in 2001, directed by Ron Howard with Russell Crowe playing Nash; it won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. For his performance as Nash, Crowe won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Pic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,118 | Four of Nash's game-theoretic papers and three of his pure mathematics papers were collected in the following: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102567 |
16,119 | Ibuprofen (iso-butyl-phenyl-propionic acid) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation. This includes painful menstrual periods, migraines, and rheumatoid arthritis. It may also be used to close a patent ductus arteriosus in a premature baby. It can be used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,120 | Common side effects include heartburn and a rash. Compared to other NSAIDs, it may have other side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding. It increases the risk of heart failure, kidney failure, and liver failure. At low doses, it does not appear to increase the risk of heart attack; however, at higher doses it may.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,121 | Ibuprofen was discovered in 1961 by Stewart Adams and John Nicholson while working at Boots UK Limited and initially marketed as Brufen. It is available under a number of trade names, including Nurofen, Advil, and Motrin. Ibuprofen was first marketed in 1969 in the United Kingdom and in 1974 in the United States. It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,122 | Ibuprofen is used primarily to treat fever (including postvaccination fever), mild to moderate pain (including pain relief after surgery), painful menstruation, osteoarthritis, dental pain, headaches, and pain from kidney stones. About 60% of people respond to any NSAID; those who do not respond well to a particular on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,123 | It is used for inflammatory diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also used for pericarditis and patent ductus arteriosus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,124 | If a patient is self-treating with over-the-counter ibuprofen, it should not be taken for more than 10 days, unless the patient has approval from their doctor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,125 | In some countries, ibuprofen lysine (the lysine salt of ibuprofen, sometimes called "ibuprofen lysinate") is licensed for treatment of the same conditions as ibuprofen; the lysine salt is used because it is more water-soluble. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,126 | Ibuprofen lysine is sold for rapid pain relief; given in form of a lysine salt, absorption is much quicker (35 minutes compared to 90120 minutes). However, a clinical trial with 351 participants in 2020, funded by Sanofi, found no significant difference between ibuprofen and ibuprofen lysine concerning the eventual ons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,127 | In 2006, ibuprofen lysine was approved in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants weighing between , who are no more than 32 weeks' gestational age when usual medical management (such as fluid restriction, diuretics, and respiratory support) is not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,128 | Adverse effects include nausea, dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation, gastrointestinal ulceration/bleeding, headache, dizziness, rash, salt and fluid retention, and high blood pressure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,129 | Infrequent adverse effects include esophageal ulceration, heart failure, high blood levels of potassium, kidney impairment, confusion, and bronchospasm. Ibuprofen can exacerbate asthma, sometimes fatally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,130 | Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock, may occur. Ibuprofen may be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum to demonstrate the presence of the drug in a person having experienced an anaphylactic reaction, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in people who are hospitalized, or assist in a medicolegal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,131 | In October 2020, the US FDA required the drug label to be updated for all NSAID medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid. They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,132 | Along with several other NSAIDs, chronic ibuprofen use has been found correlated with risk of progression to hypertension in women, though less than for acetaminophen, and myocardial infarction (heart attack), particularly among those chronically using higher doses. On 9 July 2015, the US FDA toughened warnings of incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,133 | Along with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been associated with the onset of bullous pemphigoid or pemphigoid-like blistering. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been reported to be a photosensitising agent, but it is considered a weak photosensitising agent compared to other members of the 2-arylpropionic acid class. Lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,134 | According to the FDA, "ibuprofen can interfere with the antiplatelet effect of low-dose aspirin, potentially rendering aspirin less effective when used for cardioprotection and stroke prevention". Allowing sufficient time between doses of ibuprofen and immediate-release (IR) aspirin can avoid this problem. The recommen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,135 | Ibuprofen overdose has become common since it was licensed for OTC use. Many overdose experiences are reported in the medical literature, although the frequency of life-threatening complications from ibuprofen overdose is low. Human responses in cases of overdose range from an absence of symptoms to a fatal outcome des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,136 | Correlation between severity of symptoms and measured ibuprofen plasma levels is weak. Toxic effects are unlikely at doses below 100mg/kg, but can be severe above 400mg/kg (around 150 tablets of 200mg units for an average man); however, large doses do not indicate the clinical course is likely to be lethal. A precise l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,137 | Treatment to address an ibuprofen overdose is based on how the symptoms present. In cases presenting early, decontamination of the stomach is recommended. This is achieved using activated charcoal; charcoal adsorbs the drug before it can enter the bloodstream. Gastric lavage is now rarely used, but can be considered if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,138 | A Canadian study of pregnant women suggests that those taking any type or amount of NSAIDs (including ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen) were 2.4 times more likely to miscarry than those not taking the medications. However, an Israeli study found no increased risk of miscarriage in the group of mothers using NSAIDs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,139 | NSAIDs such as ibuprofen work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H (PGH). PGH, in turn, is converted by other enzymes to several other prostaglandins (which are mediators of pain, inflammation, and fever) and to thromboxane A (which stimulates platelet aggreg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,140 | Like aspirin and indomethacin, ibuprofen is a nonselective COX inhibitor, in that it inhibits two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2. The analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity of NSAIDs appears to operate mainly through inhibition of COX-2, which decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins invol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,141 | Ibuprofen is administered as a racemic mixture. The "R"-enantiomer undergoes extensive interconversion to the "S"-enantiomer "in vivo". The "S"-enantiomer is believed to be the more pharmacologically active enantiomer. The "R"-enantiomer is converted through a series of three main enzymes. These enzymes include acyl-Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,142 | Unlike most other NSAIDs, ibuprofen also acts as an inhibitor of Rho kinase and may be useful in recovery from spinal-cord injury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,143 | After oral administration, peak serum concentration is reached after 12 hours, and up to 99% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins. The majority of ibuprofen is metabolized and eliminated within 24 hours in the urine; however, 1% of the unchanged drug is removed through biliary excretion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,144 | Ibuprofen is practically insoluble in water, but very soluble in most organic solvents like ethanol (66.18g/100mL at 40°C for 90% EtOH), methanol, acetone and dichloromethane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,145 | The original synthesis of ibuprofen by the Boots Group started with the compound 2-methylpropylbenzene. The synthesis took six steps. A modern, greener technique for the synthesis involves only three steps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,146 | Ibuprofen, like other 2-arylpropionate derivatives such as ketoprofen, flurbiprofen and naproxen, contains a stereocenter in the α-position of the propionate moiety. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,147 | The product sold in pharmacies is a racemic mixture of the "S" and "R"-isomers. The "S" (dextrorotatory) isomer is the more biologically active; this isomer has been isolated and used medically (see dexibuprofen for details). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,148 | The isomerase enzyme, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, converts ("R")-ibuprofen into the ("S")-enantiomer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,149 | The (S)- ibuprofen, the eutomer, harbors the desired therapeutic activity. Interestingly, the inactive (R)-enantiomer, the distomer, undergoes a unidirectional chiral inversion to offer the active (S)-enantiomer. That is, when the ibuprofen is administered as a racemate the distomer is converted "in vivo" into the euto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,150 | Ibuprofen was derived from propionic acid by the research arm of Boots Group during the 1960s. The name is derived from the 3 functional groups: isobutyl (ibu) propionic acid (pro) phenyl (fen). Its discovery was the result of research during the 1950s and 1960s to find a safer alternative to aspirin. The molecule was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,151 | The drug was launched as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in the United Kingdom in 1969, and in the United States in 1974. Later, in 1983 and 1984, it became the first NSAID (other than aspirin) to be available over the counter (OTC) in these two countries. Boots was awarded the Queen's Award for Technical Achievem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,152 | In November 2013, work on ibuprofen was recognized by the erection of a Royal Society of Chemistry blue plaque at Boots' Beeston Factory site in Nottingham, which reads: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,153 | Ibuprofen was made available under prescription in the United Kingdom in 1969, and in the United States in 1974. In the years since, the good tolerability profile, along with extensive experience in the population, as well as in so-called phase-IV trials (postapproval studies), have resulted in the availability of ibup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,154 | Ibuprofen is its International nonproprietary name (INN), British Approved Name (BAN), Australian Approved Name (AAN) and United States Adopted Name (USAN). In the U.S., Motrin has been on the market since 1974, and Advil has been on the market since 1984. Ibuprofen is commonly available in the United States up to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,155 | In 2009, the first injectable formulation of ibuprofen was approved in the United States, under the trade name Caldolor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,156 | Ibuprofen is sometimes used for the treatment of acne because of its anti-inflammatory properties, and has been sold in Japan in topical form for adult acne. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen may be useful in the treatment of severe orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure when standing up). NSAIDs are of unclear util... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,157 | Ibuprofen has been associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease and may delay or prevent it. Aspirin, other NSAIDs, and paracetamol (acetaminophen) had no effect on the risk for Parkinson's. In March 2011, researchers at Harvard Medical School announced in "Neurology" that ibuprofen had a neuroprotective effect ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,158 | Some dietary supplements might be dangerous to take along with ibuprofen and other NSAIDs, but more research needs to be conducted to be certain. These supplements include those that can prevent platelet aggregation, including ginkgo, garlic, ginger, bilberry, dong quai, feverfew, ginseng, turmeric, meadowsweet ("Filip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
16,159 | Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space. Travelling in the Vostok 1 capsule, Gagarin completed one orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961. By achieving this major milestone in the Space Race he became an international cele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,160 | Gagarin was born in the Russian village of Klushino, and in his youth was a foundryman at a steel plant in Lyubertsy. He later joined the Soviet Air Forces as a pilot and was stationed at the Luostari Air Base, near the Norwegian border, before his selection for the Soviet space programme with five other cosmonauts. Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,161 | Vostok 1 was Gagarin's only spaceflight, but he served as the backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission, which ended in a fatal crash, killing his friend and fellow cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Fearful that a national hero might be killed, Soviet officials banned Gagarin from further spaceflights. After completing training at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,162 | Gagarin was born 9 March 1934 in the village of Klushino, in the Smolensk Oblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, near Gzhatsk (renamed Gagarin in 1968 after his death). His parents worked on a collective farm—Aleksey Ivanovich Gagarin as a carpenter and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina as a dairy farmer. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,163 | Gagarin's hometown was situated along the path of several invasions of Russia, and had been the site of many wars and conquests from foreign nations. Like millions of Soviet Union citizens, his family suffered during the Nazi occupation during World War II. During the German advance on Moscow, retreating Red Army soldi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,164 | A German officer took over the Gagarin residence. On the land behind their house, the family was allowed to build a mud hut measuring approximately , where they spent 21 months until the end of the occupation. During this period, Yuri became a saboteur, especially after one of the German soldiers, who the children call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,165 | The rest of the Gagarin family believed the two older children were dead, and Yuri became ill with "grief and hunger"; he was also beaten for refusing to work for the German forces and spent the remainder of the war at a hospital as a patient and later as an orderly. His mother was hospitalized during the same period, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,166 | In 1946, the family moved to Gzhatsk, where Gagarin continued his education. Yuri and Boris were enrolled at a crude school built in the town and run by a young woman who volunteered to be the teacher. They learned to read using a discarded Russian military manual. A former Russian airman later joined the school to tea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,167 | In 1950, aged 16, Gagarin began an apprenticeship as a foundryman at a steel plant in Lyubertsy, near Moscow, and enrolled at a local "young workers" school for seventh-grade evening classes. After graduating in 1951 from both the seventh grade and the vocational school with honours in mouldmaking and foundry work, he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,168 | In 1955, Gagarin was accepted to the First Chkalovsky Higher Air Force Pilots School in Orenburg. He initially began training on the Yak-18 already familiar to him and later graduated to training on the MiG-15 in February 1956. Gagarin twice struggled to land the two-seater trainer aircraft, and risked dismissal from p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,169 | On 5 November 1957, Gagarin was commissioned a lieutenant in the Soviet Air Forces having accumulated 166 hours and 47 minutes of flight time. He graduated from flight school the next day and was posted to the Luostari Air Base close to the Norwegian border in Murmansk Oblast for a two-year assignment with the Northern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,170 | Gagarin's selection for the Vostok programme was overseen by the Central Flight Medical Commission led by Major General Konstantin Fyodorovich Borodin of the Soviet Army Medical Service. He underwent physical and psychological testing conducted at Central Aviation Scientific-Research Hospital, in Moscow, commanded by C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,171 | From a pool of 154 qualified pilots short-listed by their Air Force units, the military physicians chose 29 cosmonaut candidates, of which 20 were approved by the Credential Committee of the Soviet government. The first twelve including Gagarin were approved on 7 March 1960 and eight more were added in a series of subs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,172 | Gagarin was a candidate favoured by his peers; when they were asked to vote anonymously for a candidate besides themselves they would like to be the first to fly, all but three chose Gagarin. One of these candidates, Yevgeny Khrunov, believed that Gagarin was very focused and was demanding of himself and others when ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,173 | As several of the candidates selected for the programme including Gagarin did not have higher education degrees, they were enrolled into a correspondence course programme at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy. Gagarin enrolled in the programme in September 1960 and did not earn his specialist diploma until ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,174 | The Vanguard Six were given the title of pilot-cosmonaut in January 1961 and entered a two-day examination conducted by a special interdepartmental commission led by Lieutenant-General Nikolai Kamanin, the overseer of the Vostok programme. The commission was tasked with ranking the candidates based on their mission rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,175 | On 12 April 1961, at 6:07 am UTC, the Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1) spacecraft was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome. Aboard was Gagarin, the first human to travel into space, using the call sign "Kedr" (, Siberian pine or cedar). The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,176 | Gagarin's farewell to Korolev using the informal phrase "Poyekhali!" () later became a popular expression in the Eastern Bloc that was used to refer to the beginning of the Space Age. The five first-stage engines fired until the first separation event, when the four side-boosters fell away, leaving the core engine. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,177 | "The feeling of weightlessness was somewhat unfamiliar compared with Earth conditions. Here, you feel as if you were hanging in a horizontal position in straps. You feel as if you are suspended", Gagarin wrote in his post-flight report. He also wrote in his autobiography released the same year that he sang the tune "Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,178 | At about , Gagarin ejected from the descending capsule as planned and landed using a parachute. There were concerns Gagarin's orbital spaceflight records for duration, altitude and lifted mass would not be recognized by the "Fédération Aéronautique Internationale" (FAI), the world governing body for setting standards a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,179 | Gagarin's flight was a triumph for the Soviet space programme and he became a national hero of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc, as well as a worldwide celebrity. Newspapers around the globe published his biography and details of his flight. He was escorted in a long motorcade of high-ranking officials through the str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,180 | Gagarin gained a reputation as an adept public figure and was noted for his charismatic smile. On 15 April 1961, accompanied by officials from the Soviet Academy of Sciences, he answered questions at a press conference in Moscow reportedly attended by 1,000 reporters. Gagarin visited the United Kingdom three months aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,181 | In 1962, Gagarin began serving as a deputy to the Soviet of the Union, and was elected to the Central Committee of the Young Communist League. He later returned to Star City, the cosmonaut facility, where he spent several years working on designs for a reusable spacecraft. He became a lieutenant colonel of the Soviet A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,182 | Two years later, he was re-elected as a deputy of the Soviet Union but this time to the Soviet of Nationalities, the upper chamber of legislature. The following year, he began to re-qualify as a fighter pilot and was backup pilot for his friend Vladimir Komarov on the Soyuz 1 flight after five years without piloting du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,183 | The Soyuz 1 launch was rushed due to implicit political pressures and despite Gagarin's protests that additional safety precautions were necessary. Gagarin accompanied Komarov to the rocket before launch and relayed instructions to Komarov from ground control following multiple system failures aboard the spacecraft. De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,184 | In 1957, while a cadet in flight school, Gagarin met Valentina Goryacheva at the May Day celebrations at the Red Square in Moscow. She was a medical technician who had graduated from Orenburg Medical School. They were married on 7 November of the same year, the same day Gagarin graduated from his flight school, and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,185 | In his youth Gagarin was a keen sportsman and played ice hockey as a goalkeeper. He was also a basketball fan and coached the Saratov Industrial Technical School team, as well as being a referee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,186 | Some sources have said that Gagarin commented during his space flight, "I don't see any God up here," though no such words appear in the verbatim record of his conversations with Earth stations during the spaceflight. In a 2006 interview, Gagarin's friend Colonel Valentin Petrov stated that Gagarin never said these wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,187 | On 27 March 1968, while on a routine training flight from Chkalovsky Air Base, Gagarin and flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin died when their MiG-15UTI crashed near the town of Kirzhach. The bodies of Gagarin and Seryogin were cremated and their ashes interred in the walls of the Kremlin. Wrapped in secrecy, the cause... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,188 | The KGB's report, declassified in March 2003, dismissed various conspiracy theories and instead indicated the actions of airbase personnel contributed to the crash. The report states that an air-traffic controller provided Gagarin with outdated weather information and that by the time of his flight, conditions had dete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,189 | On 12 April 2007, the Kremlin vetoed a new investigation into the death of Gagarin. Government officials said they saw no reason to begin a new investigation. In April 2011, documents from a 1968 commission set up by the Central Committee of the Communist Party to investigate the accident were declassified. The documen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,190 | Alexei Leonov, who was also a member of a state commission established to investigate Gagarin's death, was conducting parachute training sessions that day and heard "two loud booms in the distance". He believes that a Sukhoi Su-15 was flying below its minimum altitude and, "without realizing it because of the terrible ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,191 | On 14 April 1961, Gagarin was honoured with a parade attended by millions of people that concluded at the Red Square. After a short speech, he was bestowed the Hero of the Soviet Union, Order of Lenin, Merited Master of Sports of the Soviet Union and the first Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR. On 15 April, the Soviet Academ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,192 | He was honoured as a Hero of Socialist Labor from Czechoslovakia on 29 April 1961, and Hero of Socialist Labor (Bulgaria, including the Order of Georgi Dimitrov) the same year. On the eighth anniversary of the beginning of the Cuban Revolution (26 July), President Osvaldo Dorticos of Cuba presented him with the first C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,193 | Gagarin was also awarded the 1960 Gold Air Medal and the 1961 De la Vaulx Medal from the "Fédération Aéronautique Internationale" in Switzerland. He received numerous awards from other nations that year, including the Star of the Republic of Indonesia (2nd Class), the Order of the Cross of Grunwald (1st Degree) in Pola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,194 | The date of Gagarin's space flight, 12 April, has been commemorated. Since 1962, it has been celebrated in the USSR and most of its former territories as Cosmonautics Day. Since 2000, Yuri's Night, an international celebration, is held annually to commemorate milestones in space exploration. In 2011, it was declared th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,195 | A number of buildings and locations have been named for Gagarin. The Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City was named on 30 April 1968. The launch pad at Baikonur Cosmodrome from which Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1 were launched is now known as Gagarin's Start. Gagarin Raion in Sevastopol was named after him duri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,196 | Gagarin has been honoured on the Moon by astronauts and astronomers. During the American space programme's Apollo 11 mission in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left a memorial satchel containing medals commemorating Gagarin and Komarov on the Moon's surface. In 1971, Apollo 15 astronauts David Scott and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,197 | Gagarin is memorialised in music; a cycle of Soviet patriotic songs titled "The Constellation Gagarin" () was written by Aleksandra Pakhmutova and Nikolai Dobronravov in 1970–1971. The most famous of these songs refers to Gagarin's "poyekhali!": in the lyrics, "He said 'let's go!' He waved his hand". He was the inspira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,198 | Vessels have been named for Gagarin; Soviet tracking ship "Kosmonavt Yuriy Gagarin" was built in 1971 and the Armenian airline Armavia named their first Sukhoi Superjet 100 in his honour in 2011. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
16,199 | Two commemorative coins were issued in the Soviet Union to honour the 20th and 30th anniversaries of his flight: a one-ruble coin in copper-nickel (1981) and a three-ruble coin in silver (1991). In 2001, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Gagarin's flight, a series of four coins bearing his likeness was issued in R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226 |
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