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16,600 | Ukrainian is a fusional, nominative–accusative, satellite-framed language. It exhibits T–V distinction, and is null-subject. The canonical word order of Ukrainian is SVO. Other word orders are common due to the free word order enabled by Ukrainian's inflectional system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,601 | Ukrainian verbs come in aspect pairs: perfective, and imperfective. Pairs are usually formed by a prepositional prefix and occasionally a root change. The past tense agrees with its subject in number and gender (but "not" person), having developed from the perfect participle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,602 | The Old East Slavic and Russian "o" in syllables ending in a consonant, often correspond to a Ukrainian "i", as in "pod" → "pid" (під, 'under'). Thus, in the declension of nouns, the "o" can re-appear when it is no longer located in a closed syllable, such as "rik" (рік, 'year') (nom): "rotsi" (loc) (році). Similarly, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,603 | Ukrainian case endings are somewhat different from Old East Slavic, and the vocabulary includes a large overlay of Polish terminology. Russian "na pervom etaže" 'on the first floor' is in the locative (prepositional) case. The Ukrainian corresponding expression is "na peršomu poversi" (на першому поверсі). "-omu" is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,604 | A number of the consonants come in three forms: hard, soft (palatalized) and long, for example, , , and or , , and . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,605 | The letter represents the voiced glottal fricative , often transliterated as Latin "h". It is the voiced equivalent of English . Russian speakers from Ukraine often use the soft Ukrainian in place of Russian , which comes from northern dialects of Old East Slavic. The Ukrainian alphabet has the additional letter for , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,606 | Another phonetic divergence between the Ukrainian and Russian languages is the pronunciation of Cyrillic "v/w". While in standard Russian it represents , in many Ukrainian dialects it denotes (following a vowel and preceding a consonant (cluster), either within a word or at a word boundary, it denotes the allophone , a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,607 | Ukrainian is written in a version of Cyrillic, consisting of 33 letters, representing 38 phonemes; an apostrophe is also used. Ukrainian orthography is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme, although there are a number of exceptions. The orthography also has cases where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,608 | The modern Ukrainian alphabet is the result of a number of proposed alphabetic reforms from the 19th and early 20th centuries, in Ukraine under the Russian Empire, in Austrian Galicia, and later in Soviet Ukraine. A unified Ukrainian alphabet (the "Skrypnykivka", after Mykola Skrypnyk) was officially established at a 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,609 | The letter щ represents two consonants . The combination of with some of the vowels is also represented by a single letter ( = я, = є, or = ї, = ю), while = йо and the rare regional = йи are written using two letters. These iotated vowel letters and a special soft sign change a preceding consonant from hard to soft. An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,610 | The phonemes and do not have dedicated letters in the alphabet and are rendered with the digraphs дз and дж, respectively. is equivalent to English "ds" in "pods", is equivalent to "j" in "jump". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,611 | Spelling search, which began in the late 18th century with the emergence of modern literary language, led to the emergence of several spelling options. In particular, there was the spelling system of Oleksii Pavlovskyi, the spelling version of "Mermaid of the Dniester" (1837), Kulishivka (P. Kulish's spelling system), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,612 | Borys Hrinchenko used some corrections in the fundamental four-volume "Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language" (1907–1909). Most of the spelling rules (practically based on phonetics – "write as you hear") used in Hrinchenko's dictionary are still valid. Hrinchenko's work became an informal spelling and model for Ukraini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,613 | On January 17, 1918, the Central Rada of Ukraine issued the "Main Rules of Ukrainian orthography", which, however, did not cover the entire scope of the language. On May 17, 1919, the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences approved the "Main Rules of Ukrainian Orthography", which became the basis for all subsequent revisions an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,614 | On July 23, 1925, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided to organize a State Commission for the Organization of Ukrainian Spelling (State Spelling Commission). It included more than 20 academics from the USSR, who also expressed a desire to invite representatives of Western Ukraine: Stepan Smal-Stotskyi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,615 | After almost a year of work in April 1926, the "Project of Ukrainian Spelling" was published to acquaint the general public with the new system. After several months of discussion and consideration of the project at the All-Ukrainian Spelling Conference (May 26 – June 6, 1927), the Ukrainian orthography of 1928 was ado... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,616 | In 1929, Hryhorii Holoskevych published the "Ukrainian Spelling Dictionary" (about 40,000 words), agreed with the full spelling produced by the State Spelling Commission and approved by the People's Commissar for Education (September 6, 1928). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,617 | In 1933, a spelling commission headed by Andrii Khvylia branded the Ukrainian orthography of 1928 as "nationalist", immediately stopped publishing any dictionaries, and without any discussion, in a very short time (five months), created a new spelling that unified as never before the Ukrainian and Russian languages. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,618 | Some minor changes were made in the spelling of 1946 and 1959 (published the following year). It was connected with the document "The rules of Russian spelling and punctuation", published in 1956. From 1960 until 1990, the 1960 edition was the official standard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,619 | After the beginning of "perestroika", the issue of improving Ukrainian spelling became relevant again: the editing of the spelling code was started by the Orthographic Commission at the LMM of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The project was also discussed in the newly established Ukrainian Language Society. T. Shevchenko... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,620 | Today, despite the existence of the official spelling of the Ukrainian language, it is not the only spelling standard in use. Even in Ukraine itself, many publishers and publications use other versions of the spelling, which either tend to "skrypnykivka", or else differ from the official rules of transmission of words ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,621 | On May 22, 2019, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved a new version of the orthography prepared by the Ukrainian National Commission on Spelling. The new edition brought to life some features of orthography in 1928, which were part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition. At the same time, the commission was gu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,622 | "The Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language", in 11 volumes, contains 253,000 entries. Lexical card catalog of the Ukrainian Institute of Language Studies has 6 million cards. As mentioned at the top of the article, Ukrainian is most closely related lexically to Belarusian, and is also closer to Polish than to Russian (f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,623 | The standard Ukrainian language which is based on the Kyiv–Poltava dialect has a plethora of false friends with the standard Russian language which is based on the Moscow dialect. Many people intentionally do or do not use them, causing their language shift into what is known as Surzhyk where the meaning of some words ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,624 | Ukrainian has varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with other Slavic languages and is considered to be most closely related to Belarusian. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,625 | In the 19th century, the question of whether Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian languages are dialects of a single language or three separate languages was actively discussed, with the debate affected by linguistic and political factors. The political situation (Ukraine and Belarus being mainly part of the Russian Empir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,626 | Until the 17th and 18th centuries (the time of national and language revival of Ukraine) the Ukrainians were predominantly peasants and petits bourgeois; as a result, the Ukrainian language was mostly vernacular and few earlier literary works from the period can be found. In the cities, Ukrainian coexisted with Church ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,627 | Unlike all other Slavic languages, Ukrainian has a synthetic future (also termed inflectional future) tense which developed through the erosion and cliticization of the verb "to have" (or possibly "to take"): "pysat-ymu" (infinitive-future-1st sg.) "I will write". Although the inflectional future (based on the verb 'to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,628 | The three verbs became conflated in East Slavic due to morphological overlap, in particular of *iměti "to have" and *jati "to take" as exemplified in the Middle Ukrainian homonymic imut’ from both iměti (< *jĭměti) and jati (< *jęti). Analogous grammaticalization of the type take ("to take", "to seize") > future is fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46279 |
16,629 | Pythagoras of Samos (, or simply ; in Ionian Greek; ) was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and religious teachings were well known in Magna Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and, through them, the West in general. Knowledge of his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,630 | The teaching most securely identified with Pythagoras is "metempsychosis", or the "transmigration of souls", which holds that every soul is immortal and, upon death, enters into a new body. He may have also devised the doctrine of "musica universalis", which holds that the planets move according to mathematical equatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,631 | In antiquity, Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the five regular solids, the Theory of Proportions, the sphericity of the Earth, and the identity of the morning and evening stars as the planet Venus. It was said that he was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,632 | Pythagoras influenced Plato, whose dialogues, especially his "Timaeus", exhibit Pythagorean teachings. Pythagorean ideas on mathematical perfection also impacted ancient Greek art. His teachings underwent a major revival in the first century BC among Middle Platonists, coinciding with the rise of Neopythagoreanism. Pyt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,633 | No authentic writings of Pythagoras have survived, and almost nothing is known for certain about his life. The earliest sources on Pythagoras's life are brief, ambiguous, and often satirical. The earliest source on Pythagoras's teachings is a satirical poem probably written after his death by Xenophanes of Colophon, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,634 | The Greek poets Ion of Chios () and Empedocles of Acragas () both express admiration for Pythagoras in their poems. The first concise description of Pythagoras comes from the historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus (), who describes him as "not the most insignificant" of Greek sages and states that Pythagoras taught his f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,635 | Most of the major sources on Pythagoras's life are from the Roman period, by which point, according to the German classicist Walter Burkert, "the history of Pythagoreanism was already... the laborious reconstruction of something lost and gone." Three ancient biographies of Pythagoras have survived from late antiquity, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,636 | Herodotus, Isocrates, and other early writers agree that Pythagoras was the son of Mnesarchus, and that he was born on the Greek island of Samos in the eastern Aegean. According to these biographers, Pythagoras' father wasn't born on the island, although he got naturalized there, but according to Iamblichus he was a na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,637 | During Pythagoras's formative years, Samos was a thriving cultural hub known for its feats of advanced architectural engineering, including the building of the Tunnel of Eupalinos, and for its riotous festival culture. It was a major center of trade in the Aegean where traders brought goods from the Near East. Accordin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,638 | Pythagoras is traditionally thought to have received most of his education in the Near East. Modern scholarship has shown that the culture of Archaic Greece was heavily influenced by those of Levantine and Mesopotamian cultures. Like many other important Greek thinkers, Pythagoras was said to have studied in Egypt. By ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,639 | Other ancient writers, however, claimed that Pythagoras had learned these teachings from the Magi in Persia or even from Zoroaster himself. Diogenes Laërtius asserts that Pythagoras later visited Crete, where he went to the Cave of Ida with Epimenides. The Phoenicians are reputed to have taught Pythagoras arithmetic an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,640 | Ancient sources also record Pythagoras having studied under a variety of native Greek thinkers. Some identify Hermodamas of Samos as a possible tutor. Hermodamas represented the indigenous Samian rhapsodic tradition and his father Creophylos was said to have been the host of his rival poet Homer. Others credit Bias of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,641 | Of the various Greek sages claimed to have taught Pythagoras, Pherecydes of Syros is mentioned most often. Similar miracle stories were told about both Pythagoras and Pherecydes, including one in which the hero predicts a shipwreck, one in which he predicts the conquest of Messina, and one in which he drinks from a wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,642 | Before 520 BC, on one of his visits to Egypt or Greece, Pythagoras might have met Thales of Miletus, who would have been around fifty-four years older than him. Thales was a philosopher, scientist, mathematician, and engineer, also known for a special case of the inscribed angle theorem. Pythagoras's birthplace, the is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,643 | Porphyry repeats an account from Antiphon, who reported that, while he was still on Samos, Pythagoras founded a school known as the "semicircle". Here, Samians debated matters of public concern. Supposedly, the school became so renowned that the brightest minds in all of Greece came to Samos to hear Pythagoras teach. P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,644 | Around 530 BC, when Pythagoras was about forty years old, he left Samos. His later admirers claimed that he left because he disagreed with the tyranny of Polycrates in Samos, Riedweg notes that this explanation closely aligns with Nicomachus's emphasis on Pythagoras's purported love of freedom, but that Pythagoras's en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,645 | Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,646 | The wrestler Milo of Croton was said to have been a close associate of Pythagoras and was credited with having saved the philosopher's life when a roof was about to collapse. This association may been the result of confusion with a different man named Pythagoras, who was an athletics trainer. Diogenes Laërtius records ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,647 | Pythagoras's emphasis on dedication and asceticism are credited with aiding in Croton's decisive victory over the neighboring colony of Sybaris in 510 BC. After the victory, some prominent citizens of Croton proposed a democratic constitution, which the Pythagoreans rejected. The supporters of democracy, headed by Cylo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,648 | Sources disagree regarding whether Pythagoras was present when the attack occurred and, if he was, whether or not he managed to escape. In some accounts, Pythagoras was not at the meeting when the Pythagoreans were attacked because he was on Delos tending to the dying Pherecydes. According to another account from Dicae... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,649 | Although the exact details of Pythagoras's teachings are uncertain, it is possible to reconstruct a general outline of his main ideas. Aristotle writes at length about the teachings of the Pythagoreans, but without mentioning Pythagoras directly. One of Pythagoras's main doctrines appears to have been "metempsychosis",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,650 | Empedocles alludes in one of his poems that Pythagoras may have claimed to possess the ability to recall his former incarnations. Diogenes Laërtius reports an account from Heraclides Ponticus that Pythagoras told people that he had lived four previous lives that he could remember in detail. The first of these lives was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,651 | Another belief attributed to Pythagoras was that of the "harmony of the spheres", which maintained that the planets and stars move according to mathematical equations, which correspond to musical notes and thus produce an inaudible symphony. According to Porphyry, Pythagoras taught that the seven Muses were actually th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,652 | Pythagoras was said to have practiced divination and prophecy. In the visits to various places in Greece—Delos, Sparta, Phlius, Crete, etc.—which are ascribed to him, he usually appears either in his religious or priestly guise, or else as a lawgiver. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,653 | According to Aristotle, the Pythagoreans used mathematics for solely mystical reasons, devoid of practical application. They believed that all things were made of numbers. The number one (the monad) represented the origin of all things and the number two (the dyad) represented matter. The number three was an "ideal num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,654 | Ten was regarded as the "perfect number" and the Pythagoreans honored it by never gathering in groups larger than ten. Pythagoras was credited with devising the tetractys, the triangular figure of four rows which add up to the perfect number, ten. The Pythagoreans regarded the tetractys as a symbol of utmost mystical i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,655 | Modern scholars debate whether these numerological teachings were developed by Pythagoras himself or by the later Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus of Croton. In his landmark study "Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism", Walter Burkert argues that Pythagoras was a charismatic political and religious teacher, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,656 | Both Plato and Isocrates state that, above all else, Pythagoras was known as the founder of a new way of life. The organization Pythagoras founded at Croton was called a "school", but, in many ways, resembled a monastery. The adherents were bound by a vow to Pythagoras and each other, for the purpose of pursuing the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,657 | Two groups existed within early Pythagoreanism: the "mathematikoi" ("learners") and the "akousmatikoi" ("listeners"). The "akousmatikoi" are traditionally identified by scholars as "old believers" in mysticism, numerology, and religious teachings; whereas the "mathematikoi" are traditionally identified as a more intell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,658 | Pythagorean teachings were known as "symbols" ("symbola") and members took a vow of silence that they would not reveal these symbols to non-members. Those who did not obey the laws of the community were expelled and the remaining members would erect tombstones for them as though they had died. A number of "oral sayings... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,659 | New initiates were allegedly not permitted to meet Pythagoras until after they had completed a five-year initiation period, during which they were required to remain silent. Sources indicate that Pythagoras himself was unusually progressive in his attitudes towards women and female members of Pythagoras's school appear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,660 | Pythagoreanism also entailed a number of dietary prohibitions. It is more or less agreed that Pythagoras issued a prohibition against the consumption of fava beans and the meat of non-sacrificial animals such as fish and poultry. Both of these assumptions, however, have been contradicted. Pythagorean dietary restrictio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,661 | Within his own lifetime, Pythagoras was already the subject of elaborate hagiographic legends. Aristotle described Pythagoras as a wonder-worker and somewhat of a supernatural figure. In a fragment, Aristotle writes that Pythagoras had a golden thigh, which he publicly exhibited at the Olympic Games and showed to Abari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,662 | Pythagoras was said to have dressed all in white. He is also said to have borne a golden wreath atop his head and to have worn trousers after the fashion of the Thracians. Diogenes Laërtius presents Pythagoras as having exercised remarkable self-control; he was always cheerful, but "abstained wholly from laughter, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,663 | Riedweg suggests that Pythagoras may have personally encouraged these legends, but Gregory states that there is no direct evidence of this. Anti-Pythagorean legends were also circulated. Diogenes Laërtes retells a story told by Hermippus of Samos, which states that Pythagoras had once gone into an underground room, tel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,664 | Although Pythagoras is most famous today for his alleged mathematical discoveries, classical historians dispute whether he himself ever actually made any significant contributions to the field. Many mathematical and scientific discoveries were attributed to Pythagoras, including his famous theorem, as well as discoveri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,665 | The Pythagorean theorem was known and used by the Babylonians and Indians centuries before Pythagoras, but he may have been the first to introduce it to the Greeks. Some historians of mathematics have even suggested that he—or his students—may have constructed the first proof. Burkert rejects this suggestion as implaus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,666 | According to legend, Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations when he passed blacksmiths at work one day and heard the sound of their hammers clanging against the anvils. Thinking that the sounds of the hammers were beautiful and harmonious, except for one, he rushed into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,667 | In ancient times, Pythagoras and his contemporary Parmenides of Elea were both credited with having been the first to teach that the Earth was spherical, the first to divide the globe into five climatic zones, and the first to identify the morning star and the evening star as the same celestial object (now known as Ven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,668 | Sizeable Pythagorean communities existed in Magna Graecia, Phlius, and Thebes during the early fourth century BC. Around the same time, the Pythagorean philosopher Archytas was highly influential on the politics of the city of Tarentum in Magna Graecia. According to later tradition, Archytas was elected as "strategos" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,669 | According to R. M. Hare, Plato's "Republic" may be partially based on the "tightly organised community of like-minded thinkers" established by Pythagoras at Croton. Additionally, Plato may have borrowed from Pythagoras the idea that mathematics and abstract thought are a secure basis for philosophy, science, and morali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,670 | A revival of Pythagorean teachings occurred in the first century BC when Middle Platonist philosophers such as Eudorus and Philo of Alexandria hailed the rise of a "new" Pythagoreanism in Alexandria. At around the same time, Neopythagoreanism became prominent. The first-century AD philosopher Apollonius of Tyana sought... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,671 | Greek sculpture sought to represent the permanent reality behind superficial appearances. Early Archaic sculpture represents life in simple forms, and may have been influenced by the earliest Greek natural philosophies. The Greeks generally believed that nature expressed itself in ideal forms and was represented by a t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,672 | During the sixth century BC, the number philosophy of the Pythagoreans triggered a revolution in Greek sculpture. Greek sculptors and architects attempted to find the mathematical relation (canon) behind aesthetic perfection. Possibly drawing on the ideas of Pythagoras, the sculptor Polykleitos wrote in his "Canon" tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,673 | The oldest known building designed according to Pythagorean teachings is the Porta Maggiore Basilica, a subterranean basilica which was built during the reign of the Roman emperor Nero as a secret place of worship for Pythagoreans. The basilica was built underground because of the Pythagorean emphasis on secrecy and al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,674 | The emperor Hadrian's Pantheon in Rome was also built based on Pythagorean numerology. The temple's circular plan, central axis, hemispherical dome, and alignment with the four cardinal directions symbolize Pythagorean views on the order of the universe. The single oculus at the top of the dome symbolizes the monad and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,675 | Many early Christians had a deep respect for Pythagoras. Eusebius ( 260 – 340 AD), bishop of Caesarea, praises Pythagoras in his "Against Hierokles" for his rule of silence, his frugality, his "extraordinary" morality, and his wise teachings. In another work, Eusebius compares Pythagoras to Moses. In one of his letter,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,676 | During the Middle Ages, Pythagoras was revered as the founder of mathematics and music, two of the Seven Liberal Arts. He appears in numerous medieval depictions, in illuminated manuscripts and in the relief sculptures on the portal of the Cathedral of Chartres. The "Timaeus" was the only dialogue of Plato to survive i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,677 | In his preface to his book "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres" (1543), Nicolaus Copernicus cites various Pythagoreans as the most important influences on the development of his heliocentric model of the universe, deliberately omitting mention of Aristarchus of Samos, a non-Pythagorean astronomer who had develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,678 | Isaac Newton firmly believed in the Pythagorean teaching of the mathematical harmony and order of the universe. Though Newton was notorious for rarely giving others credit for their discoveries, he attributed the discovery of the Law of Universal Gravitation to Pythagoras. Albert Einstein believed that a scientist may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,679 | A fictionalized portrayal of Pythagoras appears in Book XV of Ovid's "Metamorphoses", in which he delivers a speech imploring his followers to adhere to a strictly vegetarian diet. It was through Arthur Golding's 1567 English translation of Ovid's "Metamorphoses" that Pythagoras was best known to English-speakers throu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,680 | Early modern European esotericism drew heavily on the teachings of Pythagoras. The German humanist scholar Johannes Reuchlin (1455–1522) synthesized Pythagoreanism with Christian theology and Jewish Kabbalah, arguing that Kabbalah and Pythagoreanism were both inspired by Mosaic tradition and that Pythagoras was therefo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,681 | Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa's popular and influential three-volume treatise "De Occulta Philosophia" cites Pythagoras as a "religious magi" and indicates that Pythagoras's mystical numerology operates on a supercelestial level. The freemasons deliberately modeled their society on the community founded by Pythagoras at C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,682 | Dante Alighieri was fascinated by Pythagorean numerology and based his descriptions of Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven on Pythagorean numbers. Dante wrote that Pythagoras saw Unity as Good and Plurality as Evil and, in "Paradiso" XV, 56–57, he declares: "five and six, if understood, ray forth from unity." The number eleven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,683 | The Transcendentalists read the ancient "Lives of Pythagoras" as guides on how to live a model life. Henry David Thoreau was impacted by Thomas Taylor's translations of Iamblichus's "Life of Pythagoras" and Stobaeus's "Pythagoric Sayings" and his views on nature may have been influenced by the Pythagorean idea of image... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,684 | Only a few relevant source texts deal with Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans; most are available in different translations. Later texts usually build solely upon information in these works. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23275 |
16,685 | Bupropion, sold under the brand names Wellbutrin and Zyban among others, is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support smoking cessation. It is also popular as an add-on medication in the cases of "incomplete response" to the first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,686 | Common adverse effects of bupropion with the greatest difference from placebo are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, and excessive sweating. Raised blood pressure is notable. Rare but serious side effects include seizure, liver toxicity, psychosis, and risk of overdose. Bupropion use during pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,687 | Bupropion acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor and a nicotinic receptor antagonist. However, its effects on dopamine are weak. Chemically, bupropion is an aminoketone that belongs to the class of substituted cathinones and more generally that of substituted amphetamines and substituted phenethylamines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,688 | Bupropion was invented by Nariman Mehta, who worked at Burroughs Wellcome, in 1969. It was first approved for medical use in the United States in 1985. Bupropion was originally called by the generic name amfebutamone, before being renamed in 2000. In 2020, it was the eighteenth most commonly prescribed medication in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,689 | The evidence overall supports the efficacy of bupropion over placebo for the treatment of depression. However, the quality of evidence is low. Most meta-analyses report that bupropion has an at-most small effect size for depression. On the other hand, one meta-analysis reported a large effect size. However, there were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,690 | Over the fall and winter months, bupropion prevents development of depression in those who have recurring seasonal affective disorder: 15% of participants on bupropion experienced a major depressive episode vs. 27% of those on placebo. Bupropion also improves depression in bipolar disorder, with the efficacy and risk o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,691 | Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: for instance, unlike the majority of antidepressants, it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction, and the occurrence of sexual side effects is not different from placebo. Bupropion treatment is not associated with weight gain; on the contr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,692 | The addition of bupropion to a prescribed SSRI is a common strategy when people do not respond to the SSRI, and it is supported by clinical trials; however, it appears to be inferior to the addition of atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,693 | Prescribed as an aid for smoking cessation bupropion reduces the severity of craving for tobacco and withdrawal symptoms such as depressed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,694 | mood, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and increased appetite. Initially, bupropion slows the weight gain that often occurs in the first weeks after quitting smoking. With time, however, this effect becomes negligible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,695 | The bupropion treatment course lasts for seven to twelve weeks, with the patient halting the use of tobacco about ten days into the course. After the course, the effectiveness of bupropion for maintaining abstinence from smoking declines over time, from 37% of tobacco abstinence at 3 months to 20% at one year. It is un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,696 | Overall, six months after the therapy, bupropion increases the likelihood of quitting smoking by approximately 1.6 fold as compared to placebo. In this respect, bupropion is as effective as nicotine replacement therapy but inferior to varenicline. Combining bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy does not improve th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,697 | In children and adolescents, the use of bupropion for smoking cessation does not appear to offer any significant benefits. The evidence for its use to aid smoking cessation in pregnant women is insufficient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,698 | The treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not an approved indication of bupropion, and it is not mentioned in the current (2019) guideline on the ADHD treatment from the American Academy of Pediatrics. Systematic reviews of bupropion for the treatment of ADHD in both adults and children note t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
16,699 | Bupropion is less likely than other antidepressants to cause sexual dysfunction. A range of studies indicate that bupropion not only produces fewer sexual side effects than other antidepressants but can actually help to alleviate sexual dysfunction including sexual dysfunction induced by SSRI antidepressants. There hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378579 |
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