doc_id int32 0 2.25M | text stringlengths 101 8.13k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|---|
16,800 | After sitting down for lunch, and when the conversation had already moved on to other topics, Fermi suddenly blurted out, "Where is everybody?" (Teller's letter), or "Don't you ever wonder where everybody is?" (York's letter), or "But where is everybody?" (Konopinski's letter). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,801 | Teller wrote, "The result of his question was general laughter because of the strange fact that in spite of Fermi's question coming from the clear blue, everybody around the table seemed to understand at once that he was talking about extraterrestrial life." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,802 | Herbert York wrote, "Somehow (and perhaps it was connected to the prior conversation in the way you describe, even though I do not remember that) we all knew he meant extra-terrestrials." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,803 | Regarding the continuation of the conversation, York wrote in 1984 that Fermi "followed up with a series of calculations on the probability of earthlike planets, the probability of life given an earth, the probability of humans given life, the likely rise and duration of high technology, and so on. He concluded on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,804 | Teller remembers that not much came of this conversation "except perhaps a statement that the distances to the next location of living beings may be very great and that, indeed, as far as our galaxy is concerned, we are living somewhere in the sticks, far removed from the metropolitan area of the galactic center." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,805 | Teller wrote "maybe approximately eight of us sat down together for lunch." Both York and Konopinski remember that it was just the four of them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,806 | Fermi died of cancer in 1954. However, in letters to the three surviving men decades later in 1984, Dr. Eric Jones of Los Alamos was able to partially put the original conversation back together. He informed each of the men that he wished to include a reasonably accurate version or composite in the written proceedings ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,807 | Jones first sent a letter to Edward Teller which included a secondhand account from Hans Mark. Teller responded, and then Jones sent Teller's letter to Herbert York. York responded, and finally, Jones sent both Teller's and York's letters to Emil Konopinski who also responded. Furthermore, Konopinski was able to later ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,808 | The Fermi paradox is a conflict between the argument that scale and probability seem to favor intelligent life being common in the universe, and the total lack of evidence of intelligent life having ever arisen anywhere other than on Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,809 | The first aspect of the Fermi paradox is a function of the scale or the large numbers involved: there are an estimated 200–400 billion stars in the Milky Way (2–4 × 10) and 70 sextillion (7×10) in the observable universe. Even if intelligent life occurs on only a minuscule percentage of planets around these stars, ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,810 | The second aspect of the Fermi paradox is the argument of probability: given intelligent life's ability to overcome scarcity, and its tendency to colonize new habitats, it seems possible that at least some civilizations would be technologically advanced, seek out new resources in space, and colonize their own star syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,811 | The Fermi paradox can be asked in two ways. The first is, "Why are no aliens or their artifacts found here on Earth, or in the Solar System?". If interstellar travel is possible, even the "slow" kind nearly within the reach of Earth technology, then it would only take from 5 million to 50 million years to colonize the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,812 | The second form of the question is "Why do we see no signs of intelligence elsewhere in the universe?". This version does not assume interstellar travel, but includes other galaxies as well. For distant galaxies, travel times may well explain the lack of alien visits to Earth, but a sufficiently advanced civilization c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,813 | The theories and principles in the Drake equation are closely related to the Fermi paradox. The equation was formulated by Frank Drake in 1961 in an attempt to find a systematic means to evaluate the numerous probabilities involved in the existence of alien life. The equation is presented as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,814 | Where formula_2 is the number of technologically advanced civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy, and formula_2 is asserted to be the product of | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,815 | The fundamental problem is that the last four terms (formula_7, formula_8, formula_9, and formula_10) are entirely unknown, rendering statistical estimates impossible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,816 | The Drake equation has been used by both optimists and pessimists, with wildly differing results. The first scientific meeting on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), which had 10 attendees including Frank Drake and Carl Sagan, speculated that the number of civilizations was roughly between 1,000 and 10... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,817 | The Great Filter, a concept introduced by Robin Hanson in 1996, represents whatever natural phenomena that would make it unlikely for life to evolve from inanimate matter to an advanced civilization. The most commonly agreed-upon low probability event is abiogenesis: a gradual process of increasing complexity of the fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,818 | Astrobiologists Dirk Schulze-Makuch and William Bains, reviewing the history of life on Earth, including convergent evolution, concluded that transitions such as oxygenic photosynthesis, the eukaryotic cell, multicellularity, and tool-using intelligence are likely to occur on any Earth-like planet given enough time. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,819 | There are two parts of the Fermi paradox that rely on empirical evidence—that there are many potential habitable planets, and that humans see no evidence of life. The first point, that many suitable planets exist, was an assumption in Fermi's time but is now supported by the discovery that exoplanets are common. Curren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,820 | The second part of the paradox, that humans see no evidence of extraterrestrial life, is also an active field of scientific research. This includes both efforts to find any indication of life, and efforts specifically directed to finding intelligent life. These searches have been made since 1960, and several are ongoin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,821 | Although astronomers do not usually search for extraterrestrials, they have observed phenomena that they could not immediately explain without positing an intelligent civilization as the source. For example, pulsars, when first discovered in 1967, were called little green men (LGM) because of the precise repetition of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,822 | Radio technology and the ability to construct a radio telescope are presumed to be a natural advance for technological species, theoretically creating effects that might be detected over interstellar distances. The careful searching for non-natural radio emissions from space may lead to the detection of alien civilizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,823 | A number of astronomers and observatories have attempted and are attempting to detect such evidence, mostly through the SETI organization. Several decades of SETI analysis have not revealed any unusually bright or meaningfully repetitive radio emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,824 | Exoplanet detection and classification is a very active sub-discipline in astronomy; the first possible terrestrial planet discovered within a star's habitable zone was found in 2007. New refinements in exoplanet detection methods, and use of existing methods from space (such as the Kepler and TESS missions) are starti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,825 | The Hart-Tipler conjecture is a form of contraposition which states that because no interstellar probes have been detected, there likely is no other intelligent life in the universe, as such life should be expected to eventually create and launch such probes. Self-replicating probes could exhaustively explore a galaxy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,826 | Direct exploration of the Solar System has yielded no evidence indicating a visit by aliens or their probes. Detailed exploration of areas of the Solar System where resources would be plentiful may yet produce evidence of alien exploration, though the entirety of the Solar System is vast and difficult to investigate. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,827 | In 1959, Freeman Dyson observed that every developing human civilization constantly increases its energy consumption, and he conjectured that a civilization might try to harness a large part of the energy produced by a star. He proposed a hypothetical "Dyson sphere" as a possible means: a shell or cloud of objects encl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,828 | There have been some attempts to find evidence of the existence of Dyson spheres that would alter the spectra of their core stars. Direct observation of thousands of galaxies has shown no explicit evidence of artificial construction or modifications. In October 2015, there was some speculation that a dimming of light f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,829 | Those who think that intelligent extraterrestrial life is (nearly) impossible argue that the conditions needed for the evolution of life—or at least the evolution of biological complexity—are rare or even unique to Earth. Under this assumption, called the rare Earth hypothesis, a rejection of the mediocrity principle, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,830 | The rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity requires a host of fortuitous circumstances, such as a galactic habitable zone, a star and planet(s) having the requisite conditions, such as enough of a continuous habitable zone, the advantage of a giant guardian like Jupiter and a large moo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,831 | In his book "Wonderful Life" (1989), Stephen Jay Gould suggested that if the "tape of life" were rewound to the time of the Cambrian explosion, and one or two tweaks made, human beings most probably never would have evolved. Other thinkers such as Fontana, Buss, and Kauffman have written about the self-organizing prope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,832 | It is possible that even if complex life is common, intelligence (and consequently civilizations) is not. While there are remote sensing techniques that could perhaps detect life-bearing planets without relying on the signs of technology, none of them have any ability to tell if any detected life is intelligent. This i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,833 | Charles Lineweaver states that when considering any extreme trait in an animal, intermediate stages do not necessarily produce "inevitable" outcomes. For example, large brains are no more "inevitable", or convergent, than are the long noses of animals such as aardvarks and elephants. Humans, apes, whales, dolphins, oct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,834 | In addition, Rebecca Boyle points out that of all the species who have ever evolved in the history of life on the planet Earth, only one—we human beings and only in the beginning stages—has ever become space-faring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,835 | New life might commonly die out due to runaway heating or cooling on their fledgling planets. On Earth, there have been numerous major extinction events that destroyed the majority of complex species alive at the time; the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs is the best known example. These are thought to have been c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,836 | It may be that while alien species with intelligence exist, they are primitive or have not reached the level of technological advancement necessary to communicate. Along with non-intelligent life, such civilizations would also be very difficult to detect. A trip using conventional rockets would take hundreds of thousan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,837 | To skeptics, the fact that in the history of life on the Earth only one species has developed a civilization to the point of being capable of spaceflight and radio technology lends more credence to the idea that technologically advanced civilizations are rare in the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,838 | Another hypothesis in this category is the "Water World hypothesis". According to author and scientist David Brin: "it turns out that our Earth skates the very inner edge of our sun’s continuously habitable—or 'Goldilocks'—zone. And Earth may be anomalous. It may be that because we are so close to our sun, we have an a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,839 | This is the argument that technological civilizations may usually or invariably destroy themselves before or shortly after developing radio or spaceflight technology. The astrophysicist Sebastian von Hoerner stated that the progress of science and technology on Earth was driven by two factors—the struggle for dominatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,840 | In 1966, Sagan and Shklovskii speculated that technological civilizations will either tend to destroy themselves within a century of developing interstellar communicative capability or master their self-destructive tendencies and survive for billion-year timescales. Self-annihilation may also be viewed in terms of ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,841 | Using extinct civilizations such as Easter Island (Rapa Nui) as models, a study conducted in 2018 by Adam Frank "et al." posited that climate change induced by "energy intensive" civilizations may prevent sustainability within such civilizations, thus explaining the paradoxical lack of evidence for intelligent extrater... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,842 | A less theoretical example might be the resource-depletion issue on Polynesian islands, of which Easter Island is only the best known. David Brin points out that during the expansion phase from 1500 BC to 800 AD there were cycles of overpopulation followed by what might be called periodic cullings of adult males throug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,843 | Another hypothesis is that an intelligent species beyond a certain point of technological capability will destroy other intelligent species as they appear, perhaps by using self-replicating probes. Science fiction writer Fred Saberhagen has explored this idea in his "Berserker" series, as has physicist Gregory Benford ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,844 | A species might undertake such extermination out of expansionist motives, greed, paranoia, or aggression. In 1981, cosmologist Edward Harrison argued that such behavior would be an act of prudence: an intelligent species that has overcome its own self-destructive tendencies might view any other species bent on galactic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,845 | It may be that alien civilizations are detectable through their radio emissions for only a short time, reducing the likelihood of spotting them. The usual assumption is that civilizations outgrow radio through technological advancement. However, there could be other leakage such as that from microwaves used to transmit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,846 | Regarding the first point, in a 2006 "Sky & Telescope" article, Seth Shostak wrote, "Moreover, radio leakage from a planet is only likely to get weaker as a civilization advances and its communications technology gets better. Earth itself is increasingly switching from broadcasts to leakage-free cables and fiber optics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,847 | More hypothetically, advanced alien civilizations may evolve beyond broadcasting at all in the electromagnetic spectrum and communicate by technologies not developed or used by mankind. Some scientists have hypothesized that advanced civilizations may send neutrino signals. If such signals exist, they could be detectab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,848 | Another possibility is that human theoreticians have underestimated how much alien life might differ from that on Earth. Aliens may be psychologically unwilling to attempt to communicate with human beings. Perhaps human mathematics is parochial to Earth and not shared by other life, though others argue this can only ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,849 | Physiology might also cause a communication barrier. Carl Sagan speculated that an alien species might have a thought process orders of magnitude slower (or faster) than that of humans. A message broadcast by that species might well seem like random background noise to humans, and therefore go undetected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,850 | Another thought is that technological civilizations invariably experience a technological singularity and attain a post-biological character. Hypothetical civilizations of this sort may have advanced drastically enough to render communication impossible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,851 | In his 2009 book, SETI scientist Seth Shostak wrote, "Our experiments [such as plans to use drilling rigs on Mars] are still looking for the type of extraterrestrial that would have appealed to Percival Lowell [astronomer who believed he had observed canals on Mars]." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,852 | Paul Davies states that 500 years ago the very idea of a computer doing work merely by manipulating internal data may not have been viewed as a technology at all. He writes, "Might there be a still "higher" level... If so, this 'third level' would never be manifest through observations made at the informational level, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,853 | In response to Tipler's idea of self-replicating probes, Stephen Jay Gould wrote, "I must confess that I simply don’t know how to react to such arguments. I have enough trouble predicting the plans and reactions of the people closest to me. I am usually baffled by the thoughts and accomplishments of humans in different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,854 | A February 2019 article in "Popular Science" states, "Sweeping across the Milky Way and establishing a unified galactic empire might be inevitable for a monolithic super-civilization, but most cultures are neither monolithic nor super—at least if our experience is any guide." Astrophysicist Adam Frank, along with co-au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,855 | Some colonization scenarios predict spherical expansion across star systems, with continued expansion coming from the systems just previously settled. It has been suggested that this would cause a strong selection process among the colonization front favoring cultural or biological adaptations to living in starships or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,856 | This may result in the destruction of terrestrial planets in these systems for use as building materials, thus preventing the development of life on those worlds. Or, they may have an ethic of protection for "nursery worlds", and protect them in a similar fashion to the zoo hypothesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,857 | It has been suggested that some advanced beings may divest themselves of physical form, create massive artificial virtual environments, transfer themselves into these environments through mind uploading, and exist totally within virtual worlds, ignoring the external physical universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,858 | It may also be that intelligent alien life develops an "increasing disinterest" in their outside world. Possibly any sufficiently advanced society will develop highly engaging media and entertainment well before the capacity for advanced space travel, with the rate of appeal of these social contrivances being destined,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,859 | The ability of an alien culture to colonize other star systems is based on the idea that interstellar travel is technologically feasible. While the current understanding of physics rules out the possibility of faster-than-light travel, it appears that there are no major theoretical barriers to the construction of "slow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,860 | It is possible, however, that present scientific knowledge cannot properly gauge the feasibility and costs of such interstellar colonization. Theoretical barriers may not yet be understood, and the resources needed may be so great as to make it unlikely that any civilization could afford to attempt it. Even if interste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,861 | Colonization efforts may not occur as an unstoppable rush, but rather as an uneven tendency to "percolate" outwards, within an eventual slowing and termination of the effort given the enormous costs involved and the expectation that colonies will inevitably develop a culture and civilization of their own. Colonization ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,862 | If a human-capability machine construct, such as via mind uploading, is possible, and if it is possible to transfer such constructs over vast distances and rebuild them on a remote machine, then it might not make strong economic sense to travel the galaxy by spaceflight. After the first civilization has physically expl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,863 | There are some assumptions that underlie the SETI programs that may cause searchers to miss signals that are present. Extraterrestrials might, for example, transmit signals that have a very high or low data rate, or employ unconventional (in human terms) frequencies, which would make them hard to distinguish from backg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,864 | The greatest challenge is the sheer size of the radio search needed to look for signals (effectively spanning the entire observable universe), the limited amount of resources committed to SETI, and the sensitivity of modern instruments. SETI estimates, for instance, that with a radio telescope as sensitive as the Areci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,865 | Thus, to detect alien civilizations through their radio emissions, Earth observers either need more sensitive instruments or must hope for fortunate circumstances: that the broadband radio emissions of alien radio technology are much stronger than humanity's own; that one of SETI's programs is listening to the correct ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,866 | Humanity's ability to detect intelligent extraterrestrial life has existed for only a very brief period—from 1937 onwards, if the invention of the radio telescope is taken as the dividing line—and "Homo sapiens" is a geologically recent species. The whole period of modern human existence to date is a very brief period ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,867 | It may be that non-colonizing technologically capable alien civilizations exist, but that they are simply too far apart for meaningful two-way communication. Sebastian von Hoerner estimated the average duration of civilization at 6,500 years and the average distance between civilizations in the Milky Way at 1,000 light... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,868 | A related speculation by Sagan and Newman suggests that if other civilizations exist, and are transmitting and exploring, their signals and probes simply have not arrived yet. However, critics have noted that this is unlikely, since it requires that humanity's advancement has occurred at a very special point in time, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,869 | Some SETI skeptics may also believe that humanity is at a very special point of time. Specifically, a transitional period from no space-faring societies to one space-faring society, namely that of human beings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,870 | Planetary scientist Alan Stern put forward the idea that there could be a number of worlds with subsurface oceans (such as Jupiter's Europa or Saturn's Enceladus). The surface would provide a large degree of protection from such things as cometary impacts and nearby supernovae, as well as creating a situation in which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,871 | Alien civilizations might be technically capable of contacting Earth, but could be only listening instead of transmitting. If all or most civilizations act in the same way, the galaxy could be full of civilizations eager for contact, but everyone is listening and no one is transmitting. This is the so-called "SETI Para... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,872 | The only civilization known, humanity, does not explicitly transmit, except for a few small efforts. Even these efforts, and certainly any attempt to expand them, are controversial. It is not even clear humanity would respond to a detected signal—the official policy within the SETI community is that "[no] response to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,873 | An alien civilization might feel it is too dangerous to communicate, either for humanity or for them. It is argued that when very different civilizations have met on Earth, the results have often been disastrous for one side or the other, and the same may well apply to interstellar contact. Even contact at a safe dista... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,874 | Perhaps the Fermi paradox itself—or the alien equivalent of it—is the reason for any civilization to avoid contact with other civilizations, even if no other obstacles existed. From any one civilization's point of view, it would be unlikely for them to be the first ones to make first contact. Therefore, according to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,875 | In Liu Cixin's 2008 novel "The Dark Forest", the author proposes a literary explanation for the Fermi paradox in which many multiple alien civilizations exist, but are both silent and paranoid, destroying any nascent lifeforms loud enough to make themselves known. This is because any other intelligent life may represen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,876 | The zoo hypothesis states that intelligent extraterrestrial life exists and does not contact life on Earth to allow for its natural evolution and development. A variation on the zoo hypothesis is the laboratory hypothesis, where humanity has been or is being subject to experiments, with Earth or the Solar System effect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,877 | Analysis of the inter-arrival times between civilizations in the galaxy based on common astrobiological assumptions suggests that the initial civilization would have a commanding lead over the later arrivals. As such, it may have established what has been termed the "zoo hypothesis" through force or as a galactic or un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,878 | It is possible that a civilization advanced enough to travel between solar systems could be actively visiting or observing Earth while remaining undetected or unrecognized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,879 | A related idea to the zoo hypothesis is that, beyond a certain distance, the perceived universe is a simulated reality. The planetarium hypothesis speculates that beings may have created this simulation so that the universe appears to be empty of other life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,880 | A significant fraction of the population believes that at least some UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are spacecraft piloted by aliens. While most of these are unrecognized or mistaken interpretations of mundane phenomena, there are those that remain puzzling even after investigation. The consensus scientific view is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,881 | Similarly, it is theoretically possible that SETI groups are not reporting positive detections, or governments have been blocking signals or suppressing publication. This response might be attributed to security or economic interests from the potential use of advanced extraterrestrial technology. It has been suggested ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,882 | Regarding the idea that aliens are in secret contact with governments, David Brin writes, "Aversion to an idea, simply because of its long association with crackpots, gives crackpots altogether too much influence." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11579 |
16,883 | A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin "baccalaureus") or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin "baccalaureatus") is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years (depending on institution and academic discipline). The two most common ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,884 | In countries with qualifications frameworks, bachelor's degrees are normally one of the major levels in the framework (sometimes two levels where non-honours and honours bachelor's degrees are considered separately). However, some qualifications titled bachelor's degree may be at other levels (e.g., MBBS) and some qual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,885 | The term "bachelor" in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, who was too young or poor to gather vassals under his own banner. By the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word "baccalaureus" came to be associated with "bacca ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,886 | Under the British system, and those influenced by it, undergraduate academic degrees are differentiated between "honours degrees" (sometimes denoted by the addition of "(Hons)" after the degree abbreviation) and non-honours degrees (known variously as "pass degrees", "ordinary degrees" or "general degrees"). An honours... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,887 | The map shows how long it takes for students in different countries to get a bachelor's degree. It generally takes between 3 and 6 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,888 | In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power. For example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,889 | Bachelor's degrees in Algerian universities are called "الليسانس" in Arabic or "la licence" in French; the degree normally takes three years to complete and is a part of the LMD ("licence", "master", "doctorat") reform, students can enroll in a bachelor's degree program in different fields of study after having obtaine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,890 | Bachelor's degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years. The system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One (2:1), Second Class Division Two (2:2) and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,891 | In Kenya, university education is supported by the government. A bachelor's degree is awarded to students who successfully complete a three to seven-year course depending on the area of study. For most degree programs, a research project and an internship period after which a report is written by the student is a must ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,892 | In Morocco, a bachelor's degree is referred to as "al-ʾijāzah" (Arabic, French: "licence"). The course of study takes three years, which are further divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year. After successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theore... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,893 | University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelor's degree. In cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,894 | Furthermore, all graduating students are obliged to do the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) requirement, which usually takes one year, after which they are eligible to pursue higher degrees. The NYSC is a paramilitary service that involves students' being posted to different parts of the country to serve in various ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,895 | Polytechnical schools (polytechnics) in Nigeria are not considered universities. They are mandated to educate technicians of high calibre; they offer the OND (ordinary national diploma) and the HND (higher national diploma). The polytechnics focus very strongly on practical technical training. The BSc and HND are compa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,896 | Honours degrees in Nigeria are differentiated only on the basis of performance. Honours degrees include the first-class degree, second-class degrees (upper and lower) and the third-class degree, but not the pass. All university students must do an independent research project which applies the knowledge obtained during... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,897 | The project work must be submitted in the semester before graduation and usually takes a significant number of points. Further course work is not precluded during the project work, but the courses are fewer and are at an advanced level. Project work is orally defended before the faculty and before peers. In the science... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,898 | In South Africa, an honours degree is an additional postgraduate qualification in the same area as the undergraduate major, and requires at least one further year of study as well as a research report. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
16,899 | In Tunisia, a bachelor's degree is referred to as "al-ʾijāzah" in Arabic, or "la license" in French; the degree takes three years to complete and is a part of the LMD ("license", "master", "doctorat") reform, students can enroll in a bachelor's degree program in different fields of study after having obtained their "ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188874 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.