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17,200 | The Predator and Reaper were designed for military operations and not intended to operate among crowded airline traffic. The aircraft typically lack systems capable of complying with FAA See-And-Avoid regulations. In 2005, requests were made for MQ-9s to be used in search and rescue operations following Hurricane Katri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,201 | An MQ-9 can adopt various mission kits and combinations of weapons and sensors payloads to meet combat requirements. Its Raytheon AN/AAS-52 multi-spectral targeting sensor suite includes a color/monochrome daylight TV, infrared, and image-intensified TV with laser rangefinder/laser designator to designate targets for l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,202 | The Reaper was used as a test bed for Gorgon Stare, a wide-area surveillance sensor system. Increment 1 of the system was first fielded in March 2011 on the Reaper and could cover an area of ; increment 2, incorporating ARGUS-IS and expanding the coverage area to , achieved initial operating capability (IOC) in early 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,203 | In January 2012, General Atomics released a new trailing arm design for the Reaper's main landing gear. Benefits include an over 30% increase in landing weight capacity, a 12% increase in gross takeoff weight (from to ), a maintenance-free shock absorber (eliminating the need for nitrogen pressurization), a fully rejec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,204 | The USAF has bought 38 Reaper Extended Range (ER) versions, carrying external fuel tanks (which don't affect weapon capacity), the heavy-weight landing gear, a four-bladed propeller, a new fuel management system which ensures fuel and thermal balance among external tank, wing, and fuselage fuel sources, and an alcohol-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,205 | The aircraft also has the sensor ball replaced with a high-definition camera, better communications so ground controllers can see the higher quality video, software to enable automatic detection of threats and tracking of 12 moving targets at once, and the ability to "super ripple" fire missiles within 0.32 seconds of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,206 | On 25 February 2016, General Atomics announced a successful test flight of the new Predator-B/ER version. This new version has had the wingspan extended to 79 feet, increasing its endurance to 40 hours. Other improvements include "short-field takeoff and landing performance and spoilers on the wings which enable precis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,207 | On 1 May 2007, the USAF's 432nd Wing was activated to operate MQ-9 Reaper as well as MQ-1 Predator UAVs at Creech Air Force Base, Nevada. The pilots first conducted combat missions in Iraq and Afghanistan in the summer of 2007. On 28 October 2007, the "Air Force Times" reported an MQ-9 had achieved its first "kill", su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,208 | On 17 July 2008, the USAF began flying Reaper missions within Iraq from Balad Air Base. It was reported on 11 August 2008 that the 174th Fighter Wing would consist entirely of Reapers. By March 2009 the USAF had 28 operational Reapers. Beginning in September 2009, Reapers were deployed by the Africa Command to the Seyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,209 | On 13 September 2009, positive control of an MQ-9 was lost during a combat mission over Afghanistan, after which the control-less drone started flying towards the Afghan border with Tajikistan. An F-15E Strike Eagle fired an AIM-9 missile at the drone, successfully destroying its engine. Before the drone impacted the g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,210 | By July 2010, thirty-eight Predators and Reapers had been lost during combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, another nine were lost in training missions in the U.S. In 2010, the USAF conducted over 33,000 close air support missions, a more-than-20 percent increase compared with 2009. By March 2011, the USAF had 48 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,211 | As of March 2011, the USAF was training more pilots for advanced unmanned aerial vehicles than for any other single weapons system. In 2012, the Reaper, Predator and Global Hawk were described as "... the most accident-prone aircraft in the Air Force fleet." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,212 | In October 2011, the USAF began operating Reapers out of Arba Minch Airport in Ethiopia for surveillance-only operations in Somalia. In 2012, both Reapers and Predators were deployed in Benghazi, Libya after the attack that killed the US ambassador in that city. In February 2013, the U.S. stationed a Predator at Niamey... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,213 | On 22 October 2013, the USAF's fleets of MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper UAVs reached 2,000,000 flight hours. The RPA program began in the mid-1990s, taking 16 years for them to reach 1 million flight hours; the 2 million hour mark was reached just two and a half years later. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,214 | The high demand for UAVs has caused Air Combat Command to increase pilot output from 188 in 2015 to 300 in 2017 at Holloman. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,215 | On 13 November 2015, the Pentagon reported that an MQ-9 had killed ISIL member Mohammed Emwazi, popularly known as "Jihadi John", who was responsible for executing several Western prisoners. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,216 | In 2015, a record number (20) of USAF drones crashed; investigators identified three parts of the starter-generator that were susceptible to breakdowns, but could not determine why they were failing. Col. William S. Leister informed Pentagon officials that investigators from the USAF, General Atomics and Skurka had inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,217 | On 2 October 2017, U.S. Central Command stated that an MQ-9 had been shot down by Houthi air defense systems over Sanaa in western Yemen the previous day. The aircraft took off from Chabelley Airport in Djibouti, and was armed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,218 | On 18 September 2018, the USAF announced that an MQ-9 armed with an air-to-air missile successfully shot down a smaller target drone in November 2017. The drone was operated by the 432nd Wing. While the destruction of a target drone is a routine USAF exercise, this event was the first instance of a Reaper destroying a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,219 | On 6 June 2019, Houthis shot down a US MQ-9 Reaper over Yemen. According to United States Central Command, it was shot down by an SA-6 surface-to-air missile that was enabled with Iranian assistance. On 21 August 2019, another un-armed MQ-9 was shot down by Houthis over Dhamar, Yemen, by a Yemini made Fater-1 missile, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,220 | On 23 November 2019, a US MQ-9 Reaper was shot down by a Pantsir system operated by the Libyan National Army or Wagner Group over Tripoli, Libya. According to journalist David Cenciotti, the drone was lost after being jammed by Russian Wagner militias working in support of the Libyan National Army. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,221 | On 3 January 2020, a US MQ-9 missile strike at Baghdad International Airport killed Qasem Soleimani, the commander of the Iranian Quds Force, and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, the deputy commander of Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,222 | On 18 August 2020, US Department of Defense announced that two US MQ-9 Reapers had crashed in a mid-air collision over Syria. However, claims from local media said that at least one drone might have been shot down by Syrian Opposition rebel fighters or Turkish forces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,223 | In April 2021, U.S. and Polish militaries have agreed on a long-negotiated plan to increase the American presence in Poland with two units of MQ-9 Reapers deployed by the USAF. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,224 | On 14 July 2022, a MQ-9 Reaper operated by the 25th Attack Group crashed during a training mission in Romania. The MQ-9 drones have been deployed to the Romanian 71st Air Base in 2021, starting their operational flights on 1 February 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,225 | The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) initially expressed interest in a production version of the B-002 turbofan-powered variant, but instead leased an unarmed Reaper variant, which carries the GA-ASI company name "Altair". Altair is one of the first three "Predator-B" airframes. The other two airfra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,226 | The Altair differs from these models in that it has an long wingspan ( greater than early and current MQ-9s). The Altair has enhanced avionics systems to better enable flights in FAA-controlled civil airspace and demonstrate "over-the-horizon" command and control capability from a ground station. These aircraft are use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,227 | In November 2006, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center obtained an MQ-9 (and mobile ground control station), named "Ikhana", for the Suborbital Science Program within the Science Mission Directorate. In 2007, Ikhana was used to survey the Southern California wildfires, supporting firefighter deployments based upon the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,228 | The NASA Ikhana was used to survey the descent of the Orion Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) module on its first test mission 5 December 2014. The aircraft loitered at , used its IR camera to detect the capsule, then switched to the optical camera to observe its descent through parachute deployment and landing in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,229 | U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operated nine MQ-9s in August 2012. Two were based in North Dakota at Grand Forks Air Force Base, four were based in Arizona, at Fort Huachuca and one was based at the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas. These aircraft were equipped with GA-ASI's Lynx synthetic aperture rad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,230 | The CBP also had two maritime MQ-9s called Guardians, based at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida and Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas. The Guardians were equipped with the SeaVue marine search radar; their electro-optical infrared sensor was optimized for maritime operations. The CBP operates one MQ-9 Gu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,231 | The United States Department of Homeland Security initially ordered one Predator B for border protection duty, referred to as MQ-9 CBP-101. It began operations 4 October 2005 and crashed in the Arizona desert on 25 April 2006. The US's NTSB determined that the crash's most likely cause was pilot error by the ground-bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,232 | A second Predator B, called "CBP-104" (initially referred to as "CBP-102"), was delivered in September 2006 and commenced limited border protection operations on 18 October 2006. The president's FY2006 emergency supplemental budget request added $45 million for the program and the FY2007 Homeland Security Appropriation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,233 | On 14 October 2013, an MQ-9 began patrolling the Manitoba portion of the U.S.-Canada border. The UAV is based at Grand Forks Air Force Base and will watch the -long border. The drone will not carry weapons and needs permission to enter Canadian airspace. U.S. authorities fear that drug smugglers, migrants, and terroris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,234 | In January 2014, Customs and Border Protection grounded its UAVs temporarily after an unmanned aircraft was ditched off the coast of California by the operator due to a mechanical failure on 27 January 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,235 | On 29 May 2020, during the George Floyd protests, CBP flew an unarmed Predator B drone above Minneapolis to watch protesters. The agency said it was at the request of federal law enforcement in Minneapolis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,236 | In January 2018, the Belgian Ministry of Defence reportedly decided on the MQ-9 to fulfill its medium-altitude long-range UAV requirement. Ministry officials stated that a request for information had been sent to potential suppliers of the system, and that they had received responses from all of them. In October 2018, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,237 | The Predator UAV "Guardian" has been used by the Dominican Republic, under U.S. supervision and funding, against drug trafficking from mid-2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,238 | On 31 May 2013, French Defense Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian confirmed the order of two MQ-9 Reapers, to be delivered by the end of 2013. It was chosen to replace the EADS Harfang and was picked over the Israeli Heron TP. On 27 June 2013, the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress of a possible Foreig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,239 | On 24 September 2013, France's first pair of MQ-9 pilots conducted a two-hour training sortie at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. Both French pilots had prior UAV experience and went through a five-week ground-based training course and 5 hours on a flight simulator before the first flight. Two additional crews were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,240 | On 16 January 2014, France's first MQ-9 flight occurred from Niger. The first two Reapers to enter French service are designated Block 1 and use U.S. equipment; further orders are to be modified with European payloads such as sensors and datalinks. On 31 March 2014, French Air Force Reapers accumulated 500 flight hours... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,241 | Germany made a request to purchase five Reapers and four ground control stations, plus related support material and training. The request, being made through the Foreign Military Sales process, was presented to Congress through the Defense Security Cooperation Agency on 1 August 2008 and is valued at US$205 million. Ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,242 | On 21 April 2022, a well-known Greek military journalist, revealed in an interview that the Hellenic Air Force is discussing the purchase of 3 MQ-9 UCAVs along with the Israeli Heron TPs. Given that the US Air Force has long been operating MQ-9s from Larissa Air Base, Greece has some past experience with it from joint ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,243 | In June 2017, the US State Department approved the sale of 22 drones to India, costing around $2–3 billion. As of February 2020, a deal to purchase 30 drones with 10 drones for each of the three Indian armed services, was expected to be signed by the end of the fiscal year. In November 2020, the Indian Navy began opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,244 | On 1 August 2008, Italy submitted a FMS request through the Defense Security Cooperation Agency for four aircraft, four ground stations and five years of maintenance support, all valued at US$330 million. Italy ordered two more aircraft in November 2009. On 30 May 2012, it was reported that the U.S. planned to sell kit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,245 | On 3 November 2015, the U.S. approved a deal covering weapons integration onto Italy's Reaper aircraft, which would make it the first country outside the UK to weaponize the drone. The potential for increased contribution to NATO coalition operations improved operational flexibility, and enhanced survivability for Ital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,246 | On 20 November 2019, an Italian Air Force MQ-9 was shot down by a Pantsir system operated by the Libyan National Army or Wagner Group, near the city of Tarhuna, Libya. The Libyan National Army claimed to have shot down the drone that, based on the initial reports, was thought to be a Turkish operated drone, supporting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,247 | On 19 June 2013, General Atomics and Fokker Technologies signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to offer the MQ-9 Reaper to the Dutch government for their need of a MALE UAV. The MOU recognizes that Fokker will assist in maintenance and support of the aircraft in the Netherlands if a deal goes through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,248 | On 21 November 2013, the Dutch Minister of Defense announced that the Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF) has selected the MQ-9 Reaper Block-V as its new MALE UAV. The new MALE UAV 306 squadron will be based at Leeuwarden Air Base. In July 2018 the Dutch government signed a Letter of Acceptance for the acquisition thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,249 | The Dutch MQ-9 is to have the Synthetic Aperture Radar with the Maritime Search option and also a special ground search radar with more range and electronic sensors to detect ground radar and signals. The RNLAF bought four ground stations (two at Homebase, 2 at forward operating base) and four MQ-9s block-V. The aircra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,250 | On 6 August 2015, the Spanish Ministry of Defence announced it would buy four Reaper surveillance aircraft with two ground control stations for €25 million ($27 million) in 2016, costing €171 million over five years. General Atomics will partner with Spanish Company SENER to deliver unarmed versions to Spain, making it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,251 | The Defense Department cleared the purchase on 6 October 2015. Spain selected the Reaper over the Heron TP to perform homeland security, counter-insurgency, and counter-terrorism operations. The Spanish government agreed to purchase the system on 30 October. The Reaper was selected over the Heron TP mainly for commonal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,252 | On 27 September 2006, the U.S. Congress was notified by the Defense Security Cooperation Agency that the United Kingdom was seeking to purchase a pair of MQ-9A Reapers. They were initially operated by No. 39 Squadron from Creech Air Force Base, Nevada, later moving to RAF Waddington. A third MQ-9A was in the process of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,253 | The second RAF squadron to operate five Reapers is No. XIII Squadron, which was formally activated and commissioned on 26 October 2012. No. 39 Squadron personnel were planned to gradually return to the UK in 2013 and in time both squadrons would each operate five Reapers from RAF Waddington. In April 2013, XIII squadro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,254 | Five Reapers can provide 36 hours of combined surveillance coverage in Afghanistan with individual sorties lasting up to 16 hours. A further five vehicles increases this to 72 hours. In total, RAF Reapers flew 71,000 flight hours in Afghanistan, and dropped 510 guided weapons (compared to 497 for Harrier and Tornado). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,255 | In April 2013, it was revealed that the MOD was studying the adoption of MBDA's Brimstone missile upon the MQ-9. In December 2013, several successful test firings of the Brimstone missile from a Reaper at Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake to support integration onto RAF Reapers. Nine missiles were fired at an altitu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,256 | In 2014, the MOD decided that its Reaper fleet will be brought into the RAF's core fleet once operations over Afghanistan cease. Procurement of the MQ-9A was via an urgent operational capability requirement and funded from the Treasury reserve, but induction into the core fleet will have them funded from the MoD's budg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,257 | In an April 2016 document, the MoD revealed that Protector will be a version of the MQ-9B SkyGuardian, formally known as Certifiable Predator B (CPB), made to fly in European airspace, to be acquired from 2018 to 2030. In July 2018, it was announced that this aircraft will be designated Protector RG Mk 1 in RAF service... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,258 | On 16 October 2014, the MOD announced the deployment of armed Reapers in Operation Shader, the UK's contribution to the United States-led military intervention against Islamic State, the first occasion the UK had used its Reapers outside Afghanistan. The number of aircraft out of the RAF's 10-plane fleet was not disclo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,259 | RAF Reapers based at RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus conducted one surveillance mission over Syria in November 2014, four in December 2014, and eight in January 2015. On 7 September 2015, Prime Minister David Cameron announced that two Islamic State fighters from Britain had been killed in an intelligence-led strike by an RAF R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,260 | On 10 November 2020, the US State Department approved the sale of up to 18 MQ-9Bs to the UAE pending approval by Congress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,261 | On 3 November 2020, the US State Department approved the sale of 4 MQ-9B, along with Control Stations and Embedded Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigations Systems (EGI) with Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) to Taiwan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,262 | On 15 October 2020, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems conducted validation flights of the SeaGuardian UAV for the Japan Coast Guard (JCG). The test flight was conducted at a Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) air base in Hachinohe. Both the JCG and JMSDF have expressed interest in acquiring SeaGuardian UAVs i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,263 | After the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement in 2020, the US is to approve the sale of four MQ-9B SeaGuardians to Morocco. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,264 | The Polish Ministry of National Defense announced on 28 February 2022 that it plans to purchase an unspecified number of MQ-9 Reaper drones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,265 | In September 2006, the General Atomics Mariner demonstrator aircraft was operated by the Australian Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTO) in an exercise designed to evaluate the aircraft's ability to aid in efforts to stem illegal fishing, drug running and illegal immigration. The Mariner operated from Royal Aust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,266 | In February 2015, it was announced that six RAAF personnel had been sent to Holloman AFB, New Mexico and Creech AFB, Nevada to undergo training. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,267 | In August 2015, it was revealed that Australians had begun flying MQ-9s over Syria, the first time Australia expanded operations past Iraq during the Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Five RAAF personnel were embedded with the USAF 432d Operations Group, which flies armed Reapers, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,268 | In November 2018, the Defence Minister Christopher Pyne announced that Australia would purchase 12 to 16 MQ-9s. In November 2019, Australia announced the selection of the MQ-9B for its armed Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE) RPAS requirement under Project Air 7003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,269 | In April 2021, the State Department approved a possible Foreign Military Sale to the Government of Australia of 12 MQ-9B Reapers and related equipment for an estimated cost of $1.651 billion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,270 | The Australian Government canceled the planned Reaper acquisition in March 2022. The funding intended for the project was redirected to expanding the Australian Signals Directorate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,271 | A navalized Reaper, named "Mariner", was proposed for the U.S. Navy's Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) program. It had an increased fuel capacity for an endurance of up to 49 hours. Variations included one for aircraft carrier operations with folding wings for storage, shortened, reinforced landing gear, an arre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,272 | US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operates two maritime variants of the MQ-9, known as "Guardians". The U.S. Coast Guard evaluated the Guardian, including performing joint operations with CBP. CBP and the Coast Guard operate one MQ-9 Guardian jointly out of land-based stations in Florida and Texas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,273 | General Atomics continued with the Naval Reaper concept, turning it into the SeaGuardian. It has an endurance of more than 18 hours and can mount an eight-hour patrol at a radius of . A key part of its mission set is the Leonardo Seaspray 7500E V2 AESA radar mounted as a centerline pod with inverse synthetic aperture r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,274 | General Atomics studied testing a sonobuoy launch capability from the Guardian in 2016 to demonstrate its ability to carry them, control them, and send information back to the ground station over a SATCOM link. In November 2020, a company-owned Reaper carried out a trial releasing sonobuoys, then processing information... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,275 | On 24 May 2012, General Atomics conducted the successful first flight of its upgraded MQ-9 Block 1-plus Reaper. The Block 1-plus version was designed for increased electrical power, secure communications, automatic landing, increased gross takeoff weight (GTOW), weapons growth, and streamlined payload integration capab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,276 | New communications capabilities, including dual ARC-210 VHF/UHF radios with wingtip antennas, allow for simultaneous communications between multiple air-to-air and air-to-ground parties, secure data links, and an increased data transmission capacity. The new trailing arm main landing gear allows the carriage of heavier... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,277 | International demand for a MALE RPAS capable of being certified for operation within civilian airspace drove General Atomics to develop a version of the platform known by GA-ASI as "MQ-9B SkyGuardian", previously called Certifiable Predator B, to make it compliant with European flight regulations to get more sales in E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,278 | Performance changes include a wingspan that has winglets and enough fuel for a 40-hour endurance at . Features include High Definition EO/IR Full Motion Video sensor, De/Anti-Icing System, TCAS, and Automatic Take-Off & Land. The system also includes a completely redesigned & modernized integrated ground control statio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,279 | On 28 November 2019, the Australian Government announced the selection of the General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI) MQ-9B Sky Guardian as its preferred version of the Predator B for the RAAF's Project AIR 7003 MALE armed remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) requirement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,280 | The "SeaGuardian" is a proposed version of SkyGuardian but also fitted with Multimode 360 Maritime Surface Search Radar and Automatic identification system (AIS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,281 | In April 2016, the United Kingdom announced that it intended to place an order for the Certifiable Predator B as part of its Protector MALE UAV program for the Royal Air Force. According to the 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review, the Royal Air Force will operate at least 20 Protector systems by 2025, replacing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,282 | On 15 July 2018, a GA-ASI Company-owned MQ-9B SkyGuardian was flown from the United States to RAF Fairford in the UK for the first transatlantic flight of a MALE UAV. It was displayed at the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT) air show, where the aircraft was given markings of No. 31 Squadron. This followed an announ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4769988 |
17,283 | Entropy is a scientific concept, as well as a measurable physical property, that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynamics, where it was first recognized, to the microscopic description of nature i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,284 | The thermodynamic concept was referred to by Scottish scientist and engineer William Rankine in 1850 with the names "thermodynamic function" and "heat-potential". In 1865, German physicist Rudolf Clausius, one of the leading founders of the field of thermodynamics, defined it as the quotient of an infinitesimal amount ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,285 | A consequence of entropy is that certain processes are irreversible or impossible, aside from the requirement of not violating the conservation of energy, the latter being expressed in the first law of thermodynamics. Entropy is central to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of isolated syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,286 | Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann explained entropy as the measure of the number of possible microscopic arrangements or states of individual atoms and molecules of a system that comply with the macroscopic condition of the system. He thereby introduced the concept of statistical disorder and probability distribution... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,287 | In 1948, Bell Labs scientist Claude Shannon developed similar statistical concepts of measuring microscopic uncertainty and multiplicity to the problem of random losses of information in telecommunication signals. Upon John von Neumann's suggestion, Shannon named this entity of "missing information" in analogous manner... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,288 | In his 1803 paper, "Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium and Movement", the French mathematician Lazare Carnot proposed that in any machine, the accelerations and shocks of the moving parts represent losses of "moment of activity"; in any natural process there exists an inherent tendency towards the dissipation of use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,289 | The first law of thermodynamics, deduced from the heat-friction experiments of James Joule in 1843, expresses the concept of energy, and its conservation in all processes; the first law, however, is unsuitable to separately quantify the effects of friction and dissipation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,290 | In the 1850s and 1860s, German physicist Rudolf Clausius objected to the supposition that no change occurs in the working body, and gave that change a mathematical interpretation, by questioning the nature of the inherent loss of usable heat when work is done, e.g., heat produced by friction. He described his observati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,291 | Later, scientists such as Ludwig Boltzmann, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and James Clerk Maxwell gave entropy a statistical basis. In 1877, Boltzmann visualized a probabilistic way to measure the entropy of an ensemble of ideal gas particles, in which he defined entropy as proportional to the natural logarithm of the number o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,292 | In 1865, Clausius named the concept of "the differential of a quantity which depends on the configuration of the system," "entropy" () after the Greek word for 'transformation'. He gave "transformational content" () as a synonym, paralleling his "thermal and ergonal content" () as the name of formula_1, but preferring ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,293 | I prefer going to the ancient languages for the names of important scientific quantities, so that they may mean the same thing in all living tongues. I propose, therefore, to call "S" the "entropy" of a body, after the Greek word "transformation". I have designedly coined the word "entropy" to be similar to energy, for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,294 | Leon Cooper added that in this way "he succeeded in coining a word that meant the same thing to everybody: nothing." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,295 | The concept of entropy is described by two principal approaches, the macroscopic perspective of classical thermodynamics, and the microscopic description central to statistical mechanics. The classical approach defines entropy in terms of macroscopically measurable physical properties, such as bulk mass, volume, pressu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,296 | Many thermodynamic properties are defined by physical variables that define a state of thermodynamic equilibrium; these are "state variables". State variables depend only on the equilibrium condition, not on the path evolution to that state. State variables can be functions of state, also called "state functions", in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,297 | Total entropy may be conserved during a reversible process. The entropy change "formula_2" of the system (not including the surroundings) is well-defined as heat "formula_3" transferred to the system divided by the system temperature "formula_4", formula_5. A reversible process is a quasistatic one that deviates only i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,298 | The concept of entropy arose from Rudolf Clausius's study of the Carnot cycle that is a thermodynamic cycle performed by a Carnot heat engine as a reversible heat engine. In a Carnot cycle, heat is absorbed isothermally at temperature from a 'hot' reservoir (in the isothermal expansion stage) and given up isothermally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
17,299 | Here formula_6 is work done by the Carnot heat engine, formula_7 is heat to the engine from the hot reservoir, and formula_8 is heat to the cold reservoir from the engine. To derive the "Carnot efficiency", which is (a number less than one), Kelvin had to evaluate the ratio of the work output to the heat absorbed durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
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