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17,400 | Approximately 70% of those who use methylphenidate see improvements in ADHD symptoms. Children with ADHD who use stimulant medications generally have better relationships with peers and family members, perform better in school, are less distractible and impulsive, and have longer attention spans. There is evidence to s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,401 | The precise magnitude of improvement in ADHD symptoms and quality of life that are produced by methylphenidate treatment remains uncertain as of November 2015. Methylphenidate is not included in the World Health Organization Essential Medicines List, as findings by the World Health Organization indicate that evidence o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,402 | Since ADHD diagnosis has increased around the world, methylphenidate may be misused as a "study drug" by some populations, which may be harmful. This also applies to people who may be experiencing a different issue and are misdiagnosed with ADHD. People in this category can then experience negative side-effects of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,403 | Narcolepsy, a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and uncontrollable sleep, is treated primarily with stimulants. Methylphenidate is considered effective in increasing wakefulness, vigilance, and performance. Methylphenidate improves measures of somnolence on standardized tests, such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,404 | Methylphenidate may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. It can also improve depression in several groups including stroke, cancer, and HIV-positive patients. There is weak evidence in favor of methylphenidate's effectiveness for depression... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,405 | A 2015 review found that therapeutic doses of amphetamine and methylphenidate result in modest improvements in cognition, including working memory, episodic memory, and inhibitory control, in normal healthy adults; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,406 | the cognition-enhancing effects of these drugs are known to occur through the indirect activation of both dopamine receptor D and adrenoceptor α in the prefrontal cortex. Methylphenidate and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency and increase arousal. Stimulants such as amphetamine and methylphenidate can imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,407 | Excessive doses of methylphenidate, above the therapeutic range, can interfere with working memory and cognitive control. Like amphetamine and bupropion, methylphenidate increases stamina and endurance in humans primarily through reuptake inhibition of dopamine in the central nervous system. Similar to the loss of cogn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,408 | Methylphenidate is contraindicated for individuals using monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., phenelzine, and tranylcypromine), or individuals with agitation, tics, glaucoma, heart defects or a hypersensitivity to any ingredients contained in methylphenidate pharmaceuticals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,409 | Pregnant women are advised to only use the medication if the benefits outweigh the potential risks. Not enough human studies have been conducted to conclusively demonstrate an effect of methylphenidate on fetal development. In 2018, a review concluded that it has not been teratogenic in rats and rabbits, and that it "i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,410 | Overall, adverse events associated with long-acting MPH formulations are similar with the most common adverse effects including appetite loss, dry mouth, anxiety/nervousness, nausea, and insomnia. Gastrointestinal adverse effects may include abdominal pain and weight loss. Nervous system adverse effects may include aka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,411 | There is some evidence of mild reductions in height with prolonged treatment in children. This has been estimated at or less per year during the first three years with a total decrease of over 10 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,412 | Hypersensitivity (including skin rash, urticaria, and fever) is sometimes reported when using transdermal methylphenidate. The Daytrana patch has a much higher rate of skin reactions than oral methylphenidate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,413 | Methylphenidate can worsen psychosis in people who are psychotic, and in very rare cases it has been associated with the emergence of new psychotic symptoms. It should be used with extreme caution in people with bipolar disorder due to the potential induction of mania or hypomania. There have been very rare reports of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,414 | U.S. Food and Drug Administration-commissioned studies in 2011, indicate that in children, young adults, and adults there is no association between serious adverse cardiovascular events (sudden death, heart attack, and stroke) and the medical use of methylphenidate or other ADHD stimulants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,415 | Because some adverse effects may only emerge during chronic use of methylphenidate, a constant watch for adverse effects is recommended. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,416 | A 2018 Cochrane review found that methylphenidate might be associated with serious side effects such as heart problems, psychosis, and death. The certainty of the evidence was stated as very low. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,417 | A 2018 review found tentative evidence that it may cause both serious and non-serious adverse effects in children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,418 | The symptoms of a moderate acute overdose on methylphenidate primarily arise from central nervous system overstimulation; these symptoms include: vomiting, nausea, agitation, tremors, hyperreflexia, muscle twitching, euphoria, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, hyperthermia, sweating, flushing, headache, tachycardia,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,419 | A methylphenidate overdose is rarely fatal with appropriate care. Following injection of methylphenidate tablets into an artery, severe toxic reactions involving abscess formation and necrosis have been reported. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,420 | Treatment of a methylphenidate overdose typically involves the administration of benzodiazepines, with antipsychotics, α-adrenoceptor agonists and propofol serving as second-line therapies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,421 | Methylphenidate is a stimulant with an addiction liability and dependence liability similar to amphetamine. It has moderate liability among addictive drugs; accordingly, addiction and psychological dependence are possible and likely when methylphenidate is used at high doses as a recreational drug. When used above the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,422 | Methylphenidate has the potential to induce euphoria due to its pharmacodynamic effect (i.e., dopamine reuptake inhibition) in the brain's reward system. At therapeutic doses, ADHD stimulants do not sufficiently activate the reward system, or the reward pathway in particular, to the extent necessary to cause persistent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,423 | Methylphenidate may inhibit the metabolism of vitamin K anticoagulants, certain anticonvulsants, and some antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). Concomitant administration may require dose adjustments, possibly assisted by monitoring of plasma drug concentrations. Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,424 | When methylphenidate is coingested with ethanol, a metabolite called ethylphenidate is formed via hepatic transesterification, not unlike the hepatic formation of cocaethylene from cocaine and ethanol. The reduced potency of ethylphenidate and its minor formation means it does not contribute to the pharmacological prof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,425 | Coingestion of alcohol (ethanol) also increases the blood plasma levels of d-methylphenidate by up to 40%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,426 | Liver toxicity from methylphenidate is extremely rare, but limited evidence suggests that intake of β-adrenergic agonists with methylphenidate may increase the risk of liver toxicity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,427 | Methylphenidate primarily acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It is a benzylpiperidine and phenethylamine derivative which also shares part of its basic structure with catecholamines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,428 | Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant and increases the activity of the central nervous system through inhibition on reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. As models of ADHD suggest, it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's neurotransmitter systems, particularly those i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,429 | Methylphenidate is most active at modulating levels of dopamine (DA) and to a lesser extent norepinephrine (NE). Methylphenidate binds to and blocks dopamine transporters (DAT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET). Variability exists between DAT blockade, and extracellular dopamine, leading to the hypothesis that meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,430 | There exist some paradoxical findings that oppose the notion that methylphenidate acts primarily through DAT inhibition. 80% occupancy of the DAT is necessary for methphenidate's euphoriant effect, but re-administration of methylphenidate beyond this level of DAT occupancy has been found to still produce euphoriant eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,431 | Both amphetamine and methylphenidate are predominantly dopaminergic drugs, yet their mechanisms of action are distinct. Methylphenidate acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor, while amphetamine is both a releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor of dopamine and norepinephrine. Methylphenidate's mechanism of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,432 | The difference in mechanism of action between methylphenidate and amphetamine results in methylphenidate inhibiting amphetamine's effects on monoamine transporters when they are co-administered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,433 | Methylphenidate has both dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter binding affinity, with the dextromethylphenidate enantiomers displaying a prominent affinity for the norepinephrine transporter. Both the dextrorotary and levorotary enantiomers displayed receptor affinity for the serotonergic 5HT and 5HT subt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,434 | Methylphenidate may protect neurons from the neurotoxic effects of Parkinson's disease and methamphetamine use disorder. The hypothesized mechanism of neuroprotection is through inhibition of methamphetamine-DAT interactions, and through reducing cytosolic dopamine, leading to decreased production of dopamine-related r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,435 | The dextrorotary enantiomers are significantly more potent than the levorotary enantiomers, and some medications therefore only contain dexmethylphenidate. The studied maximized daily dosage of OROS methyphenidate appears to be 144 mg/day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,436 | Methylphenidate taken by mouth has a bioavailability of 11–52% with a duration of action around 2–4 hours for instant release (i.e. Ritalin), 3–8 hours for sustained release (i.e. Ritalin SR), and 8–12 hours for extended release (i.e. Concerta). The half-life of methylphenidate is 2–3 hours, depending on the individual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,437 | Dextromethylphenidate is much more bioavailable than levomethylphenidate when administered orally, and is primarily responsible for the psychoactivity of racemic methylphenidate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,438 | The oral bioavailability and speed of absorption for immediate-release methylphenidate is increased when administered with a meal. The effects of a high fat meal on the observed C differ between some extended release formulations, with combined IR/ER and OROS formulations showing reduced C levels while liquid-based ext... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,439 | Methylphenidate is metabolized into ritalinic acid by CES1A1 enzymes in the liver. Dextromethylphenidate is selectively metabolized at a slower rate than levomethylphenidate. 97% of the metabolised drug is excreted in the urine, and between 1 and 3% is excreted in the faeces. A small amount, less than 1%, of the drug i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,440 | Four isomers of methylphenidate are possible, since the molecule has two chiral centers. One pair of threo isomers and one pair of erythro are distinguished, from which primarily d-threo-methylphenidate exhibits the pharmacologically desired effects. The erythro diastereomers are "pressor" amines, a property not shared... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,441 | The concentration of methylphenidate or ritalinic acid, its major metabolite, may be quantified in plasma, serum or whole blood in order to monitor compliance in those receiving the drug therapeutically, to confirm the diagnosis in potential poisoning victims or to assist in the forensic investigation in a case of fata... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,442 | Methylphenidate was first synthesized in 1944. It was synthesized by Ciba (now Novartis) chemist Leandro Panizzon. He named the drug after his wife Margarita, nicknamed Rita, who used Ritalin to compensate for low blood pressure. Methylphenidate was not reported to be a stimulant until 1954. The drug was introduced for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,443 | Methylphenidate was first used to allay barbiturate-induced coma, narcolepsy and depression. It was later used to treat memory deficits in the elderly. Beginning in the 1960s, it was used to treat children with ADHD based on earlier work starting with the studies by American psychiatrist Charles Bradley on the use of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,444 | In 2000, Alza Corporation received US FDA approval to market Concerta, an extended-release form of methylphenidate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,445 | Methylphenidate is produced in the United States, Switzerland, Canada, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, Pakistan, and India. It is also sold in the majority of countries worldwide. Brand names for methylphenidate include Ritalin (in honor to Rita, the wife of the molecule discoverer), Rilatin (in Belgium to avoid a conflict of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,446 | The dextrorotary enantiomer of methylphenidate, known as dexmethylphenidate, is sold as a generic and under the brand names Focalin and Attenade in both an immediate-release and an extended-release form. In some circumstances it may be prescribed instead of methylphenidate, however it has no significant advantages over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,447 | Methylphenidate was originally available as an immediate-release racemic mixture formulation under the Novartis brand name Ritalin, although a variety of generics are available, some under other brand names. Generic brand names include Ritalina, Rilatine, Attenta, Medikinet, Metadate, Methylin, Penid, Tranquilyn, and R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,448 | Concerta tablets are marked with the letters "ALZA" and followed by: "18", "27", "36", or "54", relating to the mg dosage strength. Approximately 22% of the dose is immediate release, and the remaining 78% of the dose is released over 10–12 hours post-ingestion, with an initial increase over the first 6 to 7 hours, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,449 | Ritalin LA capsules are marked with the letters "NVR" (abbrev.: Novartis) and followed by: "R20", "R30", or "R40", depending on the (mg) dosage strength. Ritalin LA provides two standard doses – half the total dose being released immediately and the other half released four hours later. In total, each capsule is effect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,450 | Metadate CD capsules contain two types of beads; 30% are immediate release, and the other 70% are evenly sustained release. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,451 | Medikinet Retard/CR/Adult/Modified Release tablets is an extended-release oral capsule form of Methylphenidate. It delivers 50% of dosage as IR MPH and the remaining 50% in 3–4 hours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,452 | A methylphenidate skin patch is sold under the brand name Daytrana in the United States. It was developed and marketed by Noven Pharmaceuticals and approved in the US in 2006. It is also referred to as methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS). It is approved as a once daily treatment in children with ADHD aged 6–17 yea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,453 | Orally administered methylphenidate is subject to first-pass metabolism, by which the levo-isomer is extensively metabolized. By circumventing this first-pass metabolism, the relative concentrations of ℓ-threo-methylphenidate are much higher with transdermal administration (50–60% of those of dexmethylphenidate ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,454 | A 39 nanograms/mL peak serum concentration of methylphenidate be has been found to occur between 7.5–10.5 hours after administration. However the onset to peak effect is 2 hours and the clinical effects remain up to 2 hours after patch has been removed. The absorption is increased when the transdermal patch is applied ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,455 | Methylphenidate has been the subject of controversy in relation to its use in the treatment of ADHD. The prescription of psychostimulant medication to children to reduce ADHD symptoms has been a major point of criticism. The contention that methylphenidate acts as a gateway drug has been discredited by multiple sources... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,456 | Among countries with the highest rates of use of methylphenidate medication is Iceland, where research shows that the drug was the most commonly used substance among people who inject drugs. The study involved 108 people who inject drugs and 88% of them had injected methylphenidate within the last 30 days and for 63% o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,457 | Treatment of ADHD by way of methylphenidate has led to legal actions, including malpractice suits regarding informed consent, inadequate information on side effects, misdiagnosis, and coercive use of medications by school systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,458 | Methylphenidate may have benefit as a treatment of apathy in patients with Alzheimer's disease. It may be useful in losing weight. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,459 | Methylphenidate may provide possible protection from methamphetamine-induced dopamine neuron damage and possible protection from Parkinson's disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,460 | Methylphenidate has shown some benefits as a replacement therapy for individuals who are addicted to and dependent upon methamphetamine. Methylphenidate and amphetamine have been investigated as a chemical replacement for the treatment of cocaine addiction in the same way that methadone is used as a replacement drug fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=205878 |
17,461 | The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant university and the founding campus of the University of California system. Its fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,462 | A founding member of the Association of American Universities, Berkeley hosts many leading research institutes dedicated to science, engineering, and mathematics. The university founded and maintains close relationships with three national laboratories at Berkeley, Livermore and Los Alamos, and has played a prominent r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,463 | Berkeley's athletic teams, which compete as the California Golden Bears primarily in the Pac-12 Conference, have won 107 national championships, and its students and alumni have won 223 Olympic medals (including 121 gold medals). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,464 | Among its alumni, faculty and researchers, Berkeley has more Nobel laureates (107), Turing Award winners (25), Fields Medalists (14), and Wolf Prize winners (30) than any other public university in the nation; it is affiliated with 34 Pulitzer Prizes, 19 Academy Awards, and more MacArthur "Genius Grants" (108) and Nati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,465 | Made possible by President Lincoln's signing of the Morrill Act in 1862, the University of California was founded in 1868 as the state's first land-grant university, inheriting the land and facilities of the private College of California and the federal-funding eligibility of a public agricultural, mining, and mechanic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,466 | Ten faculty members and 40 male students made up the fledgling university when it opened in Oakland in 1869. Frederick H. Billings, a trustee of the College of California, suggested that a new campus site north of Oakland be named in honor of Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. The university began admitting women... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,467 | Beginning in 1891, Phoebe Apperson Hearst funded several programs and new buildings and, in 1898, sponsored an international competition in Antwerp, Belgium, where French architect Émile Bénard submitted the winning design for a campus master plan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,468 | In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, Davis. In 1919, Los Angeles State Normal School became the southern branch of the university, which ultimately became the University of California, Los Angeles. By the 1920s, the number of campus buildings in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,469 | In 1917, one of the nation's first ROTC programs was established at Berkeley and its School of Military Aeronautics began training pilots, including Gen. Jimmy Doolittle. In 1926, future Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval ROTC unit at Berkeley. Berkeley ROTC alumni include former Secretary of D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,470 | In the 1930s, Ernest Orlando Lawrence helped establish the Radiation Laboratory (now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) and invented the cyclotron, which won him the Nobel physics prize in 1939. Using the cyclotron, Berkeley professors and Berkeley Lab researchers went on to discover 16 chemical elements—more than ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,471 | In 1952, the University of California reorganized itself into a system of semi-autonomous campuses, with each campus given a chancellor, and Clark Kerr became Berkeley's first Chancellor, while Robert Sproul remained in place as the President of the University of California. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,472 | Berkeley gained a worldwide reputation for political activism in the 1960s. In 1964, the Free Speech Movement organized student resistance to the university's restrictions on political activities on campus—most conspicuously, student activities related to the Civil Rights Movement. The arrest in Sproul Plaza of Jack We... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,473 | In 1982, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) was established on campus with support from the National Science Foundation and at the request of three Berkeley mathematicians — Shiing-Shen Chern, Calvin Moore, and Isadore M. Singer. The institute is now widely regarded as a leading center for collaborativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,474 | In the current century, compared to the 1960s and 70s, Berkeley has become less politically active, although more liberal. Democrats outnumber Republicans on the faculty by a ratio of nine to one, which is a ratio similar to that of American academia generally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,475 | The school has also become more focused on computer science, engineering, biology, chemistry, economics, and business. In 2007, the Energy Biosciences Institute was established with funding from BP and Stanley Hall, a research facility and headquarters for the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, opened. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,476 | Although the University of California system does not have an official flagship campus, many scholars and experts consider Berkeley to be its unofficial flagship. In some cases, it shares this unofficial status with the University of California, Los Angeles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,477 | Officially the University of California, Berkeley, its name is often shortened to Berkeley in general reference or in an academic context (www.berkeley.edu, Berkeley Law, Berkeley Engineering, Berkeley Haas, Berkeley Public Health) or to California or Cal, particularly when referring to its athletic teams (California G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,478 | The University of California is governed by a 26-member Board of Regents, 18 of whom are appointed by the Governor of California to 12-year terms. The board also has seven "ex officio" members, a student regent, and a non-voting student regent-designate. Prior to 1952, Berkeley was the University of California, so the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,479 | Berkeley receives funding from a variety of federal, state, and private sources. With the exception of government contracts, public support is apportioned to Berkeley and the other campuses of the University of California system through the UC Office of the President and accounts for some 12 percent of Berkeley's total... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,480 | Berkeley has also benefited from benefactors beyond its alumni ranks, notable among which are Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan (pledged $600 million, shared with UCSF and Stanford University, to form the Biohub); BP (pledged $400 million to research biofuels); the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (over $73 million s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,481 | The 2008–13 Campaign for Berkeley raised $3.13 billion from 281,855 donors, and the "Light the Way" campaign, announced in early 2020, is scheduled to raise $6 billion by the end of 2023. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,482 | Berkeley is a large, primarily residential Tier One research university with a majority of its enrollment in undergraduate programs but also offering a comprehensive doctoral program. The university has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission since 194... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,483 | The university's academic enterprise is organized into 14 colleges and schools, which, in turn, comprise 180 departments and 80 interdisciplinary units offering over 350 degree programs. Colleges serve both undergraduate and graduate students, while schools are generally graduate only, though some offer undergraduate m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,484 | The four-year, full-time undergraduate program offers 107 bachelor's degrees across the Haas School of Business (1), College of Chemistry (5), College of Engineering (20), College of Environmental Design (4), College of Letters and Science (67), Rausser College of Natural Resources (10), and individual majors (2). The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,485 | Requirements for undergraduate degrees are set by four authorities: the University of California system, the Berkeley campus, the college or school, and the department. These requirements include an entry-level writing requirement before enrollment (typically fulfilled by minimum scores on standardized admissions exams... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,486 | Berkeley has a "comprehensive" graduate program, with high coexistence with the programs offered to undergraduates, and offers interdisciplinary graduate programs with the medical schools at UCSF (various masters and doctoral) and Stanford (MD/MPH). The university offers Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Fin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,487 | Berkeley is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities—Very high research activity". In fiscal year 2021, Berkeley's funding for research and development exceeded $1 billion. There are 1,629 full-time and 896 part-time faculty members among more than 130 academic departments and more than 80 interdisciplinary research... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,488 | Berkeley's 32 libraries together contain more than 13 million volumes and cover over 12 acres (4.9 ha) of land, forming one of the largest library complexes in the world. Doe Library serves as the library system's reference, periodical, and administrative center, while most of the main collections reside in the subterr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,489 | Clark Kerr in his memoir records the story behind Berkeley's rise in the rankings (according to the National Academies) during the 20th century. The school's first ranking in 1906 placed it among the top six schools ("Big Six") in the nation. In 1934 it ranked second, tied with Columbia and the University of Chicago, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,490 | The American Council on Education, a private non-profit association, had ranked Berkeley tenth in 1934. However, by 1942, private funding rose Berkeley to being ranked second only to Harvard, based on the number of distinguished departments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,491 | "Times Higher Education" in 1990 and later years has considered Berkeley, based on reputation, to be one of the world's "six super brands" along with Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, MIT, and Stanford. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,492 | Berkeley was the #1 recipient of National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships between 2001 and 2010, with 1,333 awards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,493 | The 2010 United States National Research Council Rankings identified Berkeley as having the highest number of top-ranked doctoral programs in the nation. Berkeley doctoral programs that received a #1 ranking included English, German, Political Science, Geography, Agricultural and Resource Economics, Mathematics, Physic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,494 | For Fall 2019, Berkeley's total enrollment was 43,695: 31,780 undergraduate and 11,915 graduate students, with women accounting for 54 percent of undergraduates and 46 percent of graduate and professional students. 6,465 first-time freshmen and 2,554 degree-seeking transfer students matriculated. The acceptance rate fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,495 | Berkeley students are eligible for a variety of public and private financial aid. Generally, financial aid inquiries are processed through the Financial Aid and Scholarships Office, although some schools, such as the Haas School of Business and Berkeley Law, have their own financial aid offices. Berkeley's enrollment o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,496 | A number of significant inventions and discoveries have been made by Berkeley faculty members and researchers: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,497 | Berkeley alumni and faculty have founded many companies, some of which are shown below. Berkeley has often been cited as one of the universities that have produced most entrepreneurs, and boasts its own startup incubator, Berkeley SkyDeck. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,498 | The Berkeley campus encompasses approximately , though the "central campus" occupies only the low-lying western of this area. Of the remaining acres, approximately are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; other facilities above the main campus include the Lawrence Hall of Science and several research ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,499 | To the west of the central campus is the downtown business district of Berkeley; to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley, including the so-called Gourmet Ghetto, a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world-renowned restaurants as Chez Panisse. Immediately to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
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