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18,400 | The messages that flow between computers to request services in a client-server environment can be designed as the linearizations of objects defined by class objects known to both the client and the server. For example, a simple linearized object would consist of a length field, a code point identifying the class, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,401 | The initial version of DDM defined distributed file services. It was later extended to be the foundation of Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,402 | Challenges of object-oriented design are addressed by several approaches. Most common is known as the design patterns codified by Gamma "et al.". More broadly, the term "design patterns" can be used to refer to any general, repeatable, solution pattern to a commonly occurring problem in software design. Some of these c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,403 | It is intuitive to assume that inheritance creates a semantic "is a" relationship, and thus to infer that objects instantiated from subclasses can always be "safely" used instead of those instantiated from the superclass. This intuition is unfortunately false in most OOP languages, in particular in all those that allow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,404 | "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software" is an influential book published in 1994 by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides, often referred to humorously as the "Gang of Four". Along with exploring the capabilities and pitfalls of object-oriented programming, it describes 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,405 | Both object-oriented programming and relational database management systems (RDBMSs) are extremely common in software . Since relational databases don't store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The problem of bridgin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,406 | There are also object databases that can be used to replace RDBMSs, but these have not been as technically and commercially successful as RDBMSs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,407 | OOP can be used to associate real-world objects and processes with digital counterparts. However, not everyone agrees that OOP facilitates direct real-world mapping (see Criticism section) or that real-world mapping is even a worthy goal; Bertrand Meyer argues in "Object-Oriented Software Construction" that a program i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,408 | However, Niklaus Wirth (who popularized the adage now known as Wirth's law: "Software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware becomes faster") said of OOP in his paper, "Good Ideas through the Looking Glass", "This paradigm closely reflects the structure of systems 'in the real world', and it is therefore well sui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,409 | Steve Yegge and others noted that natural languages lack the OOP approach of strictly prioritizing "things" (objects/nouns) before "actions" (methods/verbs). This problem may cause OOP to suffer more convoluted solutions than procedural programming. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,410 | OOP was developed to increase the reusability and maintainability of source code. Transparent representation of the control flow had no priority and was meant to be handled by a compiler. With the increasing relevance of parallel hardware and multithreaded coding, developing transparent control flow becomes more import... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,411 | Responsibility-driven design defines classes in terms of a contract, that is, a class should be defined around a responsibility and the information that it shares. This is contrasted by Wirfs-Brock and Wilkerson with data-driven design, where classes are defined around the data-structures that must be held. The authors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,412 | SOLID is a mnemonic invented by Michael Feathers which spells out five software engineering design principles: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,413 | GRASP (General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns) is another set of guidelines advocated by Craig Larman. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,414 | The OOP paradigm has been criticised for a number of reasons, including not meeting its stated goals of reusability and modularity, and for overemphasizing one aspect of software design and modeling (data/objects) at the expense of other important aspects (computation/algorithms). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,415 | Luca Cardelli has claimed that OOP code is "intrinsically less efficient" than procedural code, that OOP can take longer to compile, and that OOP languages have "extremely poor modularity properties with respect to class extension and modification", and tend to be extremely complex. The latter point is reiterated by Jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,416 | A study by Potok et al. has shown no significant difference in productivity between OOP and procedural approaches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,417 | Christopher J. Date stated that critical comparison of OOP to other technologies, relational in particular, is difficult because of lack of an agreed-upon and rigorous definition of OOP; however, Date and Darwen have proposed a theoretical foundation on OOP that uses OOP as a kind of customizable type system to support... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,418 | In an article Lawrence Krubner claimed that compared to other languages (LISP dialects, functional languages, etc.) OOP languages have no unique strengths, and inflict a heavy burden of unneeded complexity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,419 | Paul Graham has suggested that OOP's popularity within large companies is due to "large (and frequently changing) groups of mediocre programmers". According to Graham, the discipline imposed by OOP prevents any one programmer from "doing too much damage". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,420 | Leo Brodie has suggested a connection between the standalone nature of objects and a tendency to duplicate code in violation of the don't repeat yourself principle of software development. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,421 | Rich Hickey, creator of Clojure, described object systems as overly simplistic models of the real world. He emphasized the inability of OOP to model time properly, which is getting increasingly problematic as software systems become more concurrent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,422 | Eric S. Raymond, a Unix programmer and open-source software advocate, has been critical of claims that present object-oriented programming as the "One True Solution", and has written that object-oriented programming languages tend to encourage thickly layered programs that destroy transparency. Raymond compares this un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,423 | Rob Pike, a programmer involved in the creation of UTF-8 and Go, has called object-oriented programming "the Roman numerals of computing" and has said that OOP languages frequently shift the focus from data structures and algorithms to types. Furthermore, he cites an instance of a Java professor whose "idiomatic" solut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,424 | Regarding inheritance, Bob Martin states that because they are software, related classes do not necessarily share the relationships of the things they represent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,425 | Objects are the run-time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data, or any item that the program has to handle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,426 | There have been several attempts at formalizing the concepts used in object-oriented programming. The following concepts and constructs have been used as interpretations of OOP concepts: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,427 | Attempts to find a consensus definition or theory behind objects have not proven very successful (however, see Abadi & Cardelli, "A Theory of Objects" for formal definitions of many OOP concepts and constructs), and often diverge widely. For example, some definitions focus on mental activities, and some on program stru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27471338 |
18,428 | NATO is a military alliance of twenty-eight European and two North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense. The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which allows for the invitation of "other European States" only and by subsequent agreements.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,429 | In 1990, the Soviet Union and NATO reached an agreement that a reunified Germany would join NATO under West Germany's pre-existing membership. However, restrictions were agreed to on the deployment of NATO troops on former East German territory. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 led many former Warsaw Pact an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,430 | In July 2022, NATO invited Finland and Sweden to join the organization, and the ratification process for the two countries is in progress. In September 2022, Ukraine applied for NATO membership. , two additional states have formally informed NATO of their membership aspirations: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia. Koso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,431 | Twelve countries were part of the founding of NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The start of the Cold War between 1947 and 1953 saw an ideological and economic divide between the capitalist states of Western ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,432 | The United States, France, and the United Kingdom initially agreed to end their occupation of Germany in May 1952 under the Bonn–Paris conventions on the condition that the new Federal Republic of Germany, commonly called West Germany, would join NATO, due to concerns over a non-aligned West Germany being allowed to re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,433 | Relations between NATO members and Spain under dictator Francisco Franco were strained for many years, in large part due to Franco's cooperation with Axis powers during World War II. Though staunchly anti-communist, Franco reportedly feared in 1955 that a Spanish application for NATO membership might be vetoed by its m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,434 | During the mid-1980s the strength and cohesion of the Warsaw Pact, which had served as the main institution rivaling NATO, began to deteriorate. By 1989 the Soviet Union was unable to stem the democratic and nationalist movements which were rapidly gaining ground. Poland held multiparty elections in June 1989 that oust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,435 | Negotiations to reunite East and West Germany took place throughout 1990, resulting in the signing of the Two Plus Four Treaty in September 1990. To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO, it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the former East Germany, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,436 | The Soviet Union survived the termination of the Warsaw Pact in February 1991, although it was significantly weakened. A stagnant economy and nationalist tensions, including declarations of independence by Baltic republics, further fractured the Union. Following the failure of the New Union Treaty, the leadership of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,437 | By August 1993, Polish President Lech Wałęsa was actively campaigning for his country to join NATO, at which time Yeltsin reportedly told him that Russia did not perceive its membership in NATO as a threat to his country. Yeltsin however retracted this informal declaration the following month, writing that expansion "w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,438 | This view, that informal assurances were given by diplomats from NATO members to the Soviet Union in 1990, is common in counties like Russia, and, according to political scientist Marc Trachtenberg, available evidence suggests that allegations made since then by Russian leadership about the existence of such assurances... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,439 | In February 1991, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia formed the Visegrád Group to push for European integration under the European Union and NATO, as well as to conduct military reforms in line with NATO standards. Internal NATO reaction to these former Warsaw Pact countries was initially negative, but by the 1991 Rom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,440 | That year, Russian leaders like Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev indicated their country's opposition to NATO enlargement. While Russian President Boris Yeltsin did sign an agreement with NATO in May 1997 that included text referring to new membership, he clearly described NATO expansion as "unacceptable" and a threat t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,441 | While the other Visegrád members were invited to join NATO at its 1997 Madrid summit, Slovakia was excluded based on what several members considered undemocratic actions by nationalist Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar. Romania and Slovenia were both considered for invitation in 1997, and each had the backing of a promine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,442 | At the 1999 Washington summit NATO issued new guidelines for membership with individualized "Membership Action Plans" for Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in order to standardize the process for new members. In May 2000, these countries joined with Croatia ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,443 | Russia was particularly upset with the addition of the three Baltic states, the first countries that were part of the Soviet Union to join NATO. Russian troops had been stationed in Baltic states as late as 1995, but the goals of European integration and NATO membership were very attractive for the Baltic states. Rapid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,444 | Croatia also started a Membership Action Plan at the 2002 summit, but was not included in the 2004 enlargement. In May 2003, it joined with Albania and Macedonia to form the Adriatic Charter. Croatia's prospect of membership sparked a national debate on whether a referendum on NATO membership needed to be held before j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,445 | Montenegro declared independence on 3 June 2006; the new country subsequently joined the Partnership for Peace program at the 2006 Riga summit and then applied for a Membership Action Plan on 5 November 2008, which was granted in December 2009. Montenegro also began full membership with the Adriatic Charter of NATO asp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,446 | North Macedonia joined the Partnership for Peace in 1995, and commenced its Membership Action Plan in 1999, at the same time as Albania. At the 2008 Bucharest summit, Greece blocked a proposed invitation because it believed that its neighbor's constitutional name implies territorial aspirations toward its own region of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,447 | In June 2017, Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev signaled he would consider alternatives names for the country in order to strike a compromise with Greece, settle the naming dispute and lift Greek objections to Macedonia joining the alliance. The naming dispute was resolved with the Prespa Agreement in June 2018 unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,448 | The North Atlantic Treaty is the basis of the organization, and, as such, any changes including new membership requires ratification by all current signers of the treaty. The treaty's Article 10 describes how non-member states may join NATO: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,449 | Article 10 poses two general limits to non-member states. First, only European states are eligible for new membership, and second, these states not only need the approval of all the existing member states, but every member state can put some criteria forward that have to be attained. In practice, NATO formulates a comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,450 | Since the 1991 Rome summit, when the delegations of its member states officially offered cooperation with Europe's newly democratic states, NATO has addressed and further defined the expectations and procedure for adding new members. The 1994 Brussels Declaration reaffirmed the principles in Article 10 and led to the "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,451 | As NATO Secretary General Willy Claes noted, the 1995 study did not specify the "who or when," though it discussed how the then newly formed Partnership for Peace and North Atlantic Cooperation Council could assist in the enlargement process, and noted that on-going territorial disputes could be an issue for whether a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,452 | The biggest step in the formalization of the process for inviting new members came at the 1999 Washington summit when the Membership Action Plan (MAP) mechanism was approved as a stage for the current members to regularly review the formal applications of aspiring members. A country's participation in MAP entails the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,453 | NATO provides feedback as well as technical advice to each country and evaluates its progress on an individual basis. Once members agree that a country meets the requirements, NATO can issue that country an invitation to begin accession talks. The final accession process, once invited, involves five steps leading up to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,454 | In November 2002, NATO invited seven countries to join it via the MAP: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. All seven invitees joined in March 2004, which was observed at a flag-raising ceremony on 2 April. After that date, NATO numbered 26 allies. Other former MAP participants were Alb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,455 | Intensified Dialogue was first introduced in April 2005 at an informal meeting of foreign ministers in Vilnius, Lithuania, as a response to Ukrainian aspirations for NATO membership and related reforms taking place under President Viktor Yushchenko, and which followed the 2002 signing of the NATO–Ukraine Action Plan un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,456 | In September 2006, Georgia became the second to be offered the Intensified Dialogue status, following a rapid change in foreign policy under President Mikhail Saakashvili, and what they perceived as a demonstration of military readiness during the 2006 Kodori crisis. Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia simil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,457 | Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only country with a Membership Action Plan, which together with Georgia, were named NATO "aspirant countries" at the North Atlantic Council meeting on 7 December 2011. Ukraine was recognized as an aspirant country after the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. In 2022, NATO signed protocols with Swe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,458 | The 1995 NATO bombing of Bosnia and Herzegovina targeted the Bosnian Serb Army and together with international pressure led to the resolution of the Bosnian War and the signing of the Dayton Agreement in 1995. Since then, NATO has led the Implementation Force and Stabilization Force, and other peacekeeping efforts in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,459 | The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina within Bosnia and Herzegovina has expressed willingness to join NATO, however, it faces consistent political pressure from Republika Srpska, the other political entity in the country, alongside its partners in Russia. On 2 October 2009, Haris Silajdžić, the Bosniak Member of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,460 | The conditions of the MAP, however, stipulated that no Annual National Programme could be launched until 63 military facilities are transferred from Bosnia's political divisions to the central government, which is one of the conditions for the OHR closure. The leadership of the Republika Srpska has opposed this transfe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,461 | A February 2017 poll showed that 59% of the country supports NATO membership, but results were very divided depending on ethnic groups. While 84% of those who identified as Bosniak or Croat supported NATO membership, only 9% of those who identified as Serb did. Bosnian chances of joining NATO may depend on Serbia's att... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,462 | The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine led to Finland and Sweden applying for membership on 18 May 2022. The move met opposition from Turkey, which called for the Nordic countries to lift their non-existing arms sales ban on Turkey and to stop any support for groups which Turkey and others have labeled as terrorists, inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,463 | At the 2022 Madrid summit in June 2022, Turkey agreed to support the membership bids of Finland and Sweden, leading to NATO immediately inviting both countries to join the organization without going through the Membership Action Plan process. The ratification process for Sweden and Finland began on 5 July 2022. , all N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,464 | For much of the Cold War, Finland's relationship with NATO and the Soviet Union followed the Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine, where the country joined neither the Western nor Eastern blocs, and limited its military activities. Since the 1990s and across multiple governments, the Finnish position was that joining NATO was u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,465 | In response to these internal Finnish debates, Russian representatives have expressed their country's opposition to the possibility of Finland joining NATO on numerous occasions. Following the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, Finnish Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen reiterated that Finland had no plans to join NATO, and stated th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,466 | The prospect of a full Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, however, led Prime Minister Sanna Marin to say in January 2022 that Finland reserved the option of applying NATO membership if it chooses to do so, but that it was "very unlikely" it would happen during her term as Prime Minister. After Russia did invade Ukrai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,467 | By April 2022, accession became a larger priority for Marin's government, and on 13 April, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs produced a report on the international security landscape and on the foreign and defense policy options available to Finland, which formed the basis of the debate on NATO membership over the next ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,468 | In 1949, Sweden chose not to join NATO and declared a security policy aiming for non-alignment in peace and neutrality in war. A modified version now qualifies non-alignment in peace for possible neutrality in war. This position was maintained without much discussion during the Cold War. Since the 1990s, however, there... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,469 | Russia's military actions in Ukraine, first in 2014 and later in 2022, have caused most major political parties in Sweden to at least re-evaluate their positions on NATO membership, and many moved to support Swedish membership. The Centre Party, for example, was officially opposed to NATO membership until September 201... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,470 | Support for NATO membership over this period steadily increased, with polling by the SOM Institute showing it growing from 17% to 31% between 2012 and 2015. Events like the annexation of Crimea and reports of Russian submarine activity in 2014, as well as a 2013 report that Sweden could hold out for only a week if atta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,471 | The ruling Swedish Social Democratic Party, however, had remained in favor of neutrality and non-alignment for many years, but following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the party debated the issue internally in April 2022, and announced on 15 May 2022 that they would now support an application to join the organizati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,472 | Georgia moved quickly following the Rose Revolution in 2003 to seek closer ties with NATO (although the previous administration had also indicated that they desired NATO membership a year before the revolution took place). Georgia's northern neighbor, Russia, opposed the closer ties, including those expressed at the 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,473 | A nonbinding referendum in 2008 resulted in 77 percent of voters supporting NATO accession. In May 2013, Georgian Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili stated that his goal was to get a Membership Action Plan (MAP) for his country from NATO in 2014. In June 2014, diplomats from NATO suggested that while a MAP was unlikely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,474 | In September 2019, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said that "NATO approaching our borders is a threat to Russia." He was quoted as saying that if NATO accepts Georgian membership with the article on collective defense covering only Tbilisi-administered territory (i.e., excluding the Georgian territories of Abkh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,475 | On 29 September 2020, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg called on Georgia to use every opportunity to move closer to the Alliance and speed up preparations for membership. Stoltenberg stressed that earlier that year, the Allies agreed to further strengthen the NATO-Georgia partnership, and that NATO welcomed the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,476 | Ukraine's present and future relationship with NATO has been politically divisive, and is part of a larger debate between Ukraine's political and cultural ties to both the European Union and Russia. It established ties to the alliance with a NATO–Ukraine Action Plan on 22 November 2002, and joined NATO's Partnership fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,477 | In March 2008, under Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko and Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, Ukraine sent an official letter of application for a Membership Action Plan (MAP), the first step in joining NATO. These leaders however guaranteed their opposition that membership in any military alliance would not pass wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,478 | The 2010 election returned Viktor Yanukovych to the presidency and marked a turnaround in Ukraine's relations with NATO. In February 2010, he stated that Ukraine's relations with NATO were currently "well-defined", and that there was "no question of Ukraine joining NATO". He said the issue of Ukrainian membership of NA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,479 | Following months of Euromaidan street protests that began because of his refusal to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union in favor of deals from Russia, President Yanukovych fled Kyiv in February 2014, ultimately to Russia, and parliament voted to remove him from his post. This brought another change in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,480 | However, in response to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Yatsenyuk announced his intentions to resume the bid for NATO integration on 29 August 2014, and in December 2014, Ukraine's parliament voted to drop the non-aligned status that it adopted in 2010. NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen has sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,481 | On 8 June 2017, Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada passed a law making integration with NATO a foreign policy priority, and Poroshenko announced the next month that he would seek the opening of negotiations on a Membership Action Plan with NATO, which recognized Ukraine as an aspirant country by March 2018. On 20 September 2018,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,482 | On 8 October 2020, during a meeting with Prime Minister Boris Johnson in London, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated that Ukraine needs a NATO Membership Action Plan (MAP), as NATO membership will contribute to Ukraine's security and defense. In April 2021, following a Russian troop buildup near the Ukraine border, Ze... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,483 | Several weeks after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, former US Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder called for Ukraine to be offered membership, in a piece published in "The Atlantic". Since the invasion, calls for NATO membership for Ukraine have escalated across both Ukraine and NATO countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,484 | On 30 September 2022, Ukraine formally submitted an application for NATO membership. According to Politico, NATO members are reluctant to discuss Ukraine's entry into the alliance because they are aware of the Russian Federation's "hypersensitivity" to NATO expansion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,485 | The Soviet Union was the primary ideological adversary for NATO during the Cold War. Following its dissolution, several states which maintained neutrality during the Cold War or were post-Soviet states increased their ties with Western institutions, including a number of them requesting to join NATO. The 2022 Russian i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,486 | Austria, Ireland, Switzerland and Malta have maintained their Cold War era neutrality. All are now members of the Partnership for Peace, and all except Switzerland are now members of the European Union. The defence ministry of Switzerland, which has a long-standing policy of neutrality, initiated a report in May 2022 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,487 | Russia, Armenia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan are all members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a post-Soviet alternative military alliance. Azerbaijan was a member of the CSTO but has committed to a policy of neutrality since 1999. In 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin floated the idea of Russia po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,488 | Austria was occupied by the four victorious Allied powers following World War II under the Allied Control Council, similar to Germany. During negotiations to end of the occupation, which were ongoing at the same time as Germany's, the Soviet Union insisted on the reunified country adopting the model of Swiss neutrality... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,489 | Membership of Austria in the European Union (or its predecessor organizations) was controversial due to the Austrian commitment to neutrality. Austria only joined in 1995, together with two Nordic countries that had also declared their neutrality in the Cold War (Sweden and Finland). Austria joined NATO's Partnership f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,490 | Prior to gaining its independence in 1960, Cyprus was a crown colony of the United Kingdom and as such the UK's NATO membership also applied to British Cyprus. The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus remained under British control as a British Overseas Territory following independence. Neighbouring ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,491 | The 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus and ongoing dispute, in which Turkey continues to occupy Northern Cyprus, complicates Cyprus' relations with NATO. Any treaty concerning Cyprus' participation in NATO, either as a full member, PfP or Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, would likely be vetoed by Turkey, a full member o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,492 | The Parliament of Cyprus voted in February 2011 to apply for membership in the PfP program, but President Demetris Christofias vetoed the decision as it would hamper his attempts to negotiate an end to the Cyprus dispute and demilitarize the island. The winner of Cyprus' presidential election in February 2013, Nicos An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,493 | Ireland was neutral during World War II, though the country cooperated with Allied intelligence and permitted the Allies use of Irish airways and ports. Ireland continued their policy of military neutrality during the Cold War, and after it ended, joined NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and Euro-Atlantic Part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,494 | There are a number of politicians who do support Ireland joining NATO, mainly within the center-right Fine Gael party, but the majority of politicians still do not. The republican party Sinn Féin proposed a constitutional amendment to prohibit the country from joining a military alliance like NATO, but the legislation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,495 | According to Minister of Foreign Affairs Enver Hoxhaj, integration with NATO is a priority for Kosovo, which declared independence from Serbia in 2008. Kosovo submitted an application to join the PfP program in July 2012, and Hoxhaj stated in 2014 that the country's goal is to be a NATO member by 2022. In December 2018... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,496 | In February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Minister of Defense Armend Mehaj requested a permanent US military base in the country and an accelerated accession process to the organization, citing an "immediate need to guarantee peace, security and stability in the Western Balkans". On 3 March 2022, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,497 | When the North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949, the Mediterranean island of Malta was a dependent territory of the United Kingdom, one of the treaty's original signatories. As such, the Crown Colony of Malta shared the UK's international memberships, including NATO. Between 1952 and 1965, the headquarters of the All... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,498 | In 1995, Malta joined the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council multilateral defense forum and NATO's Partnership for Peace program. In 1996, however, the newly elected Labour government withdrew Malta from both organizations. Maltese foreign policy changed notably in 2004, when the country joined the European Union, and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
18,499 | NATO membership is not supported by any of the country's political parties, including neither the governing Labour Party nor the opposition Nationalist Party. NATO's secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg has stated that the alliance fully respects Malta's position of neutrality, and put no pressure for the country to join... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17046267 |
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