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2,300 | Large organizations that use Python include Wikipedia, Google, Yahoo!, CERN, NASA, Facebook, Amazon, Instagram, Spotify, and some smaller entities like ILM and ITA. The social news networking site Reddit was written mostly in Python. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 |
2,301 | Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via for the Apache webserver. With Web Server Gateway Interface, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. Web frameworks like Django, Pylons, Pyramid, TurboGears, web2py, Tornado, Flask, Bottle, and Zope support developers in the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 |
2,302 | Libraries such as NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing, with specialized libraries such as Biopython and Astropy providing domain-specific functionality. SageMath is a computer algebra system with a notebook interface programmable in Python: its library covers many aspe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 |
2,303 | Python is commonly used in artificial intelligence projects and machine learning projects with the help of libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, Pytorch, and scikit-learn. As a scripting language with a modular architecture, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for natural language processing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 |
2,304 | Python has been successfully embedded in many software products as a scripting language, including in finite element method software such as Abaqus, 3D parametric modelers like FreeCAD, 3D animation packages such as 3ds Max, Blender, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, Houdini, Maya, modo, MotionBuilder, Softimage, the visual effect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 |
2,305 | Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. It ships with most Linux distributions, AmigaOS 4 (using Python 2.7), FreeBSD (as a package), NetBSD, and OpenBSD (as a package) and can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: Ubuntu uses the Ubi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 |
2,306 | Most of the Sugar software for the One Laptop per Child XO, developed at Sugar Labs since 2008, is written in Python. The Raspberry Pi single-board computer project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 |
2,307 | LibreOffice includes Python and intends to replace Java with Python. Its Python Scripting Provider is a core feature since Version 4.0 from 7 February 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 |
2,308 | Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, the practice of requiring a document describing the rationale for, and issues surrounding, a change to the language (in Python, a PEP) is also used in Tcl, Erlang, and Swift. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 |
2,309 | Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (; 15 October 193127 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,310 | Kalam was elected as the 11th president of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President", he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,311 | While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands, including national-level dignitaries, attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with full state honours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,312 | Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931, to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque; his mother Ashiamma was a ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,313 | In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics. After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph's Coll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,314 | He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology. While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,315 | After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (by Press Information Bureau, Government of India) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS). H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,316 | In 1963 to 1964, he visited NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia; Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; and Wallops Flight Facility. Between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be succes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,317 | Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, "Project Devil" and "Project Valiant", which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,318 | His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship. Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,319 | Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and Secretary of the Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. The "Pokhran-II" nuclear tests were conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the Ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,320 | In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent, named the "Kalam-Raju Stent". In 2012, the duo designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural areas, which was named the "Kalam-Raju Tablet". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,321 | Kalam served as the 11th president of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25 July 2002, to 25 July 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,322 | On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed that they would nominate Kalam for the post of President, and both the Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy. After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam, Narayanan chose not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,323 | On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian Parliament, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,324 | The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002, in Parliament and the state assemblies, with the media claiming that the election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion; the count was held on 18 July. Kalam became the 11th president of the Republic of India in an easy vict... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,325 | During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the "People's President", saying that signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure. Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during his tenure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,326 | In September 2003, in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh, Kalam supported the need of Uniform Civil Code in India, keeping in view the population of the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,327 | At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election. However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rash... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,328 | Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term. After the reports, social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature. The BJP potentially backed his nomination, sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,329 | After leaving office, Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the Indian Institute of Management Indore; an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Techn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,330 | In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local people. The protesters were hostile to his visit as they saw him as a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,331 | In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the "What Can I Give Movement", with a central theme of defeating corruption. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,332 | On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest. At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five minutes in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,333 | Following his death, Kalam's body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati, from where it was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. The flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the President, the vice-president, the Prime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,334 | On the morning of 29 July, Kalam's body, wrapped in the Indian flag, was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to Madurai in an air force C-130J aircraft, arriving at Madurai Airport that afternoon. His body was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries, including cabinet minist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,335 | On 30 July 2015, the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,336 | India reacted to Kalam's death with an outpouring of grief; numerous tributes were paid to the former president across the nation and on social media. The Government of India declared a seven-day state mourning period as a mark of respect. President Pranab Mukherjee, Vice-president Hamid Ansari, Home Minister Rajnath S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,337 | South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman. The Bhutanese government ordered the country's flags to fly at half-staff to mourn Kalam's death and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage. Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness, saying Kalam "was a leader greatly admired by al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,338 | Kathleen Wynne, the Premier of Ontario, which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions, expressed "deepest condolences ... as a respected scientist, he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space programme. As a committed educator, he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best. And as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,339 | Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support "to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader, to the government, and entire people of India". He remarked on Kalam's outstanding "personal contribution to the social, economic, scientific, and technical progress of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,340 | The Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu, in the island town of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in July 2017. On display are the replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with. Acrylic paintings about ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,341 | Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra (), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar (5 November 1916 – 7 March 2021), Mustafa Kalam () and Kasim Mohammed (). He was extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,342 | Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle. He never owned a television, and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7a.m. and sleeping by 2a.m. His few personal possessions included his books, his veena, some articles of clothing, a CD player and a laptop; at his death, he left no will, and his possessio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,343 | Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life. He made his own spiritual journey the subject of his final book, "". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,344 | A proud and practising Muslim, daily namaz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam's life. His father, the imam of a mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram, had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children. His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,345 | One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India. In addition to his faith in the Quran and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,346 | Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more prosperous, spiritual, and unified India was what initially led him to meet Pramukh Swami, the Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru. The first of eight meetings between Kala... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,347 | In his book "India 2020", Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a developed nation by 2020. He regarded his work on India's nuclear weapons programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,348 | Kalam describes a "transformative moment" in his life when he asked Pramukh Swami, the guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, how India might realise this five-pronged vision of development. Pramukh Swami's answer—to add a sixth area developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,349 | It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,350 | Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology, including a research programme for developing biomedical implants. He also supported open source technology over proprietary software, predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,351 | Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999. He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,352 | Kalam received 7 honorary doctorates from 40 universities. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government. In 1997, Kalam received India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,353 | Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes. The Tamil Nadu state government announced that his birthday, 15 October, would be observed across the state as "Youth Renaissance Day;" the state government further instituted the "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award", constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a certificate an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,354 | On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015 the CBSE set topics on his name in the CBSE expression series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,355 | Prime Minister Narendra Modi ceremonially released postage stamps commemorating Kalam at DRDO Bhawan in New Delhi on 15 October 2015, the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,356 | Researchers at the NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) had discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the International Space Station (ISS) and named it "Solibacillus kalamii" to honour the late president Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,357 | Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam following his death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,358 | Wheeler Island, a national missile test site in Odisha, was renamed Abdul Kalam Island in September 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,359 | A prominent road in New Delhi was renamed from Aurangzeb Road to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road in August 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,360 | In February 2018, scientists from the Botanical Survey of India named a newly found plant species as "Drypetes kalamii", in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62682 |
2,361 | A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically. Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. A computer system is a no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,362 | A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control systems. Simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls are included, as are factory devices like industrial robots and computer-aided design, as well as general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,363 | Early computers were meant to be used only for calculations. Simple manual instruments like the abacus have aided people in doing calculations since ancient times. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,364 | Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) in the form of a microprocessor, along with some type of computer memory, typically semiconductor memory chips. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,365 | According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", the first known use of "computer" was in a 1613 book called "The Yong Mans Gleanings" by the English writer Richard Brathwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." This usag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,366 | The "Online Etymology Dictionary" gives the first attested use of "computer" in the 1640s, meaning 'one who calculates'; this is an "agent noun from compute (v.)". The "Online Etymology Dictionary" states that the use of the term to mean calculating machine' (of any type) is from 1897." The "Online Etymology Dictionary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,367 | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was most likely a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,368 | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved aro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,369 | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer, according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,370 | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,371 | The sector, a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,372 | The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing over it with a mechanical linkage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,373 | The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630 by the English clergyman William Oughtred, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,374 | In the 1770s, Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automaton) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,375 | In 1831–1835, mathematician and engineer Giovanni Plana devised a Perpetual Calendar machine, which, through a system of pulleys and cylinders and over, could predict the perpetual calendar for every year from AD 0 (that is, 1 BC) to AD 4000, keeping track of leap years and varying day length. The tide-predicting machi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,376 | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876, Sir William Thomson had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,377 | Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,378 | The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand – this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,379 | During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,380 | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,381 | By 1938, the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,382 | Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,383 | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,384 | Zuse's next computer, the Z4, became the world's first commercial computer; after initial delay due to the Second World War, it was completed in 1950 and delivered to the ETH Zurich. The computer was manufactured by Zuse's own company, , which was founded in 1941 as the first company with the sole purpose of developing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,385 | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,386 | During World War II, the British code-breakers at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes which were often run by women. To crack the more sophisticated Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,387 | Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,388 | The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the U.S. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus, it was much faster, more flexible, and it was Turing-complete. Like the Colossus, a "program" on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,389 | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,390 | The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal 1936 paper, "On Computable Numbers". Turing proposed a simple device that he called "Universal Computing machine" and that is now known as a universal Turing machine. He proved that such a machine is capable of computing anything that is co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,391 | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,392 | The Manchester Baby was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the University of Manchester in England by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube, the first random-access digital storage device... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,393 | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,394 | The concept of a field-effect transistor was proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, while working under William Shockley at Bell Labs, built the first working transistor, the point-contact transistor, in 1947, which was followed by Shockley's bipolar junction transistor in 1948. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,395 | At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. However, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,396 | The metal–oxide–silicon field-effect transistor (MOSFET), also known as the MOS transistor, was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. It was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses. With its high scalability, and much lower p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,397 | The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,398 | The first working ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 Februa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
2,399 | Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. Noyce's invention was the first true monolithic IC chip. His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor, it was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium. Noyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 |
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