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2,100 | When Simon and his creative partner Jack Kirby left in late 1941 following a dispute with Goodman, the 30-year-old publisher installed Lee, just under 19 years old, as interim editor. The youngster showed a knack for the business that led him to remain as the comic-book division's editor-in-chief, as well as art direct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,101 | Lee entered the United States Army in early 1942 and served within the US as a member of the Signal Corps, repairing telegraph poles and other communications equipment. He was later transferred to the Training Film Division, where he worked writing manuals, training films, slogans, and occasionally cartooning. His mili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,102 | Vincent Fago, editor of Timely's "animation comics" section, which put out humor and talking animal comics, filled in until Lee returned from his World War II military service in 1945. Lee was inducted into the Signal Corps Regimental Association and was given honorary membership of the 2nd Battalion of 3rd U.S. Infant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,103 | While in the Army, Lee received letters every week on Friday from the editors at Timely, detailing what they needed written and by when. Lee would write stories, then send them back on Monday. One week, the mail clerk overlooked his letter, explaining that nothing was in Lee's mailbox. The next day, Lee went by the clo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,104 | In the mid-1950s, by which time the company was now generally known as Atlas Comics, Lee wrote stories in a variety of genres including romance, Westerns, humor, science fiction, medieval adventure, horror and suspense. In the 1950s, Lee teamed up with his comic book colleague Dan DeCarlo to produce the syndicated news... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,105 | In the late 1950s, DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revived the superhero archetype and experienced significant success with an updated version of the Flash, and later with the Justice League of America super-team. In response, publisher Martin Goodman assigned Lee to come up with a new superhero team. Lee's wife sugge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,106 | Lee acted on the advice, giving his superheroes a flawed humanity, a change from the ideal archetypes typically written for preteens. Before this, most superheroes had been idealistically perfect people with no serious, lasting problems. Lee introduced complex, naturalistic characters who could have bad tempers, fits o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,107 | The first superheroes Lee and artist Jack Kirby created together were the Fantastic Four. The team's immediate popularity led Lee and Marvel's illustrators to produce a cavalcade of new titles. Again working with Kirby, Lee co-created the Hulk, Thor, Iron Man, and the X-Men; with Bill Everett, Daredevil; and with Steve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,108 | Lee's revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators. He introduced the practice of regularly including a credit panel on the splash page of each story, naming not just the writer and penciller but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,109 | Throughout the 1960s, Lee scripted, art-directed and edited most of Marvel's series, moderated the letters pages, wrote a monthly column called "Stan's Soapbox", and wrote endless promotional copy, often signing off with his trademark motto, "Excelsior!" (which is also the New York state motto). To maintain his workloa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,110 | Following Ditko's departure from Marvel in 1966, John Romita Sr. became Lee's collaborator on "The Amazing Spider-Man". Within a year, it overtook "Fantastic Four" to become the company's top seller. Lee and Romita's stories focused as much on the social and college lives of the characters as they did on Spider-Man's a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,111 | The story frequently cited as Lee and Kirby's finest achievement is the three-part "Galactus Trilogy" that began in "Fantastic Four" #48 (March 1966), chronicling the arrival of Galactus, a cosmic giant who wanted to devour the planet, and his herald, the Silver Surfer. "Fantastic Four" #48 was chosen as #24 in the 100... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,112 | The following year, Lee and Gene Colan created the Falcon, comics' first African-American superhero, in "Captain America" #117 (September 1969). In 1971, Lee indirectly helped reform the Comics Code. The U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare had asked Lee to write a comic-book story about the dangers of dru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,113 | Lee also supported using comic books to provide some measure of social commentary about the real world, often dealing with racism and bigotry. "Stan's Soapbox", besides promoting an upcoming comic book project, also addressed issues of discrimination, intolerance, or prejudice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,114 | In 1972, Lee stopped writing monthly comic books to assume the role of publisher. His final issue of "The Amazing Spider-Man" was #110 (July 1972) and his last "Fantastic Four" was #125 (August 1972). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,115 | Lee became a figurehead and public face for Marvel Comics. He made appearances at comic book conventions around America, lecturing at colleges and participating in panel discussions. Lee and John Romita Sr. launched the Spider-Man newspaper comic strip on January 3, 1977. Lee's final collaboration with Jack Kirby, "The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,116 | He moved to California in 1981 to develop Marvel's TV and movie properties. He was an executive producer for, and made cameo appearances in Marvel film adaptations and other movies. He occasionally returned to comic book writing with various Silver Surfer projects including a 1982 one-shot drawn by John Byrne, the "Jud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,117 | Lee stepped away from regular duties at Marvel in the 1990s, though he continued to receive an annual salary of $1 million as chairman emeritus. In 1998 he and Peter Paul began a new Internet-based superhero creation, production, and marketing studio, Stan Lee Media. It grew to 165 people and went public through a reve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,118 | Following the success of Fox Studio's 2000 "X-Men" film and Sony's then-current "Spider-Man" film, Lee sued Marvel in 2002, claiming that the company was failing to pay his share of the profits from movies featuring the characters he had co-created. Because he had done so as an employee, Lee did not own them, but in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,119 | In 2001, Lee, Gill Champion, and Arthur Lieberman formed POW! (Purveyors of Wonder) Entertainment to develop film, television, and video game properties. Lee created the risqué animated superhero series "Stripperella" for Spike TV. That same year, DC Comics released its first work written by Lee, the "Just Imagine..." ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,120 | In 2004, POW! Entertainment went public through a reverse merger again structured by investment banker Stan Medley. Also that year, Lee announced a superhero program that would feature former Beatle Ringo Starr as the lead character. Additionally, in August of that year, Lee announced the launch of Stan Lee's Sunday Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,121 | In March 2007, after Stan Lee Media had been purchased by Jim Nesfield, the company filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment for $5 billion, claiming Lee had given his rights to several Marvel characters to Stan Lee Media in exchange for stock and a salary. In June 2007, Stan Lee Media sued Lee; his newer company, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,122 | In 2008, Lee wrote humorous captions for the political fumetti book "Stan Lee Presents Election Daze: What Are They Really Saying?" In April of that year, Brighton Partners and Rainmaker Animation announced a partnership with POW! to produce a CGI film series, "Legion of 5". Other projects by Lee announced in the late ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,123 | In October 2011, Lee announced he would partner with 1821 Comics on a multimedia imprint for children, Stan Lee's Kids Universe, a move he said addressed the lack of comic books targeted for that demographic; and that he was collaborating with the company on its futuristic graphic novel "Romeo & Juliet: The War", by wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,124 | In 2008, POW! Entertainment debuted the manga series "Karakuri Dôji Ultimo", a collaboration between Lee and Hiroyuki Takei, Viz Media and Shueisha, The following year POW! released "Heroman", which was written by Lee, and serialized in Square Enix's "Monthly Shōnen Gangan" with the Japanese company Bones. In 2011, Lee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,125 | The 2000s saw Lee's public persona penetrate the public consciousness through merchandising, branding, and appearances in Marvel books as a character in the Marvel Universe. In 2006, Marvel commemorated Lee's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one-shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interactin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,126 | At the 2016 Comic-Con International, Lee introduced his digital graphic novel "Stan Lee's God Woke", with text originally written as a poem he presented at Carnegie Hall in 1972. The print-book version won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,127 | On July 6, 2020, Genius Brands acquired exclusive worldwide rights to use Lee's name, physical likeness, and signature as well as licensing rights to his name and original IPs from POW! Entertainment. The assets will be placed under a new joint-venture with POW!, called Stan Lee Universe. In 2022, Marvel signed a licen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,128 | Stan Lee appears in one panel as "third assistant office boy" in "Terry-Toons" #12 (September 1943). Stan Lee is featured prominently as a story character in "Margie" #36 (June 1947). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,129 | He later appears in a mask on the cover of "Black Rider" #8 (March 1950), albeit as a character model, not as Stan Lee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,130 | Lee and Jack Kirby appear as themselves in "The Fantastic Four" #10 (January 1963), the first of several appearances within the fictional Marvel Universe. The two are depicted as similar to their real-world counterparts, creating comic books based on the "real" adventures of the Fantastic Four. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,131 | Kirby later portrayed himself, Lee, production executive Sol Brodsky, and Lee's secretary Flo Steinberg as superheroes in "What If" #11 (October 1978), "What If the Marvel Bullpen Had Become the Fantastic Four?", in which Lee played the role of Mister Fantastic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,132 | Lee was shown in numerous cameo appearances in many Marvel titles, appearing in audiences and crowds at many characters' ceremonies and parties. For example, he is seen hosting an old-soldiers reunion in "Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos" #100 (July 1972), in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #169 (June 1977), as a bar patro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,133 | He appears in "Generation X" #17 (July 1996) as a circus ringmaster narrating (in lines written by Lee) a story set in an abandoned circus. This characterization was revived in Marvel's "Flashback" series of titles cover-dated July 1997, numbered "-1", introducing stories about Marvel characters before they became supe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,134 | In "Stan Lee Meets Superheroes" (2007), written by Lee, he comes into contact with some of his favorite creations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,135 | In the first series of Angel and the Ape, (1968–1969), Lee was parodied as Stan Bragg, editor of Brain-Pix Comics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,136 | A humorously illustrated Lee briefly appears in "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies". The character is depicted in a cameo, before being informed by another character that is a DC film. Despite DC Comics being a competitor, Lee himself actually provides the voice for the character. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,137 | Lee and other comics creators are mentioned in Michael Chabon's 2000 novel set in the early comics industry "The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,138 | Under the name "Stanley Lieber", he appears briefly in Paul Malmont's 2006 novel "The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,139 | In Lavie Tidhar's 2013 "The Violent Century", Lee appears – as "Stanley Martin Lieber" – as a historian of superhumans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,140 | Lee had cameo appearances in many Marvel film and television projects, including those within the Marvel Cinematic Universe. A few of these appearances are self-aware and sometimes reference Lee's involvement in the creation of certain characters. He additionally voiced a cameo appearance as himself in the 2018 DC Comi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,141 | Lee was featured with his colleagues and family in the 2010 documentary "With Great Power: The Stan Lee Story", which explored his life, career, and creations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 |
2,142 | Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher"), widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists and among the most influential scientists of all time. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,143 | In the , Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint for centuries until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his mathematical description of gravity to derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the trajectories of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,144 | Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism separates white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. His work on light was collected in his highly influential book "Opticks", published in 1704. He also formulated an em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,145 | Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,146 | Newton was a devout but unorthodox Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. He refused to take holy orders in the Church of England, unlike most members of the Cambridge faculty of the day. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,147 | Isaac Newton was born (according to the Julian calendar in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643), "an hour or two after midnight", at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,148 | From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School in Grantham, which taught Latin and Ancient Greek and probably imparted a significant foundation of mathematics. He was removed from school and returned to Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth by October 1659. His mother, widowed for t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,149 | In June 1661, Newton was admitted to Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. His uncle Reverend William Ayscough, who had studied at Cambridge, recommended him to the university. At Cambridge, Newton started as a subsizar, paying his way by performing valet duties until he was awarded a scholarship in 1664, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,150 | In April 1667, Newton returned to the University of Cambridge, and in October he was elected as a fellow of Trinity. Fellows were required to be ordained as priests, although this was not enforced in the restoration years and an assertion of conformity to the Church of England was sufficient. However, by 1675 the issue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,151 | His academic work impressed the Lucasian professor Isaac Barrow, who was anxious to develop his own religious and administrative potential (he became master of Trinity College two years later); in 1669, Newton succeeded him, only one year after receiving his MA. Newton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,152 | Newton's work has been said "to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied". His work on the subject, usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton's mathematical papers. His work "De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,153 | Newton later became involved in a dispute with Leibniz over priority in the development of calculus (the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy). Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed calculus independently, although with very different mathematical notations. Occasionally it has been suggested ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,154 | His work extensively uses calculus in geometric form based on limiting values of the ratios of vanishingly small quantities: in the "Principia" itself, Newton gave demonstration of this under the name of "the method of first and last ratios" and explained why he put his expositions in this form, remarking also that "he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,155 | Because of this, the "Principia" has been called "a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus" in modern times and in Newton's time "nearly all of it is of this calculus." His use of methods involving "one or more orders of the infinitesimally small" is present in his "De motu corporum in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,156 | Newton had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared controversy and criticism. He was close to the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. In 1691, Duillier started to write a new version of Newton's "Principia", and corresponded with Leibniz. In 1693, the relationship between Duillier and Newton... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,157 | Starting in 1699, other members of the Royal Society accused Leibniz of plagiarism. The dispute then broke out in full force in 1711 when the Royal Society proclaimed in a study that it was Newton who was the true discoverer and labelled Leibniz a fraud; it was later found that Newton wrote the study's concluding remar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,158 | Newton is generally credited with the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,159 | When Newton received his MA and became a Fellow of the "College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity" in 1667, he made the commitment that "I will either set Theology as the object of my studies and will take holy orders when the time prescribed by these statutes [7 years] arrives, or I will resign from the college." Up u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,160 | He was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669, on Barrow's recommendation. During that time, any Fellow of a college at Cambridge or Oxford was required to take holy orders and become an ordained Anglican priest. However, the terms of the Lucasian professorship required that the holder be active in the chu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,161 | In 1666, Newton observed that the spectrum of colours exiting a prism in the position of minimum deviation is oblong, even when the light ray entering the prism is circular, which is to say, the prism refracts different colours by different angles. This led him to conclude that colour is a property intrinsic to light –... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,162 | From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that the multicoloured image produced by a prism, which he named a spectrum, could be recomposed into white light by a lens and a second prism. Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton's analysis a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,163 | He showed that coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects, and that regardless of whether reflected, scattered, or transmitted, the light remains the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already-colour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,164 | From this work, he concluded that the lens of any refracting telescope would suffer from the dispersion of light into colours (chromatic aberration). As a proof of the concept, he constructed a telescope using reflective mirrors instead of lenses as the objective to bypass that problem. Building the design, the first k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,165 | Newton argued that light is composed of particles or corpuscles, which were refracted by accelerating into a denser medium. He verged on soundlike waves to explain the repeated pattern of reflection and transmission by thin films (Opticks Bk.II, Props. 12), but still retained his theory of 'fits' that disposed corpuscl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,166 | In his "Hypothesis of Light" of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles. The contact with the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Henry More revived his interest in alchemy. He replaced the ether with occult forces based on Hermetic ideas of attraction and repulsion between part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,167 | In 1704, Newton published "Opticks", in which he expounded his corpuscular theory of light. He considered light to be made up of extremely subtle corpuscles, that ordinary matter was made of grosser corpuscles and speculated that through a kind of alchemical transmutation "Are not gross Bodies and Light convertible int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,168 | In his book "Opticks", Newton was the first to show a diagram using a prism as a beam expander, and also the use of multiple-prism arrays. Some 278 years after Newton's discussion, multiple-prism beam expanders became central to the development of narrow-linewidth tunable lasers. Also, the use of these prismatic beam e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,169 | Subsequent to Newton, much has been amended. Young and Fresnel discarded Newton's particle theory in favour of Huygens' wave theory to show that colour is the visible manifestation of light's wavelength. Science also slowly came to realise the difference between perception of colour and mathematisable optics. The Germa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,170 | In 1679, Newton returned to his work on celestial mechanics by considering gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets with reference to Kepler's laws of planetary motion. This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 1679–80 with Hooke, who had been appointed to manage the Royal Society's corresp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,171 | The "Principia" was published on 5 July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley. In this work, Newton stated the three universal laws of motion. Together, these laws describe the relationship between any object, the forces acting upon it and the resulting motion, laying the foundation for classica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,172 | In the same work, Newton presented a calculus-like method of geometrical analysis using 'first and last ratios', gave the first analytical determination (based on Boyle's law) of the speed of sound in air, inferred the oblateness of Earth's spheroidal figure, accounted for the precession of the equinoxes as a result of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,173 | Newton made clear his heliocentric view of the Solar System—developed in a somewhat modern way because already in the mid-1680s he recognised the "deviation of the Sun" from the centre of gravity of the Solar System. For Newton, it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,174 | Newton's postulate of an invisible force able to act over vast distances led to him being criticised for introducing "occult agencies" into science. Later, in the second edition of the "Principia" (1713), Newton firmly rejected such criticisms in a concluding General Scholium, writing that it was enough that the phenom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,175 | With the "Principia", Newton became internationally recognised. He acquired a circle of admirers, including the Swiss-born mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,176 | In 1710, Newton found 72 of the 78 "species" of cubic curves and categorised them into four types. In 1717, and probably with Newton's help, James Stirling proved that every cubic was one of these four types. Newton also claimed that the four types could be obtained by plane projection from one of them, and this was pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,177 | In the 1690s, Newton wrote a number of religious tracts dealing with the literal and symbolic interpretation of the Bible. A manuscript Newton sent to John Locke in which he disputed the fidelity of —the Johannine Comma—and its fidelity to the original manuscripts of the New Testament, remained unpublished until 1785. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,178 | Newton was also a member of the Parliament of England for Cambridge University in 1689 and 1701, but according to some accounts his only comments were to complain about a cold draught in the chamber and request that the window be closed. He was, however, noted by Cambridge diarist Abraham de la Pryme to have rebuked st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,179 | Newton moved to London to take up the post of warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, a position that he had obtained through the patronage of Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. He took charge of England's great recoining, trod on the toes of Lord Lucas, Governor of the Tower, and secured... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,180 | As Warden, and afterwards as Master, of the Royal Mint, Newton estimated that 20 percent of the coins taken in during the Great Recoinage of 1696 were counterfeit. Counterfeiting was high treason, punishable by the felon being hanged, drawn and quartered. Despite this, convicting even the most flagrant criminals could ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,181 | Disguised as a habitué of bars and taverns, he gathered much of that evidence himself. For all the barriers placed to prosecution, and separating the branches of government, English law still had ancient and formidable customs of authority. Newton had himself made a justice of the peace in all the home counties. A draf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,182 | Newton was made president of the Royal Society in 1703 and an associate of the French Académie des Sciences. In his position at the Royal Society, Newton made an enemy of John Flamsteed, the Astronomer Royal, by prematurely publishing Flamsteed's "Historia Coelestis Britannica", which Newton had used in his studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,183 | In April 1705, Queen Anne knighted Newton during a royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge. The knighthood is likely to have been motivated by political considerations connected with the parliamentary election in May 1705, rather than any recognition of Newton's scientific work or services as Master of the Mint. Newt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,184 | As a result of a report written by Newton on 21 September 1717 to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury, the bimetallic relationship between gold coins and silver coins was changed by royal proclamation on 22 December 1717, forbidding the exchange of gold guineas for more than 21 silver shillings. This inad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,185 | Newton was invested in the South Sea Company and lost some £20,000 (£4.4 million in 2020) when it collapsed in around 1720. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,186 | Toward the end of his life, Newton took up residence at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, with his niece and her husband, until his death. His half-niece, Catherine Barton, served as his hostess in social affairs at his house on Jermyn Street in London; he was her "very loving Uncle", according to his letter to her when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,187 | Newton died in his sleep in London on 20 March 1727 (OS 20 March 1726; NS 31 March 1727). He was given a ceremonial funeral, attended by nobles, scientists, and philosophers, and was buried in Westminster Abbey among kings and queens. He is also the first scientist to be buried in the abbey. Voltaire may have been pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,188 | After his death, Newton's hair was examined and found to contain mercury, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,189 | Although it was claimed that he was once engaged, Newton never married. The French writer and philosopher Voltaire, who was in London at the time of Newton's funeral, said that he "was never sensible to any passion, was not subject to the common frailties of mankind, nor had any commerce with women—a circumstance which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,190 | Newton had a close friendship with the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, who he met in London around 1689—some of their correspondence has survived. Their relationship came to an abrupt and unexplained end in 1693, and at the same time Newton suffered a nervous breakdown, which included sending wild accusa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,191 | Newton was relatively modest about his achievements, writing in a letter to Robert Hooke in February 1676, "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." Two writers think that the sentence, written at a time when Newton and Hooke were in dispute over optical discoveries, was an oblique attack o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,192 | In a later memoir, Newton wrote, "I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,193 | In 2015, Steven Weinberg, a Nobel laureate in physics, called Newton "a nasty antagonist" and "a bad man to have as an enemy", noting Newton's attitude towards Robert Hooke and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,194 | It has been suggested by some scientists and clinicians that, based on these and other traits along with his profound power of concentration, that Newton may have had an undiagnosed form of high-functioning autism, now known as Asperger syndrome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,195 | Although born into an Anglican family, by his thirties Newton held a Christian faith that, had it been made public, would not have been considered orthodox by mainstream Christianity, with one historian labelling him a heretic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,196 | By 1672, he had started to record his theological researches in notebooks which he showed to no one and which have only recently been examined. They demonstrate an extensive knowledge of early Church writings and show that in the conflict between Athanasius and Arius which defined the Creed, he took the side of Arius, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,197 | Newton tried unsuccessfully to obtain one of the two fellowships that exempted the holder from the ordination requirement. At the last moment in 1675 he received a dispensation from the government that excused him and all future holders of the Lucasian chair. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,198 | In Newton's eyes, worshipping Christ as God was idolatry, to him the fundamental sin. In 1999, historian Stephen D. Snobelen wrote, "Isaac Newton was a heretic. But ... he never made a public declaration of his private faith—which the orthodox would have deemed extremely radical. He hid his faith so well that scholars ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
2,199 | The view that Newton was Semi-Arian has lost support now that scholars have investigated Newton's theological papers, and now most scholars identify Newton as an Antitrinitarian monotheist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 |
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