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23,100 | A group called FACE Intel (Former and Current Employees of Intel) claims that Intel weeds out older employees. FACE Intel claims that more than 90 percent of people who have been laid off or fired from Intel are over the age of 40. "Upside" magazine requested data from Intel breaking out its hiring and firing by age, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14617 |
23,101 | In August 2016, Indian officials of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) parked garbage trucks on Intel's campus and threatened to dump them for evading payment of property taxes between 2007 and 2008, to the tune of . Intel had reportedly been paying taxes as a non-air-conditioned office, when the campus in f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14617 |
23,102 | Carbon dioxide (chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,103 | As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric CO is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. Its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by organisms and geological phenomena. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use energy from sunlight to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,104 | Carbon dioxide is 53% more dense than dry air, but is long lived and thoroughly mixes in the atmosphere. About half of excess CO emissions to the atmosphere are absorbed by land and ocean carbon sinks. These sinks can become saturated and are volatile, as decay and wildfires result in the CO being released back into th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,105 | CO is a versatile industrial material, used, for example, as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers, as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery, and as a supercritical fluid solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying. It is also a feedstock for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals. It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,106 | The symmetry of a carbon dioxide molecule is linear and centrosymmetric at its equilibrium geometry. The length of the carbon-oxygen bond in carbon dioxide is 116.3 pm, noticeably shorter than the roughly 140-pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply-bonded functional groups such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,107 | As a linear triatomic molecule, has four vibrational modes as shown in the diagram. In the symmetric and the antisymmetric stretching modes, the atoms move along the axis of the molecule. There are two bending modes, which are degenerate, meaning that they have the same frequency and same energy, because of the symmetr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,108 | In the gas phase, carbon dioxide molecules undergo significant vibrational motions and do not keep a fixed structure. However, in a Coulomb explosion imaging experiment, an instantaneous image of the molecular structure can be deduced. Such an experiment has been performed for carbon dioxide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,109 | The result of this experiment, and the conclusion of theoretical calculations based on an ab initio potential energy surface of the molecule, is that none of the molecules in the gas phase are ever exactly linear. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,110 | Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, in which it reversibly forms (carbonic acid), which is a weak acid since its ionization in water is incomplete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,111 | Hence, the majority of the carbon dioxide is not converted into carbonic acid, but remains as molecules, not affecting the pH. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,112 | The relative concentrations of , , and the deprotonated forms (bicarbonate) and (carbonate) depend on the pH. As shown in a Bjerrum plot, in neutral or slightly alkaline water (pH > 6.5), the bicarbonate form predominates (>50%) becoming the most prevalent (>95%) at the pH of seawater. In very alkaline water (pH > 10.4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,113 | Being diprotic, carbonic acid has two acid dissociation constants, the first one for the dissociation into the bicarbonate (also called hydrogen carbonate) ion (): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,114 | where the denominator includes only covalently bound and does not include hydrated . The much smaller and often-quoted value near is an "apparent" value calculated on the (incorrect) assumption that all dissolved is present as carbonic acid, so that | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,115 | Since most of the dissolved remains as molecules, "K"(apparent) has a much larger denominator and a much smaller value than the true "K". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,116 | The bicarbonate ion is an amphoteric species that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH of the solution. At high pH, it dissociates significantly into the carbonate ion (): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,117 | is a potent electrophile having an electrophilic reactivity that is comparable to benzaldehyde or strong α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. However, unlike electrophiles of similar reactivity, the reactions of nucleophiles with are thermodynamically less favored and are often found to be highly reversible. Only very s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,118 | In metal carbon dioxide complexes, serves as a ligand, which can facilitate the conversion of to other chemicals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,119 | Photoautotrophs (i.e. plants and cyanobacteria) use the energy contained in sunlight to photosynthesize simple sugars from absorbed from the air and water: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,120 | The redox potential for this reaction near pH 7 is about −0.53 V "versus" the standard hydrogen electrode. The nickel-containing enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase catalyses this process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,121 | Carbon dioxide is colorless. At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor. At standard temperature and pressure, the density of carbon dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m, about 1.53 times that of air. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,122 | Carbon dioxide has no liquid state at pressures below (). At a pressure of 1 atm (), the gas deposits directly to a solid at temperatures below () and the solid sublimes directly to a gas above this temperature. In its solid state, carbon dioxide is commonly called dry ice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,123 | Liquid carbon dioxide forms only at pressures above (); the triple point of carbon dioxide is () at () (see phase diagram). The critical point is () at (). Another form of solid carbon dioxide observed at high pressure is an amorphous glass-like solid. This form of glass, called "carbonia", is produced by supercooling ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,124 | At temperatures and pressures above the critical point, carbon dioxide behaves as a supercritical fluid known as supercritical carbon dioxide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,125 | Carbon dioxide is an end product of cellular respiration in organisms that obtain energy by breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism. This includes all plants, algae and animals and aerobic fungi and bacteria. In vertebrates, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the bod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,126 | Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,127 | Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, commonly abbreviated to RuBisCO, is the enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, the production of two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate from CO and ribulose bisphosphate, as shown in the diagram at left. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,128 | Phototrophs use the products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the biosynthesis of more complex organic molecules, such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. These are used for their own growth, and also as the basis of the food chains and webs that feed other organisms,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,129 | Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients. Elevated CO levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,130 | Increased atmospheric CO concentrations result in fewer stomata developing on plants which leads to reduced water usage and increased water-use efficiency. Studies using FACE have shown that CO enrichment leads to decreased concentrations of micronutrients in crop plants. This may have knock-on effects on other parts o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,131 | Plants also emit CO during respiration, and so the majority of plants and algae, which use C3 photosynthesis, are only net absorbers during the day. Though a growing forest will absorb many tons of CO each year, a mature forest will produce as much CO from respiration and decomposition of dead specimens (e.g., fallen b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,132 | Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (412 ppm), depending on the location. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,133 | CO is an asphyxiant gas and not classified as toxic or harmful in accordance with Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals standards of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe by using the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. In concentrations up to 1% (10,000 ppm), it will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,134 | Because it is heavier than air, in locations where the gas seeps from the ground (due to sub-surface volcanic or geothermal activity) in relatively high concentrations, without the dispersing effects of wind, it can collect in sheltered/pocketed locations below average ground level, causing animals located therein to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,135 | Adaptation to increased concentrations of CO occurs in humans, including modified breathing and kidney bicarbonate production, in order to balance the effects of blood acidification (acidosis). Several studies suggested that 2.0 percent inspired concentrations could be used for closed air spaces (e.g. a submarine) sinc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,136 | There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%. Occupational CO exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period. At this CO concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, leth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,137 | Poor ventilation is one of the main causes of excessive CO concentrations in closed spaces. Carbon dioxide differential above outdoor concentrations at steady state conditions (when the occupancy and ventilation system operation are sufficiently long that CO concentration has stabilized) are sometimes used to estimate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,138 | Miners, who are particularly vulnerable to gas exposure due to insufficient ventilation, referred to mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen as "blackdamp," "choke damp" or "stythe." Before more effective technologies were developed, miners would frequently monitor for dangerous levels of blackdamp and other gases in m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,139 | In February 2020, three people died from suffocation at a party in Moscow when dry ice (frozen CO) was added to a swimming pool to cool it down. A similar accident occurred in 2018 when a woman died from CO fumes emanating from the large amount of dry ice she was transporting in her car. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,140 | Local concentrations of carbon dioxide can reach high values near strong sources, especially those that are isolated by surrounding terrain. At the Bossoleto hot spring near Rapolano Terme in Tuscany, Italy, situated in a bowl-shaped depression about in diameter, concentrations of CO rise to above 75% overnight, suffic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,141 | The body produces approximately of carbon dioxide per day per person, containing of carbon. In humans, this carbon dioxide is carried through the venous system and is breathed out through the lungs, resulting in lower concentrations in the arteries. The carbon dioxide content of the blood is often given as the partial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,142 | CO is carried in blood in three different ways. (Exact percentages vary between arterial and venous blood). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,143 | Hemoglobin, the main oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells, carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, the CO bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead, it combines with the N-terminal groups on the four globin chains. However, because of allosteric effects on the hemoglobin mole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,144 | Carbon dioxide is one of the mediators of local autoregulation of blood supply. If its concentration is high, the capillaries expand to allow a greater blood flow to that tissue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,145 | Bicarbonate ions are crucial for regulating blood pH. A person's breathing rate influences the level of CO in their blood. Breathing that is too slow or shallow causes respiratory acidosis, while breathing that is too rapid leads to hyperventilation, which can cause respiratory alkalosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,146 | Although the body requires oxygen for metabolism, low oxygen levels normally do not stimulate breathing. Rather, breathing is stimulated by higher carbon dioxide levels. As a result, breathing low-pressure air or a gas mixture with no oxygen at all (such as pure nitrogen) can lead to loss of consciousness without ever ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,147 | The respiratory centers try to maintain an arterial CO pressure of 40 mm Hg. With intentional hyperventilation, the CO content of arterial blood may be lowered to 10–20 mm Hg (the oxygen content of the blood is little affected), and the respiratory drive is diminished. This is why one can hold one's breath longer after... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,148 | Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid (HCO), bicarbonate (HCO) and carbonate (CO). There is about fifty times as much carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans as exists in the atmosphere. The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO emitted by human activity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,149 | Carbon dioxide is also introduced into the oceans through hydrothermal vents. The "Champagne" hydrothermal vent, found at the Northwest Eifuku volcano in the Mariana Trench, produces almost pure liquid carbon dioxide, one of only two known sites in the world as of 2004, the other being in the Okinawa Trough. The findin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,150 | Carbon dioxide is a by-product of the fermentation of sugar in the brewing of beer, whisky and other alcoholic beverages and in the production of bioethanol. Yeast metabolizes sugar to produce and ethanol, also known as alcohol, as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,151 | All aerobic organisms produce when they oxidize carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins. The large number of reactions involved are exceedingly complex and not described easily. Refer to (cellular respiration, anaerobic respiration and photosynthesis). The equation for the respiration of glucose and other monosacchari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,152 | Anaerobic organisms decompose organic material producing methane and carbon dioxide together with traces of other compounds. Regardless of the type of organic material, the production of gases follows well defined kinetic pattern. Carbon dioxide comprises about 40–45% of the gas that emanates from decomposition in land... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,153 | Carbon dioxide can be obtained by distillation from air, but the method is inefficient. Industrially, carbon dioxide is predominantly an unrecovered waste product, produced by several methods which may be practiced at various scales. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,154 | The combustion of all carbon-based fuels, such as methane (natural gas), petroleum distillates (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane), coal, wood and generic organic matter produces carbon dioxide and, except in the case of pure carbon, water. As an example, the chemical reaction between methane and oxygen: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,155 | Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the industrial production of hydrogen by steam reforming and the water gas shift reaction in ammonia production. These processes begin with the reaction of water and natural gas (mainly methane). This is a major source of food-grade carbon dioxide for use in carbonation of beer and soft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,156 | It is produced by thermal decomposition of limestone, by heating (calcining) at about , in the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide, ), a compound that has many industrial uses: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,157 | Acids liberate from most metal carbonates. Consequently, it may be obtained directly from natural carbon dioxide springs, where it is produced by the action of acidified water on limestone or dolomite. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) is shown below: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,158 | Such reactions are accompanied by foaming or bubbling, or both, as the gas is released. They have widespread uses in industry because they can be used to neutralize waste acid streams. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,159 | The compound has varied commercial uses but one of its greatest uses as a chemical is in the production of carbonated beverages; it provides the sparkle in carbonated beverages such as soda water, beer and sparkling wine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,160 | In the chemical industry, carbon dioxide is mainly consumed as an ingredient in the production of urea, with a smaller fraction being used to produce methanol and a range of other products. Some carboxylic acid derivatives such as sodium salicylate are prepared using CO by the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,161 | In addition to conventional processes using CO for chemical production, electrochemical methods are also being explored at a research level. In particular, the use of renewable energy for production of fuels from CO (such as methanol) is attractive as this could result in fuels that could be easily transported and used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,162 | Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis. The atmospheres of greenhouses may (if of large size, must) be enriched with additional CO to sustain and increase the rate of plant growth. At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,163 | Carbon dioxide is a food additive used as a propellant and acidity regulator in the food industry. It is approved for usage in the EU (listed as E number E290), US and Australia and New Zealand (listed by its INS number 290). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,164 | A candy called Pop Rocks is pressurized with carbon dioxide gas at about . When placed in the mouth, it dissolves (just like other hard candy) and releases the gas bubbles with an audible pop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,165 | Leavening agents cause dough to rise by producing carbon dioxide. Baker's yeast produces carbon dioxide by fermentation of sugars within the dough, while chemical leaveners such as baking powder and baking soda release carbon dioxide when heated or if exposed to acids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,166 | Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation of beer and sparkling wine came about through natural fermentation, but many manufacturers carbonate these drinks with carbon dioxide recovered from the fermentation process. In the case of bottled and kegged beer, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,167 | The taste of soda water (and related taste sensations in other carbonated beverages) is an effect of the dissolved carbon dioxide rather than the bursting bubbles of the gas. Carbonic anhydrase 4 converts to carbonic acid leading to a sour taste, and also the dissolved carbon dioxide induces a somatosensory response. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,168 | Carbon dioxide in the form of dry ice is often used during the cold soak phase in winemaking to cool clusters of grapes quickly after picking to help prevent spontaneous fermentation by wild yeast. The main advantage of using dry ice over water ice is that it cools the grapes without adding any additional water that mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,169 | Carbon dioxide is sometimes used to top up wine bottles or other storage vessels such as barrels to prevent oxidation, though it has the problem that it can dissolve into the wine, making a previously still wine slightly fizzy. For this reason, other gases such as nitrogen or argon are preferred for this process by pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,170 | Carbon dioxide is often used to "stun" animals before slaughter. "Stunning" may be a misnomer, as the animals are not knocked out immediately and may suffer distress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,171 | Carbon dioxide is one of the most commonly used compressed gases for pneumatic (pressurized gas) systems in portable pressure tools. Carbon dioxide is also used as an atmosphere for welding, although in the welding arc, it reacts to oxidize most metals. Use in the automotive industry is common despite significant evide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,172 | Carbon dioxide is used in many consumer products that require pressurized gas because it is inexpensive and nonflammable, and because it undergoes a phase transition from gas to liquid at room temperature at an attainable pressure of approximately , allowing far more carbon dioxide to fit in a given container than othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,173 | Carbon dioxide can be used to extinguish flames by flooding the environment around the flame with the gas. It does not itself react to extinguish the flame, but starves the flame of oxygen by displacing it. Some fire extinguishers, especially those designed for electrical fires, contain liquid carbon dioxide under pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,174 | Carbon dioxide has also been widely used as an extinguishing agent in fixed fire-protection systems for local application of specific hazards and total flooding of a protected space. International Maritime Organization standards recognize carbon-dioxide systems for fire protection of ship holds and engine rooms. Carbon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,175 | Liquid carbon dioxide is a good solvent for many lipophilic organic compounds and is used to remove caffeine from coffee. Carbon dioxide has attracted attention in the pharmaceutical and other chemical processing industries as a less toxic alternative to more traditional solvents such as organochlorides. It is also use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,176 | In medicine, up to 5% carbon dioxide (130 times atmospheric concentration) is added to oxygen for stimulation of breathing after apnea and to stabilize the / balance in blood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,177 | Carbon dioxide can be mixed with up to 50% oxygen, forming an inhalable gas; this is known as Carbogen and has a variety of medical and research uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,178 | Another medical use are the mofette, dry spas that use carbon dioxide from post-volcanic discharge for therapeutic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,179 | Carbon dioxide is used in enhanced oil recovery where it is injected into or adjacent to producing oil wells, usually under supercritical conditions, when it becomes miscible with the oil. This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by between 7% to 23% additional to primary ext... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,180 | In enhanced coal bed methane recovery, carbon dioxide would be pumped into the coal seam to displace methane, as opposed to current methods which primarily rely on the removal of water (to reduce pressure) to make the coal seam release its trapped methane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,181 | It has been proposed that CO from power generation be bubbled into ponds to stimulate growth of algae that could then be converted into biodiesel fuel. A strain of the cyanobacterium "Synechococcus elongatus" has been genetically engineered to produce the fuels isobutyraldehyde and isobutanol from CO using photosynthes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,182 | Researchers have developed a process called electrolysis, using enzymes isolated from bacteria to power the chemical reactions which convert CO into fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,183 | Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Solid c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,184 | Carbon dioxide is the lasing medium in a carbon-dioxide laser, which is one of the earliest type of lasers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,185 | Carbon dioxide can be used as a means of controlling the pH of swimming pools, by continuously adding gas to the water, thus keeping the pH from rising. Among the advantages of this is the avoidance of handling (more hazardous) acids. Similarly, it is also used in the maintaining reef aquaria, where it is commonly used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,186 | Carbon dioxide induction is commonly used for the euthanasia of laboratory research animals. Methods to administer CO include placing animals directly into a closed, prefilled chamber containing CO, or exposure to a gradually increasing concentration of CO. The American Veterinary Medical Association's 2020 guidelines ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,187 | Carbon dioxide was the first gas to be described as a discrete substance. In about 1640, the Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont observed that when he burned charcoal in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting ash was much less than that of the original charcoal. His interpretation was that the rest of the charc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,188 | The properties of carbon dioxide were further studied in the 1750s by the Scottish physician Joseph Black. He found that limestone (calcium carbonate) could be heated or treated with acids to yield a gas he called "fixed air." He observed that the fixed air was denser than air and supported neither flame nor animal lif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,189 | Carbon dioxide was first liquefied (at elevated pressures) in 1823 by Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday. The earliest description of solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) was given by the French inventor Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier, who in 1835 opened a pressurized container of liquid carbon dioxide, only to find that the coo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906 |
23,190 | McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking, Surrey, England. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor, the second oldest active team, and the second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari, having won races, 12 Drivers' Championships and 8 Con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,191 | Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren, the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix, but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am, which they dominated from 1967 to 1971. Further American triumph followed, with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,192 | In 1981, McLaren merged with Ron Dennis' Project Four Racing; Dennis took over as team principal, and shortly afterwards organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team. This began the team's most successful era; with Porsche and Honda engines, Niki Lauda, Alain Prost, and Ayrto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,193 | Ron Dennis retired as McLaren team principal in 2009, handing over to long-time McLaren employee Martin Whitmarsh. At the end of 2013, after the team's worst season since 2004, Whitmarsh was ousted. McLaren announced in 2013 that they would be using Honda engines from 2015 onwards, replacing Mercedes-Benz. The team rac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,194 | After initially returning to the Indianapolis 500 in 2017 as a backer of Andretti Autosport to run Fernando Alonso and then in 2019 as an independent entry, McLaren announced in August 2019 that they would run in conjunction with Arrow Schmidt Peterson Motorsports starting in 2020 to run the full IndyCar Series, the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,195 | McLaren entered the electric off-road racing series Extreme E in 2022 and will join Formula E in the 2022-23 season. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,196 | Bruce McLaren Motor Racing was founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren. Bruce was a works driver for the British Formula One team Cooper with whom he had won three Grands Prix and come second in the World Championship. Wanting to compete in the Australasian Tasman Series, Bruce approached his employers, but when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,197 | Bruce won the 1964 series, but Mayer was killed in practice for the final race at the Longford Circuit in Tasmania. When Bruce McLaren approached Teddy Mayer to help him with the purchase of the Zerex sports car from Roger Penske, Teddy Mayer and Bruce McLaren began discussing a business partnership resulting in Teddy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,198 | During this period, Bruce drove for his team in sports car races in the United Kingdom and North America and also entered the 1965 Tasman Series with Phil Hill, but did not win it. He continued to drive in Grands Prix for Cooper, but judging that team's form to be waning, decided to race his own cars in 1966. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,199 | Bruce McLaren made the team's Grand Prix debut at the 1966 Monaco race (of the current Formula One teams only Ferrari is older). His race ended after nine laps due to a terminal oil leak. The car was the M2B designed by Robin Herd, but the programme was hampered by a poor choice of engines: a 3.0-litre version of Ford'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
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