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23,200 | For , after driving McLaren's sole entry for the previous two years, Bruce was joined by 1967 champion and fellow New Zealander Denny Hulme, who was already racing for McLaren in Can-Am. That year's new M7A car, Herd's final design for the team, was powered by Cosworth's new and soon to be ubiquitous DFV engine (the DF... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,201 | The year started with a second-place each for Hulme and Bruce in the first two Grands Prix, but in June, Bruce was killed in a crash at Goodwood while testing the new M8D Can-Am car. After his death, Teddy Mayer took over effective control of the team; Hulme continued with Dan Gurney and Peter Gethin partnering him. Gu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,202 | The McLaren M23, designed by Gordon Coppuck, was the team's new car for the season. Sharing parts of the design of both McLaren's Formula One M19 and Indianapolis M16 cars (itself inspired by Lotus's 72), it was a mainstay for four years. Hulme won with it in Sweden and Revson took the only Grand Prix wins of his caree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,203 | At the end of 1975, Fittipaldi left to join his brother's Fittipaldi/Copersucar team. With the top drivers already signed to other teams, Mayer turned to James Hunt, a driver on whom biographer Gerald Donaldson reflected as having "a dubious reputation". In , Lauda was again strong in his Ferrari; at midseason, he led ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,204 | In , the M23 was gradually replaced with the M26, the M23's final works outing being Gilles Villeneuve's Formula One debut with the team in a one-off appearance at the British Grand Prix. Hunt won on three occasions that year, but the Lauda and Ferrari combination proved too strong, Hunt and McLaren managing just fifth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,205 | The 1980s started much as the 1970s had ended: Alain Prost took over from Tambay but Watson and he rarely scored points. Under increasing pressure since the previous year from principal sponsor Philip Morris and their executive John Hogan, Mayer was coerced into merging McLaren with Ron Dennis's Project Four Formula Tw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,206 | In the early 1980s, teams like Renault, Ferrari and Brabham were using 1.5-litre turbocharged engines in favour of the 3.0-litre naturally aspirated engines that had been standard since 1966. Having seen in 1982 the need for a turbo engine of their own, Dennis had convinced Williams backer Techniques d'Avant Garde (TAG... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,207 | Having been fired by Renault, Prost returned to McLaren once again for . Now using the TAG engines, the team dominated, scoring 12 wins and two-and-a-half times as many constructors' points as nearest rival Ferrari. In the Drivers' Championship, Lauda prevailed over Prost by half a point, the narrowest margin ever. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,208 | For , Honda switched their supply to McLaren and, encouraged by Prost, Dennis signed Ayrton Senna to drive. Despite regulations reducing the boost pressure and fuel capacity (and therefore, power) of the turbo cars, Honda persisted with a turbocharged engine. In the MP4/4, Senna and Prost engaged in a season-long battl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,209 | The next year, with turbos banned, Honda supplied a new 3.5-L naturally aspirated V10 engine and McLaren again won both titles with the MP4/5. Their drivers' relationship continued to deteriorate, though, especially when, at the San Marino Grand Prix, Prost felt that Senna had reneged on an agreement not to pass each o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,210 | With former McLaren men Nichols and Prost (Barnard had moved to the Benetton team), Ferrari pushed the British team more closely in . McLaren, in turn, brought in Ferrari's Gerhard Berger, but like the two seasons before, the Drivers' Championship was led by Prost and Senna and settled at the penultimate race in Japan.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,211 | As Honda withdrew from the sport at end of 1992 due to the burst of the Japanese asset price bubble, McLaren sought a new engine supplier. A deal to secure Renault engines fell through, subsequently McLaren switched to customer Ford engines for the season. Senna—who initially agreed only to a race-by-race contract befo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,212 | McLaren tested a Lamborghini V12 engine ahead of the season, as part of a potential deal with the then-Lamborghini owner Chrysler, before eventually deciding to use Peugeot engines. With Peugeot power, the MP4/9 was driven by Häkkinen and Martin Brundle, despite achieving eight podiums over the season no wins were achi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,213 | For 1995 season onwards, McLaren ended their engine deal with Peugeot Sport and started an engine full-works partnership with Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines for the first time, after the German manufacturer spent one year in partnership with the Sauber team. The partnership included free engines from Mercedes-B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,214 | 's MP4/10 car was not a front-runner and Brundle's replacement, former champion Nigel Mansell, was unable to fit into the car at first and departed after just two races, with Mark Blundell taking his place. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,215 | While Williams dominated in , McLaren, now with David Coulthard alongside Häkkinen, went a third successive season without a win. In , however, Coulthard broke this run by winning the season-opening Australian Grand Prix; Häkkinen and he would each win another race before the end of the season, and highly rated designe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,216 | With Newey able to take advantage of new technical regulations for , and with Williams losing their works Renault engines following Renault's temporary withdrawal from the sport, McLaren were once again able to challenge for the championship. Häkkinen and Coulthard won five of the first six races despite the banning of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,217 | In McLaren won seven races in a close fight with Ferrari, but ultimately Ferrari and Schumacher prevailed in both competitions. This marked the start of a decline in form as Ferrari cemented their dominance of Formula One and also beryllium engine material banned in Formula One that affected Mercedes engine performance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,218 | The year started promisingly, with one win each for Coulthard and Räikkönen at the first two Grands Prix. However, they were hampered when the MP4-18 car designed for that year suffered crash test and reliability problems, forcing them to continue using a 'D' development of the year-old MP4-17 for longer than they had ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,219 | Coulthard left for Red Bull Racing in to be replaced by former CART champion Juan Pablo Montoya for what was McLaren's most successful season in several years as he and Räikkönen won ten races. However, both the team not being able to work out why the car could not heat its tyres properly in the early stages of the sea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,220 | In , the superior reliability and speed of the Ferraris and Renaults prevented the team from gaining any victories for the first time in a decade. Montoya parted company acrimoniously with the team to race in NASCAR after the United States Grand Prix, where he crashed into Räikkönen at the start; test driver Pedro de l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,221 | Steve Matchett argued that the poor reliability of McLaren in 2006 and recent previous years was due to a lack of team continuity and stability. His cited examples of instability are logistical challenges related to the move to the McLaren Technology Centre, Adrian Newey's aborted move to Jaguar and later move to Red B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,222 | After scoring no victories in 2006, the team returned to competitve status in . That year saw Fernando Alonso race alongside Formula One debutant and long-time McLaren protégé Lewis Hamilton. The pair scored four wins each and led the Drivers' Championship for much of the year, but tensions arose within the team, BBC S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,223 | In , a close fight ensued between Hamilton and the Ferraris of Felipe Massa and Räikkönen; Hamilton won five times and despite also crossing the finish line first at the Belgian Grand Prix, he was deemed to have gained an illegal advantage by cutting a chicane during an overtake and was controversially demoted to third... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,224 | Before the start of the season, Dennis retired as team principal, handing responsibility to Martin Whitmarsh, but the year started badly: the MP4-24 car was off the pace and the team was given a three-race suspended ban for misleading stewards at the Australian and Malaysian Grands Prix. Despite these early problems, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,225 | For the 2010 season, McLaren lost its status as the Mercedes works team; Mercedes decided to buy the Brackley-based Brawn team that had won the 2009 titles with its customer engines, Whitmarsh having chosen to abandon their exclusive rights to the Mercedes engines to help Brawn run. Mercedes still continued providing e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,226 | Hamilton and Button remained with the team into , with Hamilton winning three races – China, Germany, and Abu Dhabi and Button also winning three races – Canada, Hungary, and Japan. Button finished the Drivers' Championship in second place with 270 points behind 2011 Drivers' Champion Sebastian Vettel of Red Bull Racin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,227 | In , McLaren won the first race of the year in Australia with a dominant victory by Button and a 3rd place from pole for Hamilton, while Hamilton went on to win in Canada, but by the mid-way mark of the season at the team's home race at Silverstone, the McLaren cars managed only eighth place (Hamilton) and 10th place (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,228 | Sergio Pérez replaced Hamilton for , after Hamilton decided to leave for Mercedes. The team's car for the season, the MP4-28, was launched on 31 January 2013. The car struggled to compete with the other top teams and the season had McLaren fail to produce a podium finish for the first time since . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,229 | Kevin Magnussen replaced Pérez for , and Ron Dennis, who had remained at arm's length since stepping down from the team principal role, returned as CEO of the operation. McLaren was the first team to officially launch their 2014 car, the MP4-29, which was revealed on 24 January 2014. They had a largely unsuccessful 201... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,230 | For , McLaren ended their engine deal with Mercedes which included buying back the 40% stake that Mercedes held in the team and reforging their historical partnership with Honda. The Honda deal not only meant they would supply engines, but that Honda staff would work with the team at their Woking base as well as receiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,231 | The Hungarian Grand Prix saw the team score their best result of the season with Alonso and Button finishing fifth and ninth, respectively. However, McLaren did not score points in the next four races until Button finished ninth at the Russian Grand Prix. At the following United States Grand Prix, Button scored his bes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,232 | McLaren retained the Alonso - Button pairing for the season. The second year of the Honda partnership was better than the first, with the team being able to challenge for top 10 positions on a more regular basis. However, the season started with a massive crash at the Australian Grand Prix in which Fernando Alonso sust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,233 | Alonso did not take part in the 2017 Monaco Grand Prix as he was participating in the Indianapolis 500. Instead Jenson Button returned for the one race as his replacement. McLaren finished 2017 9th with 30 points in total. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,234 | McLaren announced during the 2017 Singapore Grand Prix weekend that they would split from engine supplier Honda at the end of the 2017 season and had agreed on a three-year customer deal to be supplied with Mecachrome-assembled Renault engines. Team boss Éric Boullier described their performance between 2015 and 2017 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,235 | At the season-opening Australian Grand Prix, Fernando Alonso scored the team's best finish since the 2016 Monaco Grand Prix with fifth, Alonso said that the team's target would be Red Bull Racing. McLaren had a relatively good start to the season with points finishes in the next four races, but in the next 16 races aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,236 | The 2019 season was much more positive for McLaren, with the team securely establishing themselves as the best constructor behind Mercedes, Ferrari, and Red Bull. At the Brazilian Grand Prix, Sainz recorded the team's first podium since the 2014 Australian Grand Prix, finishing fourth on the road but later promoted to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,237 | McLaren retained Norris and Sainz for the season. The season was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was shortened to 18 races, with the season opener to take place in Austria. At the Austrian Grand Prix, Norris achieved his first ever podium, finishing in third. Sainz achieved the teams second ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,238 | McLaren again used Mercedes engines in after their deal with Renault ended. McLaren had previously collaborated with Mercedes from 1995 through 2014 (1995 to 2009 was a works partner and later 2010 to 2014 was a customer partner) but this time a customer role system. Daniel Ricciardo moved from Renault to partner Lando... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,239 | At the 2021 Italian Grand Prix, Ricciardo scored his first win since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix, and McLaren's first win since the 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix. A second-place finish for Norris also meant that McLaren achieved their first one-two finish since the 2010 Canadian Grand Prix and the only one-two finish for th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,240 | For the season, McLaren retained both Norris and Ricciardo. Ricciardo tested positive for COVID-19 ahead of the pre-season tests in Bahrain, which meant Norris was required to do all the remaining running for the test, though a brake problem limited the testing he was able to conduct. Both drivers struggled at the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,241 | McLaren's first sports-racing car was the Group 7 M1 – with a small-block Chevrolet engine in a modified Elva chassis. The car was raced in North America and Europe in 1963 and 1964 in various G7 and United States Road Racing Championship events. For the Can-Am Series, which started in 1966, McLaren created the M3 whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,242 | When Bruce was killed testing the 1970 season's M8D, he was at first replaced by Dan Gurney, then later by Peter Gethin. They won two and one races, respectively, while Hulme won six on the way to the championship. Private teams competing in the 1970 Can-Am series included older M3Bs as well as the M12 – the customer v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,243 | McLaren first contested the United States Auto Club's (USAC) Indianapolis 500 race in 1970, encouraged by their tyre supplier Goodyear, which wanted to break competitor Firestone's stranglehold on the event. With the M15 car, Bruce, Chris Amon, and Denny Hulme entered, but after Amon withdrew and Hulme was severely bur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,244 | On 12 April 2017, McLaren revealed they would participate in the 2017 Indianapolis 500 with their current Formula 1 driver Fernando Alonso at the wheel of a Honda-powered McLaren-branded Andretti Autosport IndyCar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,245 | In qualifying, Alonso secured a second-row start from fifth. During the race Alonso led 27 laps in his first Indy 500 start. With 21 laps remaining Alonso was running seventh when his Honda engine failed. He was classified 24th. After his retirement he received a standing ovation from the grandstands. Alonso was praise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,246 | On 10 November 2018, McLaren announced that they would participate in the 2019 Indianapolis 500 with Fernando Alonso and using Chevrolet engines. However, after mechanical difficulties and a severe crash in practice, the team failed to qualify for the race (as did two other Carlin-associated entries, one with another f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,247 | In August 2019, it was announced McLaren would contest the championship full-time in 2020, collaborating with Arrow Schmidt Peterson Motorsports to form Arrow McLaren SP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,248 | Zak Brown stated in an interview with Leigh Diffey that McLaren joining the IndyCar Series full time was spurred by two different objectives. The first was to market the McLaren brand and some of the McLaren Formula One team's prominent American based sponsors in a primarily North America centric racing series, as Form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,249 | In August 2021, it was announced that McLaren Racing will acquire a majority stake in the IndyCar Team. The transaction will close by the end of the year and will see McLaren Racing take a 75% share of the team. Financial terms of the deal are not being disclosed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,250 | NEOM will be McLaren's title partner into their new endeavour to electric motorsport as NEOM McLaren Electric Racing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,251 | In December 2020, Zak Brown announced McLaren's interest in entering Formula E once the company's battery supplier contract has expired. In January the following year, McLaren signed an option to enter the championship for 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,252 | McLaren announced the acquisition of Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team in May 2022 and will debut in the 2022-23 season as NEOM McLaren Formula E Team using Nissan EV powertrain with René Rast, who last raced in the 2020-21 season with Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler, and Jake Hughes as drivers for the team. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,253 | In June 2021, McLaren announced it would enter Extreme E in the 2022 season using existing personnel from outside the Formula One program with Tanner Foust and Emma Gilmour (becoming the first woman factory driver for McLaren) as drivers for the team. Entering as McLaren XE, the team was rebranded for their second race... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,254 | McLaren is also reviewing the LMDh regulations for a possible entry into the FIA World Endurance Championship from 2024. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,255 | Besides the cars raced by the works team, a variety of McLaren racing cars have also been used by customer teams. In their formative years, McLaren built Formula Two, hillclimbing, Formula 5000 and sports racing cars that were sold to customers. Lacking the capacity to build the desired numbers, Trojan was subcontracte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,256 | In the mid-1990s, McLaren Racing's sister company, McLaren Cars (now McLaren Automotive) built a racing version of their F1 road car, the F1 GTR which won the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans and the 1995 and 1996 BPR Global GT Series. In 2011, a GT3 version of the MP4-12C road car was developed in partnership with CRS Racing,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,257 | In 2022, McLaren Automotive announced a new GT4 model based on the McLaren Artura, along with an unrestricted version named the Artura Trophy, which is to be used in McLaren's planned one-make series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,258 | McLaren Racing is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group, which currently includes another subsidiary McLaren Automotive, with the group having centralised many branches of the company since 2010. As of 2021, the group has over 4000 employees, having had only around 1300 in 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,259 | After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970, Teddy Mayer took over the team. In 1981, McLaren merged with Ron Dennis' Project Four Racing; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team. Dennis offered Mansour Ojje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,260 | Dennis stepped down as both CEO and team principal of McLaren in 2009, handing both roles over to Martin Whitmarsh. However, following the uncompetitive 2013 season, Dennis retook the role in January 2014; Whitmarsh formally left the team later that year. Dennis sought to take a controlling interest in the company, but... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,261 | After Dennis' 2014 return, he had abolished the position of team principal at McLaren, saying it was an 'outdated' position. Éric Boullier was instead named racing director in January 2014, becoming responsible for the F1 team. After Dennis' exit, Zak Brown was chosen for the post of executive director, with the post o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,262 | Since 2004 the team has been based at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking, England. Facilities there include a wind tunnel and a driving simulator which is said to be the most sophisticated in the sport. The team has also created the McLaren Young Driver Programme, which currently has one driver signed to it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,263 | McLaren has had an uneasy relationship with Formula One's governing body, the FIA, and its predecessor FISA, as well as with the commercial rights holders of the sport. McLaren was involved, along with the other teams of the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA), in a dispute with FISA and Alfa Romeo, Renault, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,264 | Subsequent Concorde Agreements were signed in 1987 and 1992, but in 1996, McLaren was again one of the teams which disputed the terms of a new agreement, this time with former FOCA president Bernie Ecclestone's Formula One Promotions and Administration organisation; a new 10-year agreement was eventually signed in 1998... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,265 | McLaren's Formula One team was originally called Bruce McLaren Motor Racing, and for their first season ran white-and-green coloured cars, which came about as a result of a deal with the makers of the film "Grand Prix". Between and , the team used an orange design, which was also applied to cars competing in the Indian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,266 | In , the Royal Automobile Club and the FIA relaxed the rules regarding commercial sponsorship of Formula One cars, and in , the Yardley of London cosmetics company became McLaren's first title sponsor. As a result, the livery was changed to a predominantly white one to reflect the sponsor's colours. This changed in , w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,267 | In , Philip Morris moved its Marlboro sponsorship to Ferrari and was replaced by Reemtsma's West cigarette branding, with the team entering under the name West McLaren Mercedes. As a result, McLaren adopted a silver and black livery. By mid-2005, a European Union directive banned tobacco advertising in sport, which for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,268 | In , McLaren signed a seven-year contract with telecommunications company Vodafone, and became known as Vodafone McLaren Mercedes. The arrangement was due to last until , although the team announced at the 2013 Australian Grand Prix that their partnership would conclude at the end of the season. Despite explaining the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,269 | At the end of 2015, it was announced that McLaren was due to lose sponsor TAG Heuer to Red Bull Racing. McLaren chief Ron Dennis later admitted to falling out with TAG Heuer CEO Jean-Claude Biver. In 2015 McLaren was without a title sponsor, and set to lose a further £20m in sponsorship in 2016. Between 2015 and 2017 t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,270 | McLaren's cars were originally named with the letter M followed by a number, sometimes also followed by a letter denoting the model. After the 1981 merger with Project Four, the cars were called "MP4/x", or since 2001 "MP4-x", where x is the generation of the chassis (e.g. MP4/1, MP4-22). "MP4" stood initially for "Mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,271 | In , British American Tobacco (BAT) agreed a global partnership with McLaren under its "A Better Tomorrow" campaign to promote BAT's alternative smoking products Vuse (previously Vype) and Velo (previously Lyft). The agreement has enticed a similar controversy to the Mission Winnow sponsorship with Scuderia Ferrari due... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20994 |
23,272 | Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe. Dark matter is called "dark" because it does not appear to interact with the electromagnetic field, which means it does not absorb, reflect, or emit electromagnetic radiation and is, therefore, difficult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,273 | The primary evidence for dark matter comes from calculations showing that many galaxies would behave quite differently if they did not contain a large amount of unseen matter. Some galaxies would not have formed at all and others would not move as they currently do. Other lines of evidence include observations in gravi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,274 | Because no one has directly observed dark matter yetassuming it existsit must barely interact with ordinary baryonic matter and radiation except through gravity. Dark matter is thought to be non-baryonic; it may be composed of some as-yet-undiscovered subatomic particles. The primary candidate for dark matter is some n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,275 | Although the scientific community generally accepts dark matter's existence, some astrophysicists, intrigued by specific observations that are not well-explained by ordinary dark matter, argue for various modifications of the standard laws of general relativity. These include modified Newtonian dynamics, tensor–vector–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,276 | The hypothesis of dark matter has an elaborate history. In a talk given in 1884, Lord Kelvin estimated the number of dark bodies in the Milky Way from the observed velocity dispersion of the stars orbiting around the center of the galaxy. By using these measurements, he estimated the mass of the galaxy, which he determ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,277 | The first to suggest the existence of dark matter using stellar velocities was Dutch astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn in 1922. A publication from 1930 points to Swedish Knut Lundmark being the first to realise that the universe must contain much more mass than we can observe. Dutchman and radio astronomy pioneer Jan Oort als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,278 | In 1933, Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky, who studied galaxy clusters while working at the California Institute of Technology, made a similar inference. Zwicky applied the virial theorem to the Coma Cluster and obtained evidence of unseen mass he called "dunkle Materie" ('dark matter'). Zwicky estimated its mass base... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,279 | Further indications of mass-to-light ratio anomalies came from measurements of galaxy rotation curves. In 1939, Horace W. Babcock reported the rotation curve for the Andromeda nebula (known now as the Andromeda Galaxy), which suggested the mass-to-luminosity ratio increases radially. He attributed it to either light ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,280 | Early radio astronomy observations, performed by Seth Shostak, later SETI Institute Senior Astronomer, showed a half-dozen galaxies spun too fast in their outer regions - pointing to the existence of dark matter as a means of creating the gravitational pull needed to keep the stars in their orbits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,281 | Vera Rubin, Kent Ford, and Ken Freeman's work in the 1960s and 1970s provided further strong evidence, also using galaxy rotation curves. Rubin and Ford worked with a new spectrograph to measure the velocity curve of edge-on spiral galaxies with greater accuracy. This result was confirmed in 1978. An influential paper ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,282 | At the same time Rubin and Ford were exploring optical rotation curves, radio astronomers were making use of new radio telescopes to map the 21 cm line of atomic hydrogen in nearby galaxies. The radial distribution of interstellar atomic hydrogen (H-I) often extends to much larger galactic radii than those accessible b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,283 | A stream of observations in the 1980s supported the presence of dark matter, including gravitational lensing of background objects by galaxy clusters, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters, and the pattern of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. According to consensus among cosmol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,284 | In standard cosmology, matter is anything whose energy density scales with the inverse cube of the scale factor, i.e., This is in contrast to radiation, which scales as the inverse fourth power of the scale factor and a cosmological constant, which is independent of "a". The different scale factors for matter and radia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,285 | In principle, "dark matter" means all components of the universe which are not visible but still obey In practice, the term "dark matter" is often used to mean only the non-baryonic component of dark matter, i.e., excluding "missing baryons". Context will usually indicate which meaning is intended. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,286 | The arms of spiral galaxies rotate around the galactic center. The luminous mass density of a spiral galaxy decreases as one goes from the center to the outskirts. If luminous mass were all the matter, then we can model the galaxy as a point mass in the centre and test masses orbiting around it, similar to the Solar Sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,287 | If Kepler's laws are correct, then the obvious way to resolve this discrepancy is to conclude the mass distribution in spiral galaxies is not similar to that of the Solar System. In particular, there is a lot of non-luminous matter (dark matter) in the outskirts of the galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,288 | Stars in bound systems must obey the virial theorem. The theorem, together with the measured velocity distribution, can be used to measure the mass distribution in a bound system, such as elliptical galaxies or globular clusters. With some exceptions, velocity dispersion estimates of elliptical galaxies do not match th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,289 | As with galaxy rotation curves, the obvious way to resolve the discrepancy is to postulate the existence of non-luminous matter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,290 | Galaxy clusters are particularly important for dark matter studies since their masses can be estimated in three independent ways: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,291 | Generally, these three methods are in reasonable agreement that dark matter outweighs visible matter by approximately 5 to 1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,292 | One of the consequences of general relativity is massive objects (such as a cluster of galaxies) lying between a more distant source (such as a quasar) and an observer should act as a lens to bend light from this source. The more massive an object, the more lensing is observed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,293 | Strong lensing is the observed distortion of background galaxies into arcs when their light passes through such a gravitational lens. It has been observed around many distant clusters including Abell 1689. By measuring the distortion geometry, the mass of the intervening cluster can be obtained. In the dozens of cases ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,294 | Weak gravitational lensing investigates minute distortions of galaxies, using statistical analyses from vast galaxy surveys. By examining the apparent shear deformation of the adjacent background galaxies, the mean distribution of dark matter can be characterized. The mass-to-light ratios correspond to dark matter dens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,295 | In May 2021, a new detailed dark matter map was revealed by the Dark Energy Survey Collaboration. In addition, the map revealed previously undiscovered filamentary structures connecting galaxies, by using a machine learning method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,296 | Although both dark matter and ordinary matter are matter, they do not behave in the same way. In particular, in the early universe, ordinary matter was ionized and interacted strongly with radiation via Thomson scattering. Dark matter does not interact directly with radiation, but it does affect the cosmic microwave ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,297 | The cosmic microwave background is very close to a perfect blackbody but contains very small temperature anisotropies of a few parts in 100,000. A sky map of anisotropies can be decomposed into an angular power spectrum, which is observed to contain a series of acoustic peaks at near-equal spacing but different heights... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,298 | The series of peaks can be predicted for any assumed set of cosmological parameters by modern computer codes such as CMBFAST and CAMB, and matching theory to data, therefore, constrains cosmological parameters. The first peak mostly shows the density of baryonic matter, while the third peak relates mostly to the densit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
23,299 | The CMB anisotropy was first discovered by COBE in 1992, though this had too coarse resolution to detect the acoustic peaks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8651 |
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