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3,800 | In his paper "On certain arithmetical functions", Ramanujan defined the so-called delta-function, whose coefficients are called (the Ramanujan tau function). He proved many congruences for these numbers, such as for primes . This congruence (and others like it that Ramanujan proved) inspired Jean-Pierre Serre (1954 Fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,801 | While still in Madras, Ramanujan recorded the bulk of his results in four notebooks of looseleaf paper. They were mostly written up without any derivations. This is probably the origin of the misapprehension that Ramanujan was unable to prove his results and simply thought up the final result directly. Mathematician Br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,802 | This may have been for any number of reasons. Since paper was very expensive, Ramanujan did most of his work and perhaps his proofs on slate, after which he transferred the final results to paper. At the time, slates were commonly used by mathematics students in the Madras Presidency. He was also quite likely to have b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,803 | The first notebook has 351 pages with 16 somewhat organised chapters and some unorganised material. The second has 256 pages in 21 chapters and 100 unorganised pages, and the third 33 unorganised pages. The results in his notebooks inspired numerous papers by later mathematicians trying to prove what he had found. Hard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,804 | In 1976, George Andrews rediscovered a fourth notebook with 87 unorganised pages, the so-called "lost notebook". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,805 | The number 1729 is known as the Hardy–Ramanujan number after a famous visit by Hardy to see Ramanujan at a hospital. In Hardy's words: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,806 | I remember once going to see him when he was ill at Putney. I had ridden in taxi cab number 1729 and remarked that the number seemed to me rather a dull one, and that I hoped it was not an unfavorable omen. "No", he replied, "it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,807 | Immediately before this anecdote, Hardy quoted Littlewood as saying, "Every positive integer was one of [Ramanujan's] personal friends." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,808 | In his obituary of Ramanujan, written for "Nature" in 1920, Hardy observed that Ramanujan's work primarily involved fields less known even among other pure mathematicians, concluding: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,809 | When asked about the methods Ramanujan employed to arrive at his solutions, Hardy said they were "arrived at by a process of mingled argument, intuition, and induction, of which he was entirely unable to give any coherent account." He also said that he had "never met his equal, and can compare him only with Euler or Ja... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,810 | K. Srinivasa Rao has said, "As for his place in the world of Mathematics, we quote Bruce C. Berndt: 'Paul Erdős has passed on to us Hardy's personal ratings of mathematicians. Suppose that we rate mathematicians on the basis of pure talent on a scale from 0 to 100. Hardy gave himself a score of 25, J. E. Littlewood 30,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,811 | The year after his death, "Nature" listed Ramanujan among other distinguished scientists and mathematicians on a "Calendar of Scientific Pioneers" who had achieved eminence. Ramanujan's home state of Tamil Nadu celebrates 22 December (Ramanujan's birthday) as 'State IT Day'. Stamps picturing Ramanujan were issued by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,812 | Since Ramanujan's centennial year, his birthday, 22 December, has been annually celebrated as Ramanujan Day by the Government Arts College, Kumbakonam, where he studied, and at the IIT Madras in Chennai. The International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) has created a prize in Ramanujan's name for young mathematic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,813 | Based on the recommendations of a committee appointed by the University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, the Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, established by SASTRA, has been declared an off-campus centre under the ambit of SASTRA University. House of Ramanujan Mathematics, a museum of Ramanujan's life and work,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,814 | In 2011, on the 125th anniversary of his birth, the Indian government declared that 22 December will be celebrated every year as "National Mathematics Day". Then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh also declared that 2012 would be celebrated as National Mathematics Year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,815 | Ramanujan IT City is an information technology (IT) special economic zone (SEZ) in Chennai that was built in 2011. Situated next to the Tidel Park, it includes with two zones, with a total area of , including of office space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47717 |
3,816 | The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,817 | Documents and downloadable media are made available to the network through web servers and can be accessed by programs such as web browsers. Servers and resources on the World Wide Web are identified and located through character strings called uniform resource locators (URLs). The original and still very common docume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,818 | Multiple web resources with a common theme and usually a common domain name make up a website. A single web server may provide multiple websites, while some websites, especially the most popular ones, may be provided by multiple servers. Website content is provided by a myriad of companies, organizations, government ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,819 | The World Wide Web has become the world's dominant software platform. It is the primary tool billions of people worldwide use to interact with the Internet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,820 | The Web was originally conceived as a document management system. It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989 and opened to the public in 1991. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,821 | The Web was invented by English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, and originally conceived as a document management system. The first proposal was written in 1989, and a working system implemented by the end of 1990 including the WorldWideWeb browser and an HTTP server. The technology was released outside CER... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,822 | CERN made the Web protocol and code available royalty free in 1993, enabling its widespread use. After the NCSA released Mosaic later that year, the Web became very popular with thousands of websites springing up in less than a year. Mosaic was a graphical browser that could display inline images and submit forms, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,823 | Tim Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) which created XML in 1996 and recommended replacing HTML with stricter XHTML. In the meantime, developers began exploiting an IE feature called XMLHttpRequest to make Ajax applications and launched the Web 2.0 revolution. Mozilla, Opera, and Apple rejected XHT... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,824 | The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,825 | The terms "Internet" and "World Wide Web" are often used without much distinction. However, the two terms do not mean the same thing. The Internet is a global system of computer networks interconnected through telecommunications and optical networking. In contrast, the World Wide Web is a global collection of documents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,826 | Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the page into a web browser or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. The web browser then initiates a series of background communication messages to fetch and display the requested page. In the 1990s, using a browser to vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,827 | The following example demonstrates the functioning of a web browser when accessing a page at the URL . The browser resolves the server name of the URL () into an Internet Protocol address using the globally distributed Domain Name System (DNS). This lookup returns an IP address such as "203.0.113.4" or "2001:db8:2e::73... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,828 | The computer receiving the HTTP request delivers it to web server software listening for requests on port 80. If the webserver can fulfill the request it sends an HTTP response back to the browser indicating success: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,829 | followed by the content of the requested page. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) for a basic web page might look like this: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,830 | The web browser parses the HTML and interprets the markup (<title>, <p> for paragraph, and such) that surrounds the words to format the text on the screen. Many web pages use HTML to reference the URLs of other resources such as images, other embedded media, scripts that affect page behaviour, and Cascading Style Sheet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,831 | Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript, it forms a triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,832 | Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,833 | HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,834 | HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript, which affects the behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,835 | Most web pages contain hyperlinks to other related pages and perhaps to downloadable files, source documents, definitions and other web resources. In the underlying HTML, a hyperlink looks like this: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,836 | Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links is dubbed a "web" of information. Publication on the Internet created what Tim Berners-Lee first called the "WorldWideWeb" (in its original CamelCase, which was subsequently discarded) in November 1990. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,837 | The hyperlink structure of the web is described by the webgraph: the nodes of the web graph correspond to the web pages (or URLs) the directed edges between them to the hyperlinks. Over time, many web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with different content. This makes hyperlinks o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,838 | Many hostnames used for the World Wide Web begin with "www" because of the long-standing practice of naming Internet hosts according to the services they provide. The hostname of a web server is often "www", in the same way that it may be "ftp" for an FTP server, and "news" or "nntp" for a Usenet news server. These hos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,839 | When a user submits an incomplete domain name to a web browser in its address bar input field, some web browsers automatically try adding the prefix "www" to the beginning of it and possibly ".com", ".org" and ".net" at the end, depending on what might be missing. For example, entering "" may be transformed to "<nowiki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,840 | In English, "www" is usually read as "double-u double-u double-u". Some users pronounce it "dub-dub-dub", particularly in New Zealand. Stephen Fry, in his "Podgrams" series of podcasts, pronounces it "wuh wuh wuh". The English writer Douglas Adams once quipped in "The Independent on Sunday" (1999): "The World Wide Web ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,841 | As the mobile Web grew in popularity, services like Gmail.com, Outlook.com, Myspace.com, Facebook.com and Twitter.com are most often mentioned without adding "www." (or, indeed, ".com") to the domain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,842 | The scheme specifiers "codice_1" and "codice_2" at the start of a web URI refer to Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP Secure, respectively. They specify the communication protocol to use for the request and response. The HTTP protocol is fundamental to the operation of the World Wide Web, and the added encryption laye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,843 | A "web page" (also written as "webpage") is a document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and web browsers. A web browser displays a web page on a monitor or mobile device. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,844 | The term "web page" usually refers to what is visible, but may also refer to the contents of the computer file itself, which is usually a text file containing hypertext written in HTML or a comparable markup language. Typical web pages provide hypertext for browsing to other web pages via hyperlinks, often referred to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,845 | On a network, a web browser can retrieve a web page from a remote web server. The web server may restrict access to a private network such as a corporate intranet. The web browser uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to make such requests to the web server. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,846 | A "static" web page is delivered exactly as stored, as web content in the web server's file system. In contrast, a "dynamic" web page is generated by a web application, usually driven by server-side software. Dynamic web pages are used when each user may require completely different information, for example, bank websi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,847 | A "static web page" (sometimes called a "flat page/stationary page") is a web page that is delivered to the user exactly as stored, in contrast to dynamic web pages which are generated by a web application. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,848 | Consequently, a static web page displays the same information for all users, from all contexts, subject to modern capabilities of a web server to negotiate content-type or language of the document where such versions are available and the server is configured to do so. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,849 | A "server-side dynamic web page" is a web page whose construction is controlled by an application server processing server-side scripts. In server-side scripting, parameters determine how the assembly of every new web page proceeds, including the setting up of more client-side processing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,850 | A "client-side dynamic web page" processes the web page using JavaScript running in the browser. JavaScript programs can interact with the document via Document Object Model, or DOM, to query page state and alter it. The same client-side techniques can then dynamically update or change the DOM in the same way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,851 | A dynamic web page is then reloaded by the user or by a computer program to change some variable content. The updating information could come from the server, or from changes made to that page's DOM. This may or may not truncate the browsing history or create a saved version to go back to, but a "dynamic web page updat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,852 | Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is the umbrella term for technologies and methods used to create web pages that are not static web pages, though it has fallen out of common use since the popularization of AJAX, a term which is now itself rarely used. Client-side-scripting, server-side scripting, or a combination of these make ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,853 | JavaScript is a scripting language that was initially developed in 1995 by Brendan Eich, then of Netscape, for use within web pages. The standardised version is ECMAScript. To make web pages more interactive, some web applications also use JavaScript techniques such as Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML). Client-sid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,854 | A "website" is a collection of related web resources including web pages, multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,855 | A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, or a private local area network (LAN), by referencing a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the site. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,856 | Websites can have many functions and can be used in various fashions; a website can be a personal website, a corporate website for a company, a government website, an organization website, etc. Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, ranging from entertainment and social networking to providi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,857 | Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are documents, typically composed in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). They may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors. Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hype... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,858 | Hyperlinking between web pages conveys to the reader the site structure and guides the navigation of the site, which often starts with a home page containing a directory of the site web content. Some websites require user registration or subscription to access content. Examples of subscription websites include many bus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,859 | A "web browser" (commonly referred to as a "browser") is a software user agent for accessing information on the World Wide Web. To connect to a website's server and display its pages, a user needs to have a web browser program. This is the program that the user runs to download, format, and display a web page on the us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,860 | In addition to allowing users to find, display, and move between web pages, a web browser will usually have features like keeping bookmarks, recording history, managing cookies (see below), and home pages and may have facilities for recording passwords for logging into web sites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,861 | A "Web server" is server software, or hardware dedicated to running said software, that can satisfy World Wide Web client requests. A web server can, in general, contain one or more websites. A web server processes incoming network requests over HTTP and several other related protocols. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,862 | The primary function of a web server is to store, process and deliver web pages to clients. The communication between client and server takes place using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Pages delivered are most frequently HTML documents, which may include images, style sheets and scripts in addition to the text... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,863 | A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates communication by making a request for a specific resource using HTTP and the server responds with the content of that resource or an error message if unable to do so. The resource is typically a real file on the server's secondary storage, but this is not n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,864 | While the primary function is to serve content, full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting web forms, including uploading of files. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,865 | Many generic web servers also support server-side scripting using Active Server Pages (ASP), PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor), or other scripting languages. This means that the behavior of the webserver can be scripted in separate files, while the actual server software remains unchanged. Usually, this function is used to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,866 | Web servers can also frequently be found embedded in devices such as printers, routers, webcams and serving only a local network. The web server may then be used as a part of a system for monitoring or administering the device in question. This usually means that no additional software has to be installed on the client... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,867 | An "HTTP cookie" (also called "web cookie", "Internet cookie", "browser cookie", or simply "cookie") is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser while the user is browsing. Cookies were designed to be a reliable mechanism for websites to remember stateful inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,868 | Cookies perform essential functions in the modern web. Perhaps most importantly, "authentication cookies" are the most common method used by web servers to know whether the user is logged in or not, and which account they are logged in with. Without such a mechanism, the site would not know whether to send a page conta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,869 | Tracking cookies, and especially third-party tracking cookies, are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals' browsing histories a potential privacy concern that prompted European and U.S. lawmakers to take action in 2011. European law requires that all websites targeting European Union member s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,870 | Google Project Zero researcher Jann Horn describes ways cookies can be read by intermediaries, like Wi-Fi hotspot providers. He recommends using the browser in incognito mode in such circumstances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,871 | A "web search engine" or "Internet search engine" is a software system that is designed to carry out "web search" ("Internet search"), which means to search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information specified in a web search query. The search results are generally presented in a line of results,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,872 | Internet content that is not capable of being searched by a web search engine is generally described as the deep web. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,873 | The deep web, "invisible web", or "hidden web" are parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not indexed by standard web search engines. The opposite term to the deep web is the surface web, which is accessible to anyone using the Internet. Computer scientist Michael K. Bergman is credited with coining the term "d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,874 | The content of the deep web is hidden behind HTTP forms, and includes many very common uses such as web mail, online banking, and services that users must pay for, and which is protected by a paywall, such as video on demand, some online magazines and newspapers, among others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,875 | The content of the deep web can be located and accessed by a direct URL or IP address, and may require a password or other security access past the public website page. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,876 | A web cache is a server computer located either on the public Internet or within an enterprise that stores recently accessed web pages to improve response time for users when the same content is requested within a certain time after the original request. Most web browsers also implement a browser cache by writing recen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,877 | For criminals, the Web has become a venue to spread malware and engage in a range of cybercrimes, including (but not limited to) identity theft, fraud, espionage and intelligence gathering. Web-based vulnerabilities now outnumber traditional computer security concerns, and as measured by Google, about one in ten web pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,878 | Proposed solutions vary. Large security companies like McAfee already design governance and compliance suites to meet post-9/11 regulations, and some, like Finjan have recommended active real-time inspection of programming code and all content regardless of its source. Some have argued that for enterprises to see Web s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,879 | Every time a client requests a web page, the server can identify the request's IP address. Web servers usually log IP addresses in a log file. Also, unless set not to do so, most web browsers record requested web pages in a viewable "history" feature, and usually cache much of the content locally. Unless the server-bro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,880 | When a web page asks for, and the user supplies, personally identifiable information—such as their real name, address, e-mail address, etc. web-based entities can associate current web traffic with that individual. If the website uses HTTP cookies, username, and password authentication, or other tracking techniques, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,881 | Social networking sites usually try to get users to use their real names, interests, and locations, rather than pseudonyms, as their executives believe that this makes the social networking experience more engaging for users. On the other hand, uploaded photographs or unguarded statements can be identified to an indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,882 | Web standards include many interdependent standards and specifications, some of which govern aspects of the Internet, not just the World Wide Web. Even when not web-focused, such standards directly or indirectly affect the development and administration of websites and web services. Considerations include the interoper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,883 | Web standards are not fixed sets of rules but are constantly evolving sets of finalized technical specifications of web technologies. Web standards are developed by standards organizations—groups of interested and often competing parties chartered with the task of standardization—not technologies developed and declared... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,884 | There are methods for accessing the Web in alternative mediums and formats to facilitate use by individuals with disabilities. These disabilities may be visual, auditory, physical, speech-related, cognitive, neurological, or some combination. Accessibility features also help people with temporary disabilities, like a b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,885 | The W3C Internationalisation Activity assures that web technology works in all languages, scripts, and cultures. Beginning in 2004 or 2005, Unicode gained ground and eventually in December 2007 surpassed both ASCII and Western European as the Web's most frequently used character encoding. Originally allowed resources t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139 |
3,886 | Aristotle (; "Aristotélēs", ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy within the Lyceum and the wider Aristotelian tradition. His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,887 | Little is known about his life. Aristotle was born in the city of Stagira in Northern Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At seventeen or eighteen years of age he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (). Short... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,888 | Aristotle's views profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. The influence of physical science extended from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance, and were not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics were developed. Some of Aristotle's zoological ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,889 | Aristotle's influence on logic continued well into the 19th century. In addition, his ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. Aristotle has been called the father of logic, biology, political science, zoology, embryology, natural law, scientific method, rhetor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,890 | In general, the details of Aristotle's life are not well-established. The biographies written in ancient times are often speculative and historians only agree on a few salient points. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,891 | Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, Chalcidice, about 55 km (34 miles) east of modern-day Thessaloniki. His father, Nicomachus, was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. While he was young, Aristotle learned about biology and medical information, which was taught by his father. Both of Aristotle's par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,892 | At the age of seventeen or eighteen, Aristotle moved to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy. He probably experienced the Eleusinian Mysteries as he wrote when describing the sights one viewed at the Eleusinian Mysteries, "to experience is to learn" [παθείν μαθεĩν]. Aristotle remained in Athens for nearl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,893 | Aristotle was appointed as the head of the royal academy of Macedon. During Aristotle's time in the Macedonian court, he gave lessons not only to Alexander but also to two other future kings: Ptolemy and Cassander. Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and Aristotle's own attitude towards Persia was u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,894 | This period in Athens, between 335 and 323 BC, is when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works. He wrote many dialogues, of which only fragments have survived. Those works that have survived are in treatise form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread publication; they are generally th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,895 | Near the end of his life, Alexander and Aristotle became estranged over Alexander's relationship with Persia and Persians. A widespread tradition in antiquity suspected Aristotle of playing a role in Alexander's death, but the only evidence of this is an unlikely claim made some six years after the death. Following Ale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,896 | With the "Prior Analytics", Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th-century advances in mathematical logic. Kant stated in the "Critique of Pure Reason" that with Aristotle logic reached its completion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,897 | What is today called "Aristotelian logic" with its types of syllogism (methods of logical argument), Aristotle himself would have labelled "analytics". The term "logic" he reserved to mean "dialectics". Most of Aristotle's work is probably not in its original form, because it was most likely edited by students and late... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,898 | The order of the books (or the teachings from which they are composed) is not certain, but this list was derived from analysis of Aristotle's writings. It goes from the basics, the analysis of simple terms in the "Categories," the analysis of propositions and their elementary relations in "On Interpretation", to the st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
3,899 | The word "metaphysics" appears to have been coined by the first century AD editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works to the treatise we know by the name "Metaphysics". Aristotle called it "first philosophy", and distinguished it from mathematics and natural science (physics) as the contemplativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308 |
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