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4,000 | After the success of their first game "Kinetica" (2001), Santa Monica Studio began development of the original "God of War" in 2002, and unveiled it two years later at SCEA Santa Monica Gamers' Day 2004. Game director and creator David Jaffe said that although the idea for "God of War" was his own, the concept owed a d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,001 | A sequel to "God of War" was first teased at the end of its credits, which stated, "Kratos Will Return". "God of War II" was officially announced at the 2006 Game Developers Conference (GDC). David Jaffe stepped down and became the creative director of its sequel and "God of War"s lead animator Cory Barlog assumed the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,002 | "God of War III" was first mentioned by Cory Barlog at a "God of War II" launch event, and it was officially announced at the 2008 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). After serving as game director during the first eight months of development, Barlog left Santa Monica for other opportunities and Stig Asmussen took on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,003 | On April 12, 2012, Sony released a teaser image for "Ascension" on its official PlayStation Facebook page, which was followed by the game's announcement on April 19 on PlayStation.Blog. Todd Papy, who had previously worked as a designer on "God of War" and "God of War II" and as design director on "God of War III", ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,004 | Santa Monica began work on the fifth main installment in 2014, which was confirmed by the returning Cory Barlog at the first annual PlayStation Experience on December 6 that year. The official announcement came at the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) with a gameplay demo, which also confirmed that Barlog had ret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,005 | Following the announcement of the 2018 installment in June 2016, Cory Barlog confirmed that the 2018 game would not be Kratos' last. The ending of the 2018 installment also teased a sequel; it ended with Ragnarök looming, as well as a secret ending that showed a vision of the Æsir god Thor confronting Kratos and Atreus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,006 | Prior to the release of the 2018 installment, Cory Barlog confirmed that after the Norse era, future games could see the series tackling either Egyptian or Maya mythology. He also said that although the 2018 installment (and subsequently "Ragnarök") focused on Norse, it alluded to the fact that there are other mytholog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,007 | Game developer Ready at Dawn pitched the idea of a "God of War" game for the PlayStation Portable to Santa Monica Studio soon after the original "God of War" launched. Cory Barlog officially confirmed the development of "Chains of Olympus" at a "God of War II" launch event, stating "It is its own story that connects to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,008 | "Ghost of Sparta" was announced on May 4, 2010, on PlayStation.Blog. According to Sony, Ready at Dawn utilized "state-of-the-art visual technologies" that allowed "higher quality environments and characters." "Ghost of Sparta" offers "over 25% more gameplay" than "Chains of Olympus", while adding more enemies on screen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,009 | "Betrayal" was announced by Sony Online Entertainment at a press conference in Los Angeles in May 2007. The game utilizes a total of 110 different animations and features a 2D rendition of the series' three-dimensional (3D) graphics. Game director Phil Cohen said that although the game was enjoyable to develop, the gre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,010 | A film adaptation of the first game was announced in 2005. Creator David Jaffe confirmed that a completed script had been written by David Self and would be sent to an unspecified director. He said that Universal Studios was behind the making of the "God of War" movie, but was unaware of its status, and eventually said... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,011 | On March 7, 2022, "Deadline" reported that a live action television (TV) series was said to be in negotiations at Amazon Prime Video by Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby, creators of "The Expanse", and Rafe Judkins, the showrunner for "The Wheel of Time". During an investor briefing on May 26, 2022, Sony Interactive Entertain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,012 | "God of War: Unearthing the Legend" (75 minutes, 2010) is a documentary about the "God of War" franchise and is hosted by Peter Weller. The production discusses the relationship between the "God of War" games and Greek mythology, and features members of the "God of War III" development team and professional historians.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,013 | "God of War – Game Directors Live" (80 minutes, 2010) is a documentary featuring five game directors of the "God of War" series: David Jaffe (original "God of War"), Cory Barlog (just "God of War II" at the time), Ru Weerasuriya ("Chains of Olympus"), Stig Asmussen ("God of War III"), and Dana Jan ("Ghost of Sparta"). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,014 | "Raising Kratos" is a YouTube documentary of Santa Monica Studio's five-year process in making 2018's "God of War", showing the "herculean effort" that went into reviving the franchise. The documentary was announced on April 20, 2019, the one year anniversary of the game's launch, and was released the following month o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,015 | A six-issue comic book series titled "God of War", written by Marv Wolfman with art by Andrea Sorrentino, was published by WildStorm and DC Comics on a bi-monthly schedule from March 2010 to January 2011. Taking place during the Greek era, the narrative switches between Kratos' past and present; it occurs while he is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,016 | In the lead up to "Ascension"s release, Santa Monica released a graphic novel titled "" on the "God of War" website that featured a social experience from October 2012 until March 2013. The graphic novel was a prequel story that tied into the single-player of "Ascension", and was the backstory of the player's multiplay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,017 | A two-volume comic series was published by Dark Horse Comics and follows Kratos' journey between the events of "God of War III" and the 2018 installment. It was written by Chris Roberson with art by Tony Parker. The first volume, also titled "God of War", was published monthly from November 2018 to February 2019; Issue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,018 | The "God of War" novels recount the events of the games and offer deeper insights into their stories. "God of War", the official novelization of the first game, was written by Matthew Stover and Robert E. Vardeman. It was published on May 25, 2010, by Del Rey Books. "God of War II", the second novelization of the serie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,019 | Seven "God of War" soundtracks have been commercially released and have featured several composers, including Gerard K. Marino, Ron Fish, Winifred Phillips, Mike Reagan, Cris Velasco, Winnie Waldron, Marcello De Francisci, Jeff Rona, Tyler Bates, and Bear McCreary. On March 1, 2005, "God of War: Original Soundtrack fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,020 | The original scores for "God of War", "God of War II", and "God of War III" were nominated for Best Original Score at the 2005, 2007, and 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, respectively. The "God of War Trilogy Soundtrack" was included with the "God of War III Ultimate Edition" and "Ultimate Trilogy Edition" collections as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,021 | On October 18, 2010, "" was released on the iTunes Store by SIE. It was also included as downloadable content as part of the "Ghost of Sparta" pre-order package and includes three previously unreleased tracks from "Chains of Olympus". Several tracks were cited as being intended for purely contextual purposes, and the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,022 | For both "God of War" (2018) and "God of War Ragnarök", famed TV series composer Bear McCreary was employed to compose the music. "God of War (PlayStation Soundtrack)" was released on April 20, 2018, by Sony Classical Records. McCreary composed completely new music for the game, not reusing any music from the Greek era... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,023 | "God of War: Blood & Metal" is a heavy metal homage by various bands on the Roadrunner Records label, and features original music inspired by the "God of War" video game series. The EP was released for purchase on March 2, 2010, and is available from ShockHound and the iTunes Store. It was also included as downloadable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,024 | With physical and digital copies combined, the "God of War" franchise has sold over 51 million games worldwide (as of November 2020). "God of War" (2005), "God of War II", "Chains of Olympus", "God of War Collection", "God of War III", "God of War" (2018), and "Ragnarök" each received critical acclaim from several revi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,025 | At the time of its release, Raymond Padilla of GameSpy wrote that the original "God of War" was the "best action game ever to grace the PS2". Other critics similarly said that it was one of the best action games of all time; it received over a dozen "Game of the Year" awards. In 2009, it was named the "seventh-best" Pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,026 | "Chains of Olympus" was praised for "fantastic" graphics and "tight and responsive" controls for the PSP at the time. In 2008, IGN awarded "Chains of Olympus" the "Best PSP Action Game", and in September 2010, it was listed as the best PSP game by "GamePro". "God of War III" received praise for its graphics, in particu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,027 | The series has also received criticism because of problems with puzzles, weapons, and technical issues. "Chains of Olympus" was criticized by G4, who stated that the game "occasionally suffers from screen tearing and framerate drops", and that some of the puzzles "are so maddeningly difficult to solve". The game was al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,028 | The collections have also received praise. IGN (9.4/10) awarded "God of War Collection" (PS3) the "Editor's Choice" Award and praised the enhanced resolutions, lower price point and smoother frame rates, and stated it was the "definitive way to play the game[s]". Due to the success of "God of War Collection", Sony anno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16282491 |
4,029 | Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of . Most of Antarctica ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,030 | Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over along the coast and far less inland. About 70% of the world's freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would rai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,031 | The ice shelves of Antarctica were probably first seen in 1820, during a Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev. The decades that followed saw further exploration in French, American, and British expeditions. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. In the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,032 | Antarctica is governed by about 30 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining, nuclear explosions, and nuclear waste disposal are all prohibited in Antarctica. Tourism, fishing and research are the main human activities in and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,033 | The name given to the continent originates from the word "antarctic", which comes from Middle French ' or ' ('opposite to the Arctic') and, in turn, the Latin ' ('opposite to the north'). ' is derived from the Greek ('anti-') and ('of the Bear', 'northern'). The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote in "Meteorology" about ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,034 | Until the discovery, belief by Europeans in the existence of a ""—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to balance the northern lands of Europe, Asia, and North Africa—had existed as an intellectual concept since classical antiquity. The belief of such a land lasted until the discovery of Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,035 | During the early 19th century, explorer Matthew Flinders doubted the existence of a detached continent south of Australia (then called New Holland) and thus advocated for the "Terra Australis" name to be used for Australia instead. In 1824, the colonial authorities in Sydney officially renamed the continent of New Holl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,036 | Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle (one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the world), Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. Rivers exist in Antarctica, the longest being the Onyx. Antarctica covers more than , making it the fifth-lar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,037 | The lakes that lie at the base of the continental ice sheet occur mainly in the McMurdo Dry Valleys or various oases. Lake Vostok, discovered beneath Russia's Vostok Station, is the largest sub-glacial lake globally and one of the largest lakes in the world. It was once believed that the lake had been sealed off for mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,038 | Antarctica is divided into West Antarctica and East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains, which stretch from Victoria Land to the Ross Sea. The vast majority of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, which averages in thickness. The ice sheet extends to all but a few oases, which, with the exception of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,039 | East Antarctica comprises Coats Land, Queen Maud Land, Enderby Land, Mac. Robertson Land, Wilkes Land, and Victoria Land. All but a small portion of the region lies within the Eastern Hemisphere. East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. There are numerous islands surrounding Antarctica, most ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,040 | Vinson Massif, in the Ellsworth Mountains, is the highest peak in Antarctica at . Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano and erupts around 10 times each day. Ash from eruptions has been found from the volcanic crater. There is evidence of a large number of volcanoes under the ice, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,041 | From the end of the Neoproterozoic era to the Cretaceous, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Modern Antarctica was formed as Gondwana gradually broke apart beginning around 183 Ma. For a large proportion of the Phanerozoic, Antarctica had a tropical or temperate climate, and it was covered in forests. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,042 | During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during the time, large amounts of sandstones, limestones, and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where seafloor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,043 | Antarctica became glaciated during the Late Paleozoic icehouse beginning at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), though glaciation would substantially increase during the late Carboniferous. It drifted closer to the South Pole, and the climate cooled, though flora remained. After deglaciation during the latter half... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,044 | The continued warming dried out much of Gondwana. During the Triassic, Antarctica was dominated by seed ferns (pteridosperms) belonging to the genus "Dicroidium," which grew as trees. Other associated Triassic flora included ginkgophytes, cycadophytes, conifers, and sphenopsids. Tetrapods first appeared in Antarctica d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,045 | The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma). "Ginkgo" trees, conifers, Bennettitales, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during the time. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated throughout the Cretaceous period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech trees ("Nothofagus") b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,046 | Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). During the early Paleogene, Antarctica remained connected to South America via the Isthmus of Scotia as well as to southeastern Australia. Fauna from the La Meseta Formation in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,047 | Around 53 Ma, Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, opening the Tasmanian Passage. The Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America around 30 Ma, resulting in the creation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated the continent. Models of Antarctic geography suggest that this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,048 | The geology of Antarctica, largely obscured by the continental ice sheet, is being revealed by techniques such as remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar, and satellite imagery. Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the South American Andes. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by geologic uplift and the trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,049 | West Antarctica was formed by the merging of several continental plates, which created a number of mountain ranges in the region, the most prominent being the Ellsworth Mountains. The presence of the West Antarctic Rift System has resulted in volcanism along the border between West and East Antarctica, as well as the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,050 | East Antarctica is geologically varied. Its formation began during the Archean Eon (4,000 Ma2,500 Ma), and stopped during the Cambrian Period. It is built on a craton of rock, which is the basis of the Precambrian Shield. On top of the base are coal and sandstones, limestones, and shales that were laid down during the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,051 | Coal was first recorded in Antarctica near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the "Nimrod" Expedition in 1907, and low-grade coal is known to exist across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain deposits of iron ore. There are oil and natural gas fields in the Ross Sea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,052 | Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest of Earth's continents. The lowest natural air temperature ever recorded on Earth was at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. A lower air temperature of was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may have been influenced by ground temperatures and w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,053 | Antarctica is a polar desert with little precipitation; the continent receives an average equivalent to about of water per year, mostly in the form of snow. The interior is dryer and receives less than per year, whereas the coastal regions typically receive more than . In a few blue-ice areas, the wind and sublimation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,054 | East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry, with moderate wind speeds. Heavy snowfalls are common on the coastal portion of Antarctica, where snowfalls of up to in 48 hours have been reco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,055 | Over the second half of the 20th century, the Antarctic Peninsula was the fastest-warming place on Earth, closely followed by West Antarctica, but temperatures rose less rapidly during the early 21st century. Conversely, the South Pole, located in East Antarctica, barely warmed during much of the 20th century, but temp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,056 | There is some evidence that surface warming in Antarctica is due to human greenhouse gas emissions, but it is difficult to determine due to internal variability. A main component of climate variability in Antarctica is the Southern Annular Mode (a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the Southern Hemisphere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,057 | Precipitation in Antarctica occurs in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms the giant ice sheet that covers the continent. Under the force of gravity, the ice flows towards the coast. The ice then moves into the ocean, often forming vast floating ice shelves. These shelves can melt or form icebergs that eventua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,058 | Sea ice extent expands annually during the Antarctic winter, but most of it melts in the summer. The ice is formed from the ocean, and does not contribute to changes in sea level. The average extent of sea ice around Antarctica has changed little since satellites began to observe the Earth's surface in 1978; which is i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,059 | The melting of the ice shelves does not contribute much to sea level rise, as the floating ice displaces its own mass of water, but the ice shelves act to stabilize the land ice. They are vulnerable to warming water, which has caused large ice shelves to collapse into the ocean. The loss of ice shelf "buttressing" has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,060 | In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. In early 2008, about of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about wide, prior to its collapse in 2009. , the two m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,061 | Antarctica contains about 90% of the world's ice. If all of this ice were melted, global sea levels would rise about . In addition, Antarctica stores around 70% of global freshwater as ice. The continent is losing mass due to the increased flow of its glaciers toward the ocean. The loss of mass from Antarctica's ice sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,062 | Most of the ice loss has taken place on the Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctica. Estimates of the mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole range from slightly positive to slightly negative. Increased ice outflow has been observed in some regions of East Antarctica, particularly at Wilkes Land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,063 | Future projections of ice loss depend on the speed of climate change mitigation and are uncertain. Tipping points have been identified in some regions; when a certain threshold warming is reached, these regions may start melting at a significantly faster rate. If average temperatures were to begin to fall, the ice woul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,064 | Scientists have studied the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica since the 1970s. In 1985, British scientists, working on data they had gathered at Halley Research Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf, discovered a large area of low ozone concentration over Antarctica. The 'ozone hole' covers almost the whole conti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,065 | The ozone depletion can cause a cooling of around in the stratosphere. The cooling strengthens the polar vortex and so prevents the outflow of the cold air near the South Pole, which in turn cools the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet. The peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,066 | Most species in Antarctica seem to be the descendants of species that lived there millions of years ago. As such, they must have survived multiple glacial cycles. The species survived the periods of extremely cold climate in isolated warmer areas, such as those with geothermal heat or areas that remained ice-free throu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,067 | Invertebrate life of Antarctica includes species of microscopic mites such as "Alaskozetes antarcticus", lice, nematodes, tardigrades, rotifers, krill and springtails. The few terrestrial vertebrates are limited to the sub-Antarctic islands. The flightless midge "Belgica antarctica", the largest purely terrestrial anim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,068 | Antarctic krill, which congregates in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, being an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, and many bird species, such as penguins and albatrosses. Some species of marine animals exist and rely, direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,069 | There are approximately 40 bird species that breed on or close to Antarctica, including species of petrels, penguins, cormorants, and gulls. Various other bird species visit the ocean around Antarctica, including some that normally reside in the Arctic. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the win... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,070 | A Census of Marine Life by some 500 researchers during the International Polar Year was released in 2010. The research found that more than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of . Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. Smaller forms of life, suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,071 | About 1,150 species of fungi have been recorded in the Antarctic region, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming. Some of the species, having evolved under extreme conditions, have colonized structural cavities within porous rocks and have contributed to shaping the rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,072 | The simplified morphology of such fungi, along with their similar biological structures, metabolism systems capable of remaining active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles, make them well suited to such environments. Their thick-walled and strongly melanised cells make them resistant to UV radiation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,073 | The same features can be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that they are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that life on Mars might have been similar to Antarctic fungi, such as "Cryomyces antarcticus" and "Cryomyces minteri". Some of the species of fungi, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,074 | Throughout its history, Antarctica has seen a wide variety of plant life. In the Cretaceous, it was dominated by a fern-conifer ecosystem, which changed into a temperate rainforest by the end of that period. During the colder Neogene (17–2.5 Ma), a tundra ecosystem replaced the rainforests. The climate of present-day A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,075 | Of the 700 species of algae in Antarctica, around half are marine phytoplankton. Multicoloured snow algae are especially abundant in the coastal regions during the summer. Bacteria have been found as deep as under the ice. It is thought to be likely that there exists a native bacterial community within the subterranean... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,076 | The first international agreement to protect Antarctica's biodiversity was adopted in 1964. The overfishing of krill (an animal that plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem) led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, an international tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,077 | In analogy to the 1980 treaty on sustainable fishing, countries led by New Zealand and the United States negotiated a treaty on mining. This Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities was adopted in 1988. After a strong campaign from environmental organisations, first Australia and then Franc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,078 | The pressure group Greenpeace established a base on Ross Island from 1987 to 1992 as part of its attempt to establish the continent as a World Park. The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary was established in 1994 by the International Whaling Commission. It covers and completely surrounds the Antarctic continent. All commerc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,079 | Despite these protections, the biodiversity in Antarctica is still at risk from human activities. Specially protected areas cover less than 2% of the area and provide better protection for animals with popular appeal than for less visible animals. There are more terrestrial protected areas than marine protected areas. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,080 | Captain James Cook's ships, and , crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773, and again in January 1774. Cook came within about of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. In 1775, he called the existence of a polar continent "probable," and in another copy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,081 | Sealers were among the earliest to go closer to the Antarctic landmass, perhaps in the earlier part of the 19th century. The oldest known human remains in the Antarctic region was a skull, dated from 1819 to 1825, that belonged to a young woman on Yamana Beach at the South Shetland Islands. The woman, who was likely to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,082 | The first person to see Antarctica or its ice shelf was long thought to have been the British sailor Edward Bransfield, a captain in the Royal Navy, who discovered the tip of the Antarctic peninsula on 30 January 1820. However, a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, recorded seeing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,083 | The First Russian Antarctic Expedition, led by Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on the 985-ton sloop-of-war "Vostok" and the 530-ton support vessel "Mirny", reached a point within of Queen Maud Land and recorded sighting an ice shelf at . on 27 January 1820, The sighting happened three days before Bransfield sighted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,084 | On 22 January 1840, two days after the discovery of the coast west of the Balleny Islands, some members of the crew of the 18371840 expedition of the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville disembarked on the Dumoulin Islands, off the coast of Adélie Land, where they took some mineral, algae, and animal samples erected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,085 | The first confirmed landing on the continental mass of Antarctica occurred in 1895 when the Norwegian-Swedish whaling ship "Antarctic" reached Cape Adare. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,086 | During the "Nimrod" Expedition led by the British explorer Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the south magnetic pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, retired in 1931. Between Decem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,087 | The American explorer Richard E. Byrd led four expeditions to Antarctica during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, using the first mechanised tractors. His expeditions conducted extensive geographical and scientific research, and he is credited with surveying a larger region of the continent than any other explorer. In 1937,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,088 | The South Pole was next reached on 31 October 1956, when a U.S. Navy group led by Rear Admiral George J. Dufek successfully landed an aircraft there. Six women were flown to the South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969. In the summer of 19961997, Norwegian explorer Børge Ousland became the first person to cross Antarcti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,089 | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of the island varied from over 1,000 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,090 | The continent of Antarctica has never had a permanent resident population, although staffed research stations are continuously maintained. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the sum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,091 | The first child born in the southern polar region was a Norwegian girl, Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen, born in Grytviken on 8 October 1913. Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south and the first to be born on the Antarctic mainland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,092 | The Antarctic Treaty prohibits any military activity in Antarctica, including the establishment of military bases and fortifications, military manoeuvres, and weapons testing. Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes. The only documented military land manoeuv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,093 | In 1539, the King of Spain, Charles V, created the Governorate of Terra Australis, which encompassed lands south of the Strait of Magellan and thus theoretically Antarctica, granting this Govenorate to Pedro Sancho de la Hoz, who in 1540 transferred the title to the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. Spain claimed all the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,094 | Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the Soviet Union, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,095 | Sovereignty over regions of Antarctica is claimed by seven countries. While a few of these countries have mutually recognised each other's claims, the validity of the claims is not recognised universally. New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959, although in 2015, Norway formally defined Queen Maud Land ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,096 | The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap and have caused friction. In 2012, after the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office designated a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee, the Argentinean government formally protested against the claim. The UK pass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,097 | Deposits of coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold, and other minerals have been found in Antarctica, but not in large enough quantities to extract. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into effect in 1998 and is due to be reviewed in 2048, restric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,098 | Tourists have been visiting Antarctica since 1957. Tourism is subject to the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol; the self-regulatory body for the industry is the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. Tourists arrive by small or medium ship at specific scenic locations with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
4,099 | Overland sightseeing flights operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the Mount Erebus disaster in 1979, when an Air New Zealand plane crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all of the 257 people onboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18959138 |
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