doc_id int32 0 2.25M | text stringlengths 101 8.13k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|---|
5,400 | SpaceX's low launch prices, especially for communications satellites flying to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices. Prior to 2013, the openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by Arianespace (flying the Ariane 5) and Internatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=832774 |
5,401 | SpaceX ended the United Launch Alliance (ULA) monopoly of U.S. military payloads when it began to compete for national security launches. In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic, military, and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders. To that end, ULA ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=832774 |
5,402 | Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA Space Act Agreement process of "setting only a high-level requirement for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at a substantially lower cost.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=832774 |
5,403 | In November 2022, the company announced COO Gwynne Shotwell and vice president Mark Juncosa would oversee Starbase, its Texas launch facility, along with Omead Afshar, who at the time oversaw operations for Tesla in Texas. Shyamal Patel, who was senior director of operations at the site, would shift to its Cape Canaver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=832774 |
5,404 | According to former NASA deputy administrator Lori Garver, the company overall has a male-dominated employee culture, similar to that of the spaceflight industry in general. In December 2021, claims of workplace sexual harassment from five former SpaceX employees, ranging from interns to full engineers, were published.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=832774 |
5,405 | In May 2022, a Business Insider article alleged that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct with a SpaceX flight attendant in a private jet in 2016 citing an anonymous friend of a flight attendant. In response, some employees collaborated on an open letter condemning "Elon's harmful Twitter behavior". It also asks the compa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=832774 |
5,406 | The company has also been described as having a work culture that pushes employees to work excessively, and was described as a burnout culture. According to a memo by Blue Origin, SpaceX expected very long work hours, work on weekends, and limited use of holidays. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=832774 |
5,407 | Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BCE. It is a philosophy of personal virtue ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world, asserting that the practice of virtue is both necessary and sufficient to achieve (happiness, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,408 | The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "virtue is the only good" for human beings, and that external things, such as health, wealth, and pleasure, are not good or bad in themselves ("adiaphora") but have value as "material for virtue to act upon". Alongside Aristotelian ethics, the Stoic tradition forms one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,409 | Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness", a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase "stoic calm", though the phrase does not include the traditional Stoic view that only a sage can be considered t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,410 | Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century CE, and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century CE. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance (Neostoicism) and in the conte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,411 | Stoicism was originally known as Zenonism, after the founder Zeno of Citium. However, this name was soon dropped, likely because the Stoics did not consider their founders to be perfectly wise and to avoid the risk of the philosophy becoming a cult of personality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,412 | The name "Stoicism" derives from the "Stoa Poikile" (Ancient Greek: ἡ ποικίλη στοά), or "painted porch", a colonnade decorated with mythic and historical battle scenes on the north side of the Agora in Athens where Zeno and his followers gathered to discuss their ideas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,413 | The word "stoic" commonly refers to someone who is indifferent to pain, pleasure, grief, or joy. The modern usage as a "person who represses feelings or endures patiently" was first cited in 1579 as a noun and in 1596 as an adjective. In contrast to the term "Epicurean", the "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"s entry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,414 | The Stoics provided a unified account of the world, constructed from ideals of logic, monistic physics, and naturalistic ethics. Of these, they emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge, though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,415 | Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason ("logos"). Stoicism's primary aspect involves improving the individual's ethical and moral well-bein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,416 | The Stoic ethic espouses a deterministic perspective; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue, Cleanthes once opined that the wicked man is "like a dog tied to a cart, and compelled to go wherever it goes". A Stoic of virtue, by contrast, would amend his will to suit the world and remain, in the words of Epictetus, "s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,417 | Beginning around 301 BCE, Zeno taught philosophy at the "Stoa Poikile" ("Painted Porch"), from which his philosophy got its name. Unlike the other schools of philosophy, such as the Epicureans, Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space, which was a colonnade overlooking the central gathering place of Athens,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,418 | Zeno's ideas developed from those of the Cynics, whose founding father, Antisthenes, had been a disciple of Socrates. Zeno's most influential follower was Chrysippus, who was responsible for molding what is now called Stoicism. Later Roman Stoics focused on promoting a life in harmony within the universe over which one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,419 | No complete works survived from the first two phases of Stoicism. Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survived. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,420 | Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire to the point where, in the words of Gilbert Murray, "nearly all the successors of Alexander [...] professed themselves Stoics". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,421 | Diodorus Cronus, who was one of Zeno's teachers, is considered the philosopher who first introduced and developed an approach to logic now known as propositional logic, which is based on statements or propositions, rather than terms, differing greatly from Aristotle's term logic. Later, Chrysippus developed a system th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,422 | Bobzien also notes that, "Chrysippus wrote over 300 books on logic, on virtually any topic logic today concerns itself with, including speech act theory, sentence analysis, singular and plural expressions, types of predicates, indexicals, existential propositions, sentential connectives, negations, disjunctions, condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,423 | The Stoics held that all beings (ὄντα)—though not all things (τινά)—are material. Besides the existing beings they admitted four incorporeals (asomata): time, place, void, and sayable. They were held to be just 'subsisting' while such a status was denied to universals. Thus, they accepted Anaxagoras's idea (as did Aris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,424 | Stoics outlined what we have control over categories of our own action, thoughts and reaction. The opening paragraph of the "Enchiridion" states the categories as: "Things in our control are opinion, pursuit, desire, aversion, and, in a word, whatever are our own actions. Things not in our control are body, property, r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,425 | The Stoics propounded that knowledge can be attained through the use of reason. Truth can be distinguished from fallacy—even if, in practice, only an approximation can be made. According to the Stoics, the senses constantly receive sensations: pulsations that pass from objects through the senses to the mind, where they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,426 | The mind has the ability to judge (συγκατάθεσις, "synkatathesis")—approve or reject—an impression, enabling it to distinguish a true representation of reality from one that is false. Some impressions can be assented to immediately, but others can achieve only varying degrees of hesitant approval, which can be labeled b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,427 | According to the Stoics, the Universe is a material reasoning substance ("logos"), known as God or Nature, which was divided into two classes: the active and the passive. The passive substance is matter, which "lies sluggish, a substance ready for any use, but sure to remain unemployed if no one sets it in motion". The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,428 | Everything is subject to the laws of Fate, for the Universe acts according to its own nature, and the nature of the passive matter it governs. The souls of humans and animals are emanations from this primordial Fire, and are, likewise, subject to Fate: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,429 | Individual souls are perishable by nature, and can be "transmuted and diffused, assuming a fiery nature by being received into the "seminal reason" ("logos spermatikos") of the Universe". Since right Reason is the foundation of both humanity and the universe, it follows that the goal of life is to live according to Rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,430 | Stoic theology is a fatalistic and naturalistic pantheism: God is never fully transcendent but always immanent, and identified with Nature. Abrahamic religions personalize God as a world-creating entity, but Stoicism equates God with the totality of the universe; according to Stoic cosmology, which is very similar to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,431 | Stoicism, just like Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, does not posit a beginning or end to the Universe. According to the Stoics, the "logos" was the active reason or "anima mundi" pervading and animating the entire Universe. It was conceived as material and is usually identified with God or Nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,432 | The first philosophers to explicitly describe nominalist arguments were the Stoics, especially Chrysippus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,433 | Ancient Stoics are often misunderstood because the terms they used pertained to different concepts than today. The word "stoic" has since come to mean "unemotional" or indifferent to pain because Stoic ethics taught freedom from "passion" by following "reason". The Stoics did not seek to extinguish emotions; rather, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,434 | Borrowing from the Cynics, the foundation of Stoic ethics is that good lies in the state of the soul itself; in wisdom and self-control. Stoic ethics stressed the rule: "Follow where reason leads". One must therefore strive to be free of the passions, bearing in mind that the ancient meaning of "pathos" (plural "pathe"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,435 | For the Stoics, reason meant using logic and understanding the processes of nature—the logos or universal reason, inherent in all things. According to reason and virtue, living according to reason and virtue is to live in harmony with the divine order of the universe, in recognition of the common reason and essential v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,436 | The four cardinal virtues ("aretai") of Stoic philosophy is a classification derived from the teachings of Plato ("Republic" IV. 426–35): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,437 | Following Socrates, the Stoics held that unhappiness and evil are the results of human ignorance of the reason in nature. If someone is unkind, it is because they are unaware of their own universal reason, which leads to the conclusion of unkindness. The solution to evil and unhappiness then is the practice of Stoic ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,438 | The Stoics accepted that suicide was permissible for the wise person in circumstances that might prevent them from living a virtuous life. Plutarch held that accepting life under tyranny would have compromised Cato's self-consistency ("constantia") as a Stoic and impaired his freedom to make the honorable moral choices... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,439 | In philosophical terms, things that are indifferent are outside the application of moral law—that is without tendency to either promote or obstruct moral ends. Actions that are neither required nor forbidden by the moral law, or that do not affect morality, are called morally indifferent. The doctrine of things indiffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,440 | Eventually three sub-classes of "things indifferent" developed: things to prefer because they assist life according to nature; things to avoid because they hinder it; and things indifferent in the narrower sense. The principle of "adiaphora" was also common to the Cynics. Philipp Melanchthon revived the doctrine of thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,441 | Philosophy for a Stoic is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims; it is a way of life involving constant practice and training (or "askēsis"). Stoic philosophical and spiritual practices included logic, Socratic dialogue and self-dialogue, contemplation of death, mortality salience, training attention to remain in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,442 | Say to yourself in the early morning: I shall meet today ungrateful, violent, treacherous, envious, uncharitable men. All of the ignorance of real good and ill ... I can neither be harmed by any of them, for no man will involve me in wrong, nor can I be angry with my kinsman or hate him; for we have come into the world... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,443 | Prior to Aurelius, Epictetus in his "Discourses," distinguished between three types of act: judgment, desire, and inclination. According to philosopher Pierre Hadot, Epictetus identifies these three acts with logic, physics and ethics respectively. Hadot writes that in the "Meditations", "Each maxim develops either one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,444 | Seamus Mac Suibhne has described the practices of spiritual exercises as influencing those of reflective practice. Many parallels between Stoic spiritual exercises and modern cognitive behavioral therapy have been identified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,445 | Stoics were also known for consolatory orations, which were part of the "consolatio" literary tradition. Three such consolations by Seneca have survived. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,446 | Stoics commonly employ ‘The View from Above’, reflecting on society and otherness in guided visualization, aiming to gain a "bigger picture", to see ourselves in context relevant to others, to see others in the context of the world, to see ourselves in the context of the world to help determine our role and the importa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,447 | A fine reflection from Plato. One who would converse about human beings should look on all things earthly as though from some point far above, upon herds, armies, and agriculture, marriages and divorces, births and deaths, the clamour of law courts, deserted wastes, alien peoples of every kind, festivals, lamentations,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,448 | Stoics considered sexuality an element within the law of nature that was not to be good or bad by itself, but condemned passionate desire as something to be avoided. Early exponents differed significantly from late stoics in their view of romantic love and sexual relationships. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,449 | Zeno advocated for a republic ruled by love and not by law, where marriage would be abolished, wives would be held in common, and eroticism would be practiced with both boys and girls with educative purposes, to develop virtue in the loved ones. However, he didn't condemn marriage per se, considering it equally a natur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,450 | Among later stoics, Epictetus maintained homosexual and heterosexual sex as equivalent in this field, and condemned only the kind of desire that led one to act against judgement. However, contemporaneous positions generally advanced towards equating sexuality with passion, and although they were still not hostile to se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,451 | A distinctive feature of Stoicism is its cosmopolitanism; according to the Stoics, all people are manifestations of the one universal spirit and should live in brotherly love and readily help one another. In the "Discourses", Epictetus comments on man's relationship with the world: "Each human being is primarily a citi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,452 | They held that external differences, such as rank and wealth, are of no importance in social relationships. Instead, they advocated the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings. Stoicism became the most influential school of the Greco-Roman world, and produced a number of remarkable writers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,453 | In particular, they were noted for their urging of clemency toward slaves. Seneca in his Letter 47 exhorted, "Kindly remember that he whom you call your slave sprang from the same stock, is smiled upon by the same skies, and on equal terms with yourself breathes, lives, and dies." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,454 | In St. Ambrose of Milan's "Duties", "The voice is the voice of a Christian bishop, but the precepts are those of Zeno." Regarding what he called "the Divine Spirit", Maxwell Staniforth wrote: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,455 | Cleanthes, wishing to give more explicit meaning to Zeno's 'creative fire', had been the first to hit upon the term "pneuma", or 'spirit', to describe it. Like fire, this intelligent 'spirit' was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath, but essentially possessing the quality of warmth; it was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,456 | Again in the doctrine of the Trinity, the ecclesiastical conception of Father, Word, and Spirit finds its germ in the different Stoic names of the Divine Unity. Thus Seneca, writing of the supreme Power which shapes the universe, states, 'This Power we sometimes call the All-ruling God, sometimes the incorporeal Wisdom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,457 | The apostle Paul met with Stoics during his stay in Athens, reported in . In his letters, Paul reflected heavily from his knowledge of Stoic philosophy, using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of Christianity. This is seen, for example, in 1 Corinthians 11, in which Pau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,458 | The Fathers of the Church regarded Stoicism as a "pagan philosophy"; nonetheless, early Christian writers employed some of the central philosophical concepts of Stoicism. Examples include the terms "logos", "virtue", "Spirit", and "conscience". But the parallels go well beyond the sharing and borrowing of terminology. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,459 | Stoic writings such as "Meditations" by Marcus Aurelius have been highly regarded by many Christians throughout the centuries. The Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church accept the Stoic ideal of dispassion to this day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,460 | Middle and Roman Stoics taught that sex is just within marriage, for unitive and procreative purposes only. This teaching is accepted by the Catholic Church to this day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224834 |
5,461 | Ancient Egypt was a civilization in Northeast Africa situated in the Nile Valley. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer). The h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,462 | Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of Nubia and a sizable portion of the Near East, after which it entered a period of slow decline. During the course of its history, Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the Hyksos, the Libyans, the Nubians, the As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,463 | The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. Wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,464 | The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying, and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems, and agricultural production techniques, the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,465 | The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization. Nomadic modern human hunter-gathe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,466 | In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs, and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,467 | By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,468 | The Badari was followed by the Naqada culture: the Amratian (Naqada I), the Gerzeh (Naqada II), and Semainean (Naqada III). These brought a number of technological improvements. As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,469 | The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, as well as societal personal-use items, which included combs, small statuary, painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,470 | The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam. The third-centuryBC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of kings from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today. He began his official history with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,471 | The transition to a unified state happened more gradually than ancient Egyptian writers represented, and there is no contemporary record of Menes. Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have been the king Narmer, who is depicted wearing royal regalia on the ceremonial "Narmer Palette," in a sym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,472 | Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population, made possible by a well-developed central administration. Some of ancient Egypt's crowning achievements, the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx, were constructed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,473 | With the rising importance of central administration in Egypt, a new class of educated scribes and officials arose who were granted estates by the king in payment for their services. Kings also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples, to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,474 | After Egypt's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom, the administration could no longer support or stabilize the country's economy. Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis, and the ensuing food shortages and political disputes escalated into famines and small-scale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,475 | Free from their loyalties to the king, local rulers began competing with each other for territorial control and political power. By 2160BC, rulers in Herakleopolis controlled Lower Egypt in the north, while a rival clan based in Thebes, the Intef family, took control of Upper Egypt in the south. As the Intefs grew in p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,476 | The kings of the Middle Kingdom restored the country's stability and prosperity, thereby stimulating a resurgence of art, literature, and monumental building projects. Mentuhotep II and his Eleventh Dynasty successors ruled from Thebes, but the vizier Amenemhat I, upon assuming the kingship at the beginning of the Twel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,477 | With the kings having secured the country militarily and politically and with vast agricultural and mineral wealth at their disposal, the nation's population, arts, and religion flourished. In contrast to elitist Old Kingdom attitudes towards the gods, the Middle Kingdom displayed an increase in expressions of personal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,478 | The last great ruler of the Middle Kingdom, Amenemhat III, allowed Semitic-speaking Canaanite settlers from the Near East into the Delta region to provide a sufficient labour force for his especially active mining and building campaigns. These ambitious building and mining activities, however, combined with severe Nile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,479 | Around 1785BC, as the power of the Middle Kingdom kings weakened, a Western Asian people called the Hyksos, who had already settled in the Delta, seized control of Egypt and established their capital at Avaris, forcing the former central government to retreat to Thebes. The king was treated as a vassal and expected to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,480 | After retreating south, the native Theban kings found themselves trapped between the Canaanite Hyksos ruling the north and the Hyksos' Nubian allies, the Kushites, to the south. After years of vassalage, Thebes gathered enough strength to challenge the Hyksos in a conflict that lasted more than 30 years, until 1555BC. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,481 | The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbours, including the Mitanni Empire, Assyria, and Canaan. Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis I and his grandson Tuthmosis III extended the influence of the pharaohs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,482 | Between their reigns, Hatshepsut, a queen who established herself as pharaoh, launched many building projects, including the restoration of temples damaged by the Hyksos, and sent trading expeditions to Punt and the Sinai. When Tuthmosis III died in 1425BC, Egypt had an empire extending from Niya in north west Syria to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,483 | The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large-scale building campaign to promote the god Amun, whose growing cult was based in Karnak. They also constructed monuments to glorify their own achievements, both real and imagined. The Karnak temple is the largest Egyptian temple ever built. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,484 | Around 1350BC, the stability of the New Kingdom was threatened when Amenhotep IV ascended the throne and instituted a series of radical and chaotic reforms. Changing his name to Akhenaten, he touted the previously obscure sun deity Aten as the supreme deity, suppressed the worship of most other deities, and moved the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,485 | Around 1279BC, Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, ascended the throne, and went on to build more temples, erect more statues and obelisks, and sire more children than any other pharaoh in history. A bold military leader, Ramesses II led his army against the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh (in modern Syria)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,486 | Egypt's wealth, however, made it a tempting target for invasion, particularly by the Libyan Berbers to the west, and the Sea Peoples, a conjectured confederation of seafarers from the Aegean Sea. Initially, the military was able to repel these invasions, but Egypt eventually lost control of its remaining territories in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,487 | Following the death of Ramesses XI in 1078BC, Smendes assumed authority over the northern part of Egypt, ruling from the city of Tanis. The south was effectively controlled by the High Priests of Amun at Thebes, who recognized Smendes in name only. During this time, Libyans had been settling in the western delta, and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,488 | Around 727BC the Kushite king Piye invaded northward, seizing control of Thebes and eventually the Delta, which established the 25th Dynasty. During the 25th Dynasty, Pharaoh Taharqa created an empire nearly as large as the New Kingdom's. Twenty-fifth Dynasty pharaohs built, or restored, temples and monuments throughou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,489 | Egypt's far-reaching prestige declined considerably toward the end of the Third Intermediate Period. Its foreign allies had fallen under the Assyrian sphere of influence, and by 700BC war between the two states became inevitable. Between 671 and 667BC the Assyrians began the Assyrian conquest of Egypt. The reigns of bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,490 | The Assyrians left control of Egypt to a series of vassals who became known as the Saite kings of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. By 653BC, the Saite king Psamtik I was able to oust the Assyrians with the help of Greek mercenaries, who were recruited to form Egypt's first navy. Greek influence expanded greatly as the city-st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,491 | Following its annexation by Persia, Egypt was joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. This first period of Persian rule over Egypt, also known as the Twenty-Seventh Dynasty, ended in 402BC, when Egypt regained independence under a series of native dynasties. The last of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,492 | In 332BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. The administration established by Alexander's successors, the Macedonian Ptolemaic Kingdom, was based on an Egyptian model and based in the new capital city of Alexandria. The city sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,493 | Hellenistic culture did not supplant native Egyptian culture, as the Ptolemies supported time-honored traditions in an effort to secure the loyalty of the populace. They built new temples in Egyptian style, supported traditional cults, and portrayed themselves as pharaohs. Some traditions merged, as Greek and Egyptian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,494 | Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30BC, following the defeat of Mark Antony and Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII by Octavian (later Emperor Augustus) in the Battle of Actium. The Romans relied heavily on grain shipments from Egypt, and the Roman army, under the control of a prefect appointed by the emperor, q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,495 | Although the Romans had a more hostile attitude than the Greeks towards the Egyptians, some traditions such as mummification and worship of the traditional gods continued. The art of mummy portraiture flourished, and some Roman emperors had themselves depicted as pharaohs, though not to the extent that the Ptolemies ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,496 | From the mid-first century AD, Christianity took root in Egypt and it was originally seen as another cult that could be accepted. However, it was an uncompromising religion that sought to win converts from the pagan Egyptian and Greco-Roman religions and threatened popular religious traditions. This led to the persecut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,497 | In the fourth century, as the Roman Empire divided, Egypt found itself in the Eastern Empire with its capital at Constantinople. In the waning years of the Empire, Egypt fell to the Sasanian Persian army in the Sasanian conquest of Egypt (618–628). It was then recaptured by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (629–639), an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,498 | The pharaoh was the absolute monarch of the country and, at least in theory, wielded complete control of the land and its resources. The king was the supreme military commander and head of the government, who relied on a bureaucracy of officials to manage his affairs. In charge of the administration was his second in c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
5,499 | Much of the economy was centrally organized and strictly controlled. Although the ancient Egyptians did not use coinage until the Late period, they did use a type of money-barter system, with standard sacks of grain and the "deben", a weight of roughly of copper or silver, forming a common denominator. Workers were pai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=874 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.