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5,600 | In Cape Town, South Africa, Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,601 | When organising his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that, if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the Falkland Islands fox were correct, "such facts undermine the stability of Species", then cautiously added "would" before "undermine". He later wrote that such facts "seemed to me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,602 | Without telling Darwin, extracts from his letters to Henslow had been read to scientific societies, printed as a pamphlet for private distribution among members of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and reported in magazines, including "The Athenaeum". Darwin first heard of this at Cape Town, and at Ascension Island ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,603 | On 2 October 1836 "Beagle" anchored at Falmouth, Cornwall. Darwin promptly made the long coach journey to Shrewsbury to visit his home and see relatives. He then hurried to Cambridge to see Henslow, who advised him on finding available naturalists to catalogue Darwin's animal collections and to take on the botanical sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,604 | Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist Richard Owen, who had the facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct ground sloths as well ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,605 | In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to arrange expert classification of his collections, and prepare his own research for publication. Questions of how to combine his diary into the "Narrative" were resolved at the end of the month when FitzRoy accepted Broderip's advice to make it a separate volume, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,606 | Darwin's first paper showed that the South American landmass was slowly rising, and with Lyell's enthusiastic backing he read it to the Geological Society of London on 4 January 1837. On the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the Zoological Society. The ornithologist John Gould soon announced that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,607 | Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and experts such as Charles Babbage, who described God as a programmer of laws. Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus, part of this Whig circle and a close friend of the writer Harriet Martineau, who p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,608 | Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a "wren" was in the finch group. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the ship, including FitzRoy, he allocated specie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,609 | By mid-March 1837, barely six months after his return to England, Darwin was speculating in his "Red Notebook" on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange extinct mammal "Macrauchenia", ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,610 | While developing this intensive study of transmutation, Darwin became mired in more work. Still rewriting his "Journal", he took on editing and publishing the expert reports on his collections, and with Henslow's help obtained a Treasury grant of £1,000 to sponsor this multi-volume "Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,611 | As Darwin worked under pressure, his health suffered. On 20 September he had "an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart", so his doctors urged him to "knock off all work" and live in the country for a few weeks. After visiting Shrewsbury he joined his Wedgwood relatives at Maer Hall, Staffordshire, but found them too e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,612 | William Whewell pushed Darwin to take on the duties of Secretary of the Geological Society. After initially declining the work, he accepted the post in March 1838. Despite the grind of writing and editing the "Beagle" reports, Darwin made remarkable progress on transmutation, taking every opportunity to question expert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,613 | The strain took a toll, by June he was being laid up for days on end with stomach problems, headaches and heart symptoms. For the rest of his life, he was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, trembling and other symptoms, particularly during times of stress, suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,614 | On 23 June, he took a break and went "geologising" in Scotland. He visited Glen Roy in glorious weather to see the parallel "roads" cut into the hillsides at three heights. He later published his view that these were marine raised beaches, but then had to accept that they were shorelines of a proglacial lake. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,615 | Fully recuperated, he returned to Shrewsbury in July. Used to jotting down daily notes on animal breeding, he scrawled rambling thoughts about marriage, career and prospects on two scraps of paper, one with columns headed ""Marry"" and ""Not Marry"". Advantages under "Marry" included "constant companion and a friend in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,616 | Continuing his research in London, Darwin's wide reading now included the sixth edition of Malthus's "An Essay on the Principle of Population". On 28 September 1838 he noted its assertion that human "population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio", a geo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,617 | By mid-December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in selective breeding, and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected", thinking this comparison "a beautiful part of my theory". He later called his t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,618 | On 11 November, he returned to Maer and proposed to Emma, once more telling her his ideas. She accepted, then in exchanges of loving letters she showed how she valued his openness in sharing their differences, while expressing her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might separate them in the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,619 | On 29 January, Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,620 | Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection "by which to work", as his "prime hobby". His research included extensive experimental selective breeding of plants and animals, finding evidence that species were not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate his theory. For f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,621 | FitzRoy's long delayed "Narrative" was published in May 1839. Darwin's "Journal and Remarks" got good reviews as the third volume, and on 15 August it was published on its own. Early in 1842, Darwin wrote about his ideas to Charles Lyell, who noted that his ally "denies seeing a beginning to each crop of species". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,622 | Darwin's book "The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs" on his theory of atoll formation was published in May 1842 after more than three years of work, and he then wrote his first "pencil sketch" of his theory of natural selection. To escape the pressures of London, the family moved to rural Down House in Kent in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,623 | By July, Darwin had expanded his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results if he died prematurely. In November, the anonymously published sensational best-seller "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" brought wide interest in transmutation. Darwin scorned its amateurish geology a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,624 | Darwin completed his third geological book in 1846. He now renewed a fascination and expertise in marine invertebrates, dating back to his student days with Grant, by dissecting and classifying the barnacles he had collected on the voyage, enjoying observing beautiful structures and thinking about comparisons with alli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,625 | In an attempt to improve his chronic ill health, Darwin went in 1849 to Dr. James Gully's Malvern spa and was surprised to find some benefit from hydrotherapy. Then, in 1851, his treasured daughter Annie fell ill, reawakening his fears that his illness might be hereditary, and after a long series of crises she died. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,626 | In eight years of work on barnacles, Darwin's theory helped him to find "homologies" showing that slightly changed body parts served different functions to meet new conditions, and in some genera he found minute males parasitic on hermaphrodites, showing an intermediate stage in evolution of distinct sexes. In 1853, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,627 | By the start of 1856, Darwin was investigating whether eggs and seeds could survive travel across seawater to spread species across oceans. Hooker increasingly doubted the traditional view that species were fixed, but their young friend Thomas Henry Huxley was still firmly against the transmutation of species. Lyell wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,628 | Though Darwin saw no threat, on 14 May 1856 he began writing a short paper. Finding answers to difficult questions held him up repeatedly, and he expanded his plans to a "big book on species" titled "Natural Selection", which was to include his "note on Man". He continued his researches, obtaining information and speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,629 | In mid-1857 he added a section heading; "Theory applied to Races of Man", but did not add text on this topic. On 5 September 1857, Darwin sent the American botanist Asa Gray a detailed outline of his ideas, including an abstract of "Natural Selection", which omitted human origins and sexual selection. In December, Darw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,630 | Darwin's book was only partly written when, on 18 June 1858, he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection. Shocked that he had been "forestalled", Darwin sent it on that day to Lyell, as requested by Wallace, and although Wallace had not asked for publication, Darwin suggested he would send it to any j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,631 | There was little immediate attention to this announcement of the theory; the president of the Linnean Society remarked in May 1859 that the year had not been marked by any revolutionary discoveries. Only one review rankled enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that "all that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,632 | "On the Origin of Species" proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out "one long argument" of detailed observations, inferences and consideration of anticipated objections. In making the case for c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,633 | The last word was the only variant of "evolved" in the first five editions of the book. "Evolutionism" at that time was associated with other concepts, most commonly with embryological development. Darwin first used the word evolution in "The Descent of Man" in 1871, before adding it in 1872 to the 6th edition of "The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,634 | The book aroused international interest, with less controversy than had greeted the popular and less scientific "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation". Though Darwin's illness kept him away from the public debates, he eagerly scrutinised the scientific response, commenting on press cuttings, reviews, articles, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,635 | The first review asked, "If a monkey has become a man–what may not a man become?" It said this should be left to theologians as being too dangerous for ordinary readers. Amongst early favourable responses, Huxley's reviews swiped at Richard Owen, leader of the scientific establishment which Huxley was trying to overthr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,636 | In April, Owen's review attacked Darwin's friends and condescendingly dismissed his ideas, angering Darwin, but Owen and others began to promote ideas of supernaturally guided evolution. Patrick Matthew drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,637 | The Church of England's response was mixed. Darwin's old Cambridge tutors Sedgwick and Henslow dismissed the ideas, but liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as "just as noble a conception of Deity". In 1860, the publication of "Essa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,638 | Asa Gray discussed teleology with Darwin, who imported and distributed Gray's pamphlet on theistic evolution, "Natural Selection is not inconsistent with natural theology". The most famous confrontation was at the public 1860 Oxford evolution debate during a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Sci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,639 | Even Darwin's close friends Gray, Hooker, Huxley and Lyell still expressed various reservations but gave strong support, as did many others, particularly younger naturalists. Gray and Lyell sought reconciliation with faith, while Huxley portrayed a polarisation between religion and science. He campaigned pugnaciously a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,640 | In response to objections that the origin of life was unexplained, Darwin pointed to acceptance of Newton's law even though the cause of gravity was unknown. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,641 | Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas. In 1863 Lyell's "Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man" popularised prehistory, though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin. Weeks later Huxley's "Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature" showed that anatomically, humans are apes, then... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,642 | The "Origin of Species" was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from all walks of life, including the "working men" who flocked to Huxley's lectures. Darwin's theory resonated with various movements at the time and became a key fixture of popular culture. Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,643 | Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published "On the Origin of Species" as an abstract of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered human descent from earlier animals including evolution of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,644 | Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids, showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure cross fertilisation. In 1862 "Fertilisation of Orchids" gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,645 | Darwin's book "The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication" (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a secon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,646 | Lyell had already popularised human prehistory, and Huxley had shown that anatomically humans are apes. With "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex" published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental attributes, and presente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,647 | His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the evolution of human psychology and its continuity with the behaviour of animals. Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,648 | His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on "Insectivorous Plants, The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom", different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and "The Power of Movement in Plants". He continued to collect information and exchange views from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,649 | In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called "angina pectoris" which then meant coronary thrombosis and disease of the heart. At the time of his death, the physicians diagnosed "anginal attacks", and "heart-failure"; there has since been scholarly speculation about his life-long health issues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,650 | He died at Down House on 19 April 1882. His last words were to his family, telling Emma "I am not the least afraid of death—Remember what a good wife you have been to me—Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me". While she rested, he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis "It's almost worth while t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,651 | He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at Downe, but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, William Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey, close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton. The fune... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,652 | As Alfred Russel Wallace put it, Darwin had "wrought a greater revolution in human thought within a quarter of a century than any man of our time – or perhaps any time", having "given us a new conception of the world of life, and a theory which is itself a powerful instrument of research; has shown us how to combine in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,653 | Most scientists were now convinced of evolution as descent with modification, though few agreed with Darwin that natural selection "has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,654 | During "the eclipse of Darwinism" scientists explored alternative mechanisms. Then Ronald Fisher incorporated Mendelian genetics in "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection", leading to population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis, which continues to develop. Scientific discoveries have confirmed and val... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,655 | Geographical features given his name include Darwin Sound and Mount Darwin, both named while he was on the "Beagle" voyage, and Darwin Harbour, named by his former shipmates on its next voyage, which eventually became the location of Darwin, the capital city of Australia's Northern Territory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,656 | Darwin's name was given, formally or informally, to numerous plants and animals, including many he had collected on the voyage. Some names were given later, for example, tanagers found in the Galápagos Islands became popularly known as "Darwin's finches" in 1947. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,657 | In 1883 Sir Joseph Boehm sculpted a white marble life-size seated statue of Darwin. It was installed at the top of the main staircase in the Central Hall of the Natural History Museum in London, and unveiled on 9 June 1885 by Thomas Huxley in the presence of Edward, Prince of Wales, Bartholomew Sulivan, and Joseph Pars... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,658 | Darwin's children, now eminent, preserved his memory. In 1887 Francis Darwin published "Life and Letters" with his own reminiscences of his father, an autobiography Darwin had written for his family (edited to spare the sensitivities of Darwin's widow Emma), and correspondence. More volumes of correspondence followed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,659 | The Shrewsbury School building, which Darwin attended as a boy, became the Free Library. A seated statue of Darwin was installed outside it, and unveiled in 1897. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,660 | The Linnean Society of London began awards of the Darwin–Wallace Medal in 1908, to mark fifty years from the joint reading on 1 July 1858 of papers by Darwin and Wallace publishing their theory. Further awards were made in 1958 and 2008, since 2010 the medal awards have been annual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,661 | In June 1909, more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world met in Cambridge to commemorate Darwin's centenary and the fiftieth anniversary of "On the Origin of Species", with exhibitions and events. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,662 | The Darwin Centennial Celebration in 1959, on the centenary of "On the Origin of Species" and 150 years from Darwin's birth, had major commemorations at the University of Chicago. It featured the evolutionary synthesis, and claims to Darwin's legacy by biologists with differing views. It was marked by Gavin de Beer beg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,663 | Darwin College, a postgraduate college at Cambridge University founded in 1964, is named after the Darwin family. From 2000 to 2017, UK £10 banknotes issued by the Bank of England featured Darwin's portrait printed on the reverse, along with a hummingbird and HMS "Beagle". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,664 | In 2009 worldwide events, programmes and publications celebrated the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of "On the Origin of Species". Marking his bicentenary, a statue of Darwin as a young man was placed in a courtyard of his alma mater, Christ's College, Cambridge. Darwin Day b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,665 | "" was a Dutch-Flemish television series from 2009 and 2010 initiated by the VPRO in collaboration with Teleac and Canvas to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Darwin's "On the Origin of Species". The series features an 8-month voyage around the world (commenced on 1 September 2009) on board the clipper "Stad Amsterd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,666 | The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and Annie's death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children. Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from inbreeding due to the close family ties ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,667 | Charles Waring Darwin, born in December 1856, was the tenth and last of the children. Emma Darwin was aged 48 at the time of the birth, and the child was mentally subnormal and never learnt to walk or talk. He probably had Down syndrome, which had not then been medically described. The evidence is a photograph by Willi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,668 | Of his surviving children, George, Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society, distinguished as astronomer, botanist and civil engineer, respectively. All three were knighted. Another son, Leonard, went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, eugenicist and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary bio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,669 | Darwin's family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism, while his father and grandfather were freethinkers, and his baptism and boarding school were Church of England. When going to Cambridge to become an Anglican clergyman, he did not "in the least doubt the strict and literal truth of every word in the Bible". He l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,670 | By his return, he was critical of the Bible as history, and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid. In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species, he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma, whose beliefs similarly cam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,671 | The theodicy of Paley and Thomas Malthus vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design, and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,672 | Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church, but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church. He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,673 | The "Lady Hope Story", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,674 | Darwin's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position. He grew up in a family of Whig reformers who, like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, supported electoral reform and the emancipation of slaves. Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery, while seeing no problem with the working conditions o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,675 | Taking taxidermy lessons in 1826 from the freed slave John Edmonstone, whom Darwin long recalled as "a very pleasant and intelligent man", reinforced his belief that black people shared the same feelings, and could be as intelligent as people of other races. He took the same attitude to native people he met on the "Bea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,676 | Darwin's interaction with Yaghans (Fuegians) such as Jemmy Button during the second voyage of HMS "Beagle" had a profound impact on his view of indigenous peoples. At his arrival in Tierra del Fuego he made a colourful description of "Fuegian savages". This view changed as he came to know Yaghan people more in detail. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,677 | He thought men's eminence over women was the outcome of sexual selection, a view disputed by Antoinette Brown Blackwell in her 1875 book "The Sexes Throughout Nature". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,678 | Darwin was intrigued by his half-cousin Francis Galton's argument, introduced in 1865, that statistical analysis of heredity showed that moral and mental human traits could be inherited, and principles of animal breeding could apply to humans. In "The Descent of Man", Darwin noted that aiding the weak to survive and ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,679 | Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,680 | Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work productively and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify workhouses and laissez-faire economics. Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and Herbert Spencer's 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,681 | Soon after the "Origin" was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term "Darwinism" was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "survival of the fittest" as free-market pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,682 | After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". Durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,683 | The term "Social Darwinism" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,684 | Darwin was a prolific writer. Even without publication of his works on evolution, he would have had a considerable reputation as the author of "The Voyage of the Beagle", as a geologist who had published extensively on South America and had solved the puzzle of the formation of coral atolls, and as a biologist who had ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,685 | . Darwin was eminent as a naturalist, geologist, biologist, and author. After a summer as a physician's assistant (helping his father) and two years as a medical student, he went to Cambridge for the ordinary degree to qualify as a clergyman; he was also trained in taxidermy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,686 | . Robert FitzRoy was to become known after the voyage for biblical literalism, but at this time he had considerable interest in Lyell's ideas, and they met before the voyage when Lyell asked for observations to be made in South America. FitzRoy's diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in Patagonia recorded his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,687 | . In the section "Morphology" of Chapter XIII of "On the Origin of Species", Darwin commented on homologous bone patterns between humans and other mammals, writing: "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,688 | In "On the Origin of Species" Darwin mentioned human origins in his concluding remark that "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,689 | In "Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory" he referred to sexual selection: "I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man, which are so strongly marked; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences, chiefly through sexual selection of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,690 | "During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views. It seemed to me sufficient to indicate, in the first edition of my 'Ori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,691 | . See, for example, WILLA volume 4, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization of Education" by Deborah M. De Simone: "Gilman shared many basic educational ideas with the generation of thinkers who matured during the period of "intellectual chaos" caused by Darwin's Origin of the Species. Marked by the belief that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,692 | . See, for example, the song "A lady fair of lineage high" from Gilbert and Sullivan's "Princess Ida", which describes the descent of man (but not woman!) from apes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,693 | . Darwin's belief that black people had the same essential humanity as Europeans, and had many mental similarities, was reinforced by the lessons he had from John Edmonstone in 1826. Early in the "Beagle" voyage, Darwin nearly lost his position on the ship when he criticised FitzRoy's defence and praise of slavery. He ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,694 | In the "Descent of Man", he mentioned the similarity of Fuegians' and Edmonstone's minds to Europeans' when arguing against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,695 | He rejected the ill-treatment of native people, and for example wrote of massacres of Patagonian men, women, and children, "Every one here is fully convinced that this is the most just war, because it is against barbarians. Who would believe in this age that such atrocities could be committed in a Christian civilized c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,696 | . Geneticists studied human heredity as Mendelian inheritance, while eugenics movements sought to manage society, with a focus on social class in the United Kingdom, and on disability and ethnicity in the United States, leading to geneticists seeing this movement as impractical pseudoscience. A shift from voluntary arr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,697 | . David Quammen writes of his "theory that [Darwin] turned to these arcane botanical studies – producing more than one book that was solidly empirical, discreetly evolutionary, yet a 'horrid bore' – at least partly so that the clamorous controversialists, fighting about apes and angels and souls, would leave him... alo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145410 |
5,698 | On January 28, 1986, the broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew members aboard. The spacecraft disintegrated above the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 11:39a.m. EST (16:39 UTC). It was the first fatal accident involving an American spacecraft in flight. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=403717 |
5,699 | The mission, designated STS-51-L, was the tenth flight for the orbiter and the twenty-fifth flight of the Space Shuttle fleet. The crew was scheduled to deploy a communications satellite and study Halley's Comet while they were in orbit, in addition to taking school teacher Christa McAuliffe into space. The latter resu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=403717 |
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