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6,400 | A third possibility for their origin as satellites of Mars is the involvement of a third body or a type of impact disruption. More-recent lines of evidence for Phobos having a highly porous interior, and suggesting a composition containing mainly phyllosilicates and other minerals known from Mars, point toward an origi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,401 | Mars may have yet-undiscovered moons, smaller than in diameter, and a dust ring is predicted to exist between Phobos and Deimos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,402 | Phobos is Synchronously orbiting Mars, where the same face stays facing the planet at ~6,028 km above the Martian surface. A space elevator could extend down from Phobos to Mars 6,000 km, about 28 kilometers from the surface, and just out of the atmosphere of Mars. A similar space elevator cable could extend out 6,000 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,403 | Dozens of crewless spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been sent to Mars by the Soviet Union, the United States, Europe, India, the United Arab Emirates, and China to study the planet's surface, climate, and geology. NASA's "Mariner 4" was the first spacecraft to visit Mars; launched on 28 Novembe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,404 | Once spacecraft visited the planet during NASA's Mariner missions in the 1960s and 1970s, many previous concepts of Mars were radically broken. After the results of the "Viking" life-detection experiments, the hypothesis of a hostile, dead planet was generally accepted. The data from "Mariner 9" and "Viking" allowed be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,405 | , Mars is host to fourteen functioning spacecraft. Eight are in orbit": 2001 Mars Odyssey", "Mars Express", "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter", "MAVEN", "ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter", the "Hope" orbiter, and the "Tianwen-1" orbiter. Another six are on the surface: the "InSight" lander, the Mars Science Laboratory "Curiosity" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,406 | Planned missions to Mars include the "Rosalind Franklin" rover mission, designed to search for evidence of past life, which was intended to be launched in 2018 but has been repeatedly delayed, with a launch date pushed to 2024 at the earliest, with a more likely one sometime in 2028. A current concept for a joint NASA-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,407 | Several plans for a human mission to Mars have been proposed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, but none have come to fruition. The NASA Authorization Act of 2017 directed NASA to study the feasibility of a crewed Mars mission in the early 2030s; the resulting report eventually concluded that this would be unfeasi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,408 | With the presence of various orbiters, landers, and rovers, it is possible to practice astronomy from Mars. Although Mars's moon Phobos appears about one-third the angular diameter of the full moon on Earth, Deimos appears more or less star-like, looking only slightly brighter than Venus does from Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,409 | Various phenomena seen from Earth have also been observed from Mars, such as meteors and auroras. The apparent sizes of the moons Phobos and Deimos are sufficiently smaller than that of the Sun; thus, their partial "eclipses" of the Sun are best considered transits (see transit of Deimos and Phobos from Mars). Transits... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,410 | The mean apparent magnitude of Mars is +0.71 with a standard deviation of 1.05. Because the orbit of Mars is eccentric, the magnitude at opposition from the Sun can range from about −3.0 to −1.4. The minimum brightness is magnitude +1.86 when the planet is near aphelion and in conjunction with the Sun. At its brightest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,411 | The point at which Mars's geocentric longitude is 180° different from the Sun's is known as opposition, which is near the time of closest approach to Earth. The time of opposition can occur as much as 8.5 days away from the closest approach. The distance at close approach varies between about due to the planets' ellipt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,412 | Mars comes into opposition from Earth every 2.1 years. The planets come into opposition near Mars's perihelion in 2003, 2018 and 2035, with the 2020 and 2033 events being particularly close to perihelic opposition. Mars made its closest approach to Earth and maximum apparent brightness in nearly 60,000 years, , magnitu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,413 | Optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth's atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,414 | Mars is named after the Roman god of war. This association between Mars and war dates back at least to Babylonian astronomy, in which the planet was named for the god Nergal, deity of war and destruction. It persisted into modern times, as exemplified by Gustav Holst's orchestral suite "The Planets", whose famous first... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,415 | The idea that Mars was populated by intelligent Martians became widespread in the late 19th century. Schiaparelli's "canali" observations combined with Percival Lowell's books on the subject put forward the standard notion of a planet that was a drying, cooling, dying world with ancient civilizations constructing irrig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,416 | The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated by its dramatic red color and by nineteenth-century scientific speculations that its surface conditions might support not just life but intelligent life. This gave way to many science fiction stories involving these concepts, such as H. G. Wells' "The War of the Worl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14640471 |
6,417 | The axolotl (; from ), Ambystoma mexicanum, is a paedomorphic salamander closely related to the tiger salamander. Axolotls are unusual among amphibians in that they reach adulthood without undergoing metamorphosis. Instead of taking to the land, adults remain aquatic and gilled. The species was originally found in seve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,418 | Axolotls should not be confused with the larval stage of the closely related tiger salamander ("A. tigrinum"), which are widespread in much of North America and occasionally become paedomorphic. Neither should they be confused with mudpuppies ("Necturus" spp.), fully aquatic salamanders from a different family that are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,419 | , wild axolotls were near extinction due to urbanization in Mexico City and consequent water pollution, as well as the introduction of invasive species such as tilapia and perch. They are listed as critically endangered in the wild, with a decreasing population of around 50 to 1,000 adult individuals, by the Internatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,420 | A sexually mature adult axolotl, at age 18–27 months, ranges in length from , although a size close to is most common and greater than is rare. Axolotls possess features typical of salamander larvae, including external gills and a caudal fin extending from behind the head to the vent. External gills are usually lost wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,421 | Their heads are wide, and their eyes are lidless. Their limbs are underdeveloped and possess long, thin digits. Males are identified by their swollen cloacae lined with papillae, while females are noticeable for their wider bodies full of eggs. Three pairs of external gill stalks (rami) originate behind their heads and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,422 | Axolotls have barely visible vestigial teeth, which develop during metamorphosis. The primary method of feeding is by suction, during which their rakers interlock to close the gill slits. External gills are used for respiration, although buccal pumping (gulping air from the surface) may also be used to provide oxygen t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,423 | Axolotls have four pigmentation genes; when mutated they create different color variants. The normal wild-type animal is brown/tan with gold speckles and an olive undertone. The five more common mutant colors are leucistic (pale pink with black eyes), golden albino (golden with gold eyes), xanthic (grey with black eyes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,424 | The axolotl is native only to the freshwater of Lake Xochimilco and Lake Chalco in the Valley of Mexico. Lake Chalco no longer exists, having been drained as a flood control measure, and Lake Xochimilco remains a remnant of its former self, existing mainly as canals. The water temperature in Xochimilco rarely rises abo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,425 | Surveys in 1998, 2003, and 2008 found 6,000, 1,000, and 100 axolotls per square kilometer in its Lake Xochimilco habitat, respectively. A four-month-long search in 2013, however, turned up no surviving individuals in the wild. Just a month later, two wild ones were spotted in a network of canals leading from Xochimilco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,426 | The wild population has been put under heavy pressure by the growth of Mexico City. The axolotl is currently on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's annual Red List of threatened species. Non-native fish, such as African tilapia and Asian carp, have also recently been introduced to the waters. These new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,427 | Axolotls are members of the tiger salamander, or "Ambystoma tigrinum", species complex, along with all other Mexican species of "Ambystoma". Their habitat is like that of most neotenic species—a high-altitude body of water surrounded by a risky terrestrial environment. These conditions are thought to favor neoteny. How... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,428 | The axolotl is carnivorous, consuming small prey such as mollusks, worms, insects, other arthropods, and small fish in the wild. Axolotls locate food by smell, and will "snap" at any potential meal, sucking the food into their stomachs with vacuum force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,429 | Today, the axolotl is still used in research as a model organism, and large numbers are bred in captivity. They are especially easy to breed compared to other salamanders in their family, which are rarely captive-bred due to the demands of terrestrial life. One attractive feature for research is the large and easily ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,430 | The feature of the axolotl that attracts most attention is its healing ability: the axolotl does not heal by scarring and is capable of the regeneration of entire lost appendages in a period of months, and, in certain cases, more vital structures, such as tail, limb, central nervous system, and tissues of the eye and h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,431 | It is believed that during limb generation, axolotls have a different system to regulate their internal macrophage level and suppress inflammation, as scarring prevents proper healing and regeneration. However, this belief has been questioned by other studies. Axolotl’s regenerative properties leave the species as the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,432 | The 32 billion base pair long sequence of the axolotl's genome was published in 2018 and was the largest animal genome completed at the time. It revealed species-specific genetic pathways that may be responsible for limb regeneration. Although the axolotl genome is about 10 times as large as the human genome, it encode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,433 | When most amphibians are young, they live in water, and they use gills that can breathe in the water. When they become adults, they go through a process called metamorphosis, in which they lose their gills and start living on land. However, the axolotl is unusual in that it has a lack of thyroid stimulating hormone, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,434 | An axolotl undergoing metamorphosis experiences a number of physiological changes that help them adapt to life on land. These include increased muscle tone in limbs, the absorption of gills and fins into the body, the development of eyelids, and a reduction in the skin's permeability to water, allowing the axolotl to s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,435 | An axolotl that has gone through metamorphosis resembles an adult plateau tiger salamander, though the axolotl differs in its longer toes. The process of artificially inducing metamorphosis can often result in death during or even following a successful attempt, and so casual hobbyists are generally discouraged from at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,436 | Neoteny is the term for reaching sexual maturity without undergoing metamorphosis. Many other species within the axolotl's genus are also either entirely neotenic or have neotenic populations. Sirens and "Necturus" are other neotenic salamanders, although unlike axolotls, they cannot be induced to metamorphose by an in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,437 | The genes responsible for neoteny in laboratory animals may have been identified; however, they are not linked in wild populations, suggesting artificial selection is the cause of complete neoteny in laboratory and pet axolotls. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,438 | Six adult axolotls (including a leucistic specimen) were shipped from Mexico City to the "Jardin des Plantes" in Paris in 1863. Unaware of their neoteny, Auguste Duméril was surprised when, instead of the axolotl, he found in the vivarium a new species, similar to the salamander. This discovery was the starting point o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,439 | Neoteny has been observed in all salamander families in which it seems to be a survival mechanism, in aquatic environments only of mountain and hill, with little food and, in particular, with little iodine. In this way, salamanders can reproduce and survive in the form of a smaller larval stage, which is aquatic and re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,440 | The axolotl is a popular exotic pet like its relative, the tiger salamander ("Ambystoma tigrinum"). As for all poikilothermic organisms, lower temperatures result in slower metabolism and a very unhealthily reduced appetite. Temperatures at approximately to are suggested for captive axolotls to ensure sufficient food i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,441 | In captivity, axolotls eat a variety of readily available foods, including trout and salmon pellets, frozen or live bloodworms, earthworms, and waxworms. Axolotls can also eat feeder fish, but care should be taken as fish may contain parasites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,442 | Substrates are another important consideration for captive axolotls, as axolotls (like other amphibians and reptiles) tend to ingest bedding material together with food and are commonly prone to gastrointestinal obstruction and foreign body ingestion. Some common substrates used for animal enclosures can be harmful for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,443 | There is some evidence that axolotls might seek out appropriately-sized gravel for use as gastroliths based on experiments conducted at the University of Manitoba axolotl colony, but these studies are outdated and not conclusive. As there is no conclusive evidence pointing to gastrolith use, gravel should be avoided du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,444 | The species is named after the Aztec deity Xolotl, who transformed himself into an axolotl. They continue to play an outsized cultural role in Mexico, and have appeared in cartoons and murals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,445 | In 2020, it was announced that the axolotl will be featured on the new design for Mexico's 50-peso banknote, along with images of maize and chinampas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235589 |
6,446 | An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,447 | Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,448 | For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,449 | The dominant general-purpose personal computer operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 74.99%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (14.84%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (2.81%). In the mobile sector (including smartphones and tablets), Android's share is 70.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,450 | Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers (OEM-installation), whereas others may run directly from media (i.e. live CD) or flash memory (i.e. USB stick). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,451 | A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running concurrently. This is achieved by time-sharing, where the available processor time is divided between multiple processes. These processes are each interrupted repeatedly in time ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,452 | Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem. A multi-user operating system extends the basic concept of multi-tasking with facilities that identify processes and resources, such as disk space, belonging to multiple users, and the system permits ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,453 | A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct, networked computers and makes them appear to be a single computer, as all computations are distributed (divided amongst the constituent computers). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,454 | Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines with less autonomy (e.g. PDAs). They are very compact and extremely efficient by design and are able to operate with a limited amount of resources. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,455 | A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved. Such an event... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,456 | A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries and composed with the application and configuration code to construct a unikernel: a specialized, single address space, machine image that can be deployed to cloud ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,457 | Early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could automatically run different programs in succession to speed up processing. Operating systems did not exist in their modern and mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,458 | In the 1940s, the earliest electronic digital systems had no operating systems. Electronic systems of this time were programmed on rows of mechanical switches or by jumper wires on plugboards. These were special-purpose systems that, for example, generated ballistics tables for the military or controlled the printing o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,459 | In the early 1950s, a computer could execute only one program at a time. Each user had sole use of the computer for a limited period and would arrive at a scheduled time with their program and data on punched paper cards or punched tape. The program would be loaded into the machine, and the machine would be set to work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,460 | Later machines came with libraries of programs, which would be linked to a user's program to assist in operations such as input and output and compiling (generating machine code from human-readable symbolic code). This was the genesis of the modern-day operating system. However, machines still ran a single job at a tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,461 | By the late 1950s, programs that one would recognize as an operating system were beginning to appear. Often pointed to as the earliest recognizable example is GM-NAA I/O, released in 1956 on the IBM 704. The first known example that actually referred to itself was the SHARE Operating System, a development of GM-NAA I/O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,462 | One of the more famous examples that is often found in discussions of early systems is the Atlas Supervisor, running on the Atlas in 1962. It was referred to as such in a December 1961 article describing the system, but the context of "the Operating System" is more along the lines of "the system operates in the fashion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,463 | Through the 1950s, many major features were pioneered in the field of operating systems on mainframe computers, including batch processing, input/output interrupting, buffering, multitasking, spooling, runtime libraries, link-loading, and programs for sorting records in files. These features were included or not includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,464 | During the 1960s, IBM's OS/360 introduced the concept of a single OS spanning an entire product line, which was crucial for the success of the System/360 machines. IBM's current mainframe operating systems are distant descendants of this original system and modern machines are backward compatible with applications writ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,465 | OS/360 also pioneered the concept that the operating system keeps track of all of the system resources that are used, including program and data space allocation in main memory and file space in secondary storage, and file locking during updates. When a process is terminated for any reason, all of these resources are r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,466 | The alternative CP-67 system for the S/360-67 started a whole line of IBM operating systems focused on the concept of virtual machines. Other operating systems used on IBM S/360 series mainframes included systems developed by IBM: DOS/360 (Disk Operating System), TSS/360 (Time Sharing System), TOS/360 (Tape Operating S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,467 | Control Data Corporation developed the SCOPE operating system in the 1960s, for batch processing. In cooperation with the University of Minnesota, the Kronos and later the NOS operating systems were developed during the 1970s, which supported simultaneous batch and timesharing use. Like many commercial timesharing syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,468 | In 1961, Burroughs Corporation introduced the B5000 with the MCP (Master Control Program) operating system. The B5000 was a stack machine designed to exclusively support high-level languages with no assembler; indeed, the MCP was the first OS to be written exclusively in a high-level language (ESPOL, a dialect of ALGOL... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,469 | UNIVAC, the first commercial computer manufacturer, produced a series of EXEC operating systems. Like all early main-frame systems, this batch-oriented system managed magnetic drums, disks, card readers and line printers. In the 1970s, UNIVAC produced the Real-Time Basic (RTB) system to support large-scale time sharing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,470 | General Electric developed General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor (GECOS), which primarily supported batch processing. After its acquisition by Honeywell, it was renamed General Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,471 | Bell Labs, General Electric and MIT developed Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (Multics), which introduced the concept of ringed security privilege levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,472 | Digital Equipment Corporation developed many operating systems for its various computer lines, including TOPS-10 and TOPS-20 time-sharing systems for the 36-bit PDP-10 class systems. Before the widespread use of UNIX, TOPS-10 was a particularly popular system in universities, and in the early ARPANET community. RT-11 w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,473 | From the late 1960s through the late 1970s, several hardware capabilities evolved that allowed similar or ported software to run on more than one system. Early systems had utilized microprogramming to implement features on their systems in order to permit different underlying computer architectures to appear to be the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,474 | The enormous investment in software for these systems made since the 1960s caused most of the original computer manufacturers to continue to develop compatible operating systems along with the hardware. Notable supported mainframe operating systems include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,475 | The first microcomputers did not have the capacity or need for the elaborate operating systems that had been developed for mainframes and minis; minimalistic operating systems were developed, often loaded from ROM and known as "monitors". One notable early disk operating system was CP/M, which was supported on many ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,476 | The introduction of the Intel 80386 CPU chip in October 1985, with 32-bit architecture and paging capabilities, provided personal computers with the ability to run multitasking operating systems like those of earlier minicomputers and mainframes. Microsoft responded to this progress by hiring Dave Cutler, who had devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,477 | The GNU Project was started by activist and programmer Richard Stallman with the goal of creating a complete free software replacement to the proprietary UNIX operating system. While the project was highly successful in duplicating the functionality of various parts of UNIX, development of the GNU Hurd kernel proved to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,478 | Unix was originally written in assembly language. Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, based on his experience in the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C, and Unix, rewritten in C, developed into a large, complex family of inter-related operating systems which have been influential in every modern operating sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,479 | The "Unix-like" family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major sub-categories including System V, BSD, and Linux. The name "UNIX" is a trademark of The Open Group which licenses it for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their definitions. "UNIX-like" is commonly used to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,480 | Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of computer architectures. They are used heavily for servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free UNIX variants, such as Linux and BSD, are popular in these areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,481 | Five operating systems are certified by The Open Group (holder of the Unix trademark) as Unix. HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are both descendants of the original System V Unix and are designed to run only on their respective vendor's hardware. In contrast, Sun Microsystems's Solaris can run on multiple types of hardware, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,482 | Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The POSIX standard can be applied to any operating system, although it was originally created for various Unix variants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,483 | A subgroup of the Unix family is the Berkeley Software Distribution family, which includes FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. These operating systems are most commonly found on webservers, although they can also function as a personal computer OS. The Internet owes much of its existence to BSD, as many of the protocols now ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,484 | In 1974, University of California, Berkeley installed its first Unix system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science department there began adding new programs to make things easier, such as text editors. When Berkeley received new VAX computers in 1978 with Unix installed, the school's undergraduates mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,485 | Steve Jobs, upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985, formed NeXT Inc., a company that manufactured high-end computers running on a variation of BSD called NeXTSTEP. One of these computers was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the first webserver to create the World Wide Web. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,486 | Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code that originated with Bell Labs. Once this was done, however, AT&T sued. After two years of legal disputes, the BSD project spawned a number of free derivatives, such as NetBSD and FreeBSD (both in 1993), and OpenBSD (from NetBSD in 1995). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,487 | macOS (formerly "Mac OS X" and later "OS X") is a line of open core graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. macOS is the successor to the original classic Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,488 | The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, followed in March 2001 by a client version (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah"). Since then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of macOS have been released, until the two were merged in OS X 10.7 "Lion". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,489 | Prior to its merging with macOS, the server edition macOS Server was architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart and usually ran on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. macOS Server included work group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key network services, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,490 | First introduced as the OpenEdition upgrade to MVS/ESA System Product Version 4 Release 3, announced February 1993 with support for POSIX and other standards. z/OS UNIX System Services is built on top of MVS services and cannot run independently. While IBM initially introduced OpenEdition to satisfy FIPS requirements, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,491 | The Linux kernel originated in 1991, as a project of Linus Torvalds, while a university student in Finland. He posted information about his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers, and received support and assistance from volunteers who succeeded in creating a complete and functional kernel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,492 | Linux is Unix-like, but was developed without any Unix code, unlike BSD and its variants. Because of its open license model, the Linux kernel code is available for study and modification, which resulted in its use on a wide range of computing machinery from supercomputers to smartwatches. Although estimates suggest tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,493 | Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed by Microsoft Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based computers, with an estimated 88.9 percent total usage share on Web connected computers. The latest version is Windows 11. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,494 | Microsoft Windows was first released in 1985, as an operating environment running on top of MS-DOS, which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture personal computers at the time. In 1995, Windows 95 was released which only used MS-DOS as a bootstrap. For backwards compatibility, Win9x could ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,495 | Server editions of Windows are widely used, however, Windows' usage on servers is not as widespread as on personal computers as Windows competes against Linux and BSD for server market share. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,496 | ReactOS is a Windows-alternative operating system, which is being developed on the principles of Windows without using any of Microsoft's code. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,497 | There have been many operating systems that were significant in their day but are no longer so, such as AmigaOS; OS/2 from IBM and Microsoft; classic Mac OS, the non-Unix precursor to Apple's macOS; BeOS; XTS-300; RISC OS; MorphOS; Haiku; BareMetal and FreeMint. Some are still used in niche markets and continue to be d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,498 | The z/OS operating system for IBM z/Architecture mainframe computers is still being used and developed, and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
6,499 | OpenVMS, formerly from DEC, is still under active development by VMS Software Inc. The IBM i operating system for IBM AS/400 and IBM Power Systems midrange computers is also still being used and developed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22194 |
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