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7,400 | Mayer loaned Lamarr to producer Walter Wanger, who was making "Algiers" (1938), an American version of the French film, "Pépé le Moko" (1937). Lamarr was cast in the lead opposite Charles Boyer. The film created a "national sensation", says Shearer. She was billed as an unknown but well-publicized Austrian actress, which created anticipation in audiences. Mayer hoped she would become another Greta Garbo or Marlene Dietrich. According to one viewer, when her face first appeared on the screen, "everyone gasped ... Lamarr's beauty literally took one's breath away." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,401 | In future Hollywood films, she was invariably typecast as the archetypal glamorous seductress of exotic origin. Her second American film was to be "I Take This Woman", co-starring with Spencer Tracy under the direction of regular Dietrich collaborator Josef von Sternberg. Von Sternberg was fired during the shoot, replaced by Frank Borzage. The film was put on hold, and Lamarr was put into "Lady of the Tropics" (1939), where she played a mixed-race seductress in Saigon opposite Robert Taylor. She returned to "I Take This Woman", re-shot by W. S. Van Dyke. The resulting film was a flop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,402 | Far more popular was "Boom Town" (1940) with Clark Gable, Claudette Colbert and Spencer Tracy; it made $5 million. MGM promptly reteamed Lamarr and Gable in "Comrade X" (1940), a comedy film in the vein of "Ninotchka" (1939), which was another hit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,403 | Lamarr was teamed with James Stewart in "Come Live with Me" (1941), playing a Viennese refugee. Stewart was also in "Ziegfeld Girl" (1941), where Lamarr, Judy Garland and Lana Turner played aspiring showgirls - a big success. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,404 | Lamarr was top-billed in "H. M. Pulham, Esq." (1941), although the film's protagonist was the title role played by Robert Young. She made a third film with Tracy, "Tortilla Flat" (1942). It was successful at the box office, as was "Crossroads" (1942) with William Powell. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,405 | Lamarr played the exotic Arab seductress Tondelayo in "White Cargo" (1942), top billed over Walter Pidgeon. It was a huge hit. "White Cargo" contains arguably her most memorable film quote, delivered with provocative invitation: "I am Tondelayo. I make tiffin for you?" This line typifies many of Lamarr's roles, which emphasized her beauty and sensuality while giving her relatively few lines. The lack of acting challenges bored Lamarr. She reportedly took up inventing to relieve her boredom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,406 | She was reunited with Powell in a comedy "The Heavenly Body" (1944), then was borrowed by Warner Bros for "The Conspirators" (1944). This was an attempt to repeat the success of "Casablanca" (1943), and RKO borrowed her for a melodrama "Experiment Perilous" (1944). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,407 | Back at MGM Lamarr was teamed with Robert Walker in the romantic comedy "Her Highness and the Bellboy" (1945), playing a princess who falls in love with a New Yorker. It was very popular, but would be the last film she made under her MGM contract. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,408 | Her off-screen life and personality during those years was quite different from her screen image. She spent much of her time feeling lonely and homesick. She might swim at her agent's pool, but shunned the beaches and staring crowds. When asked for an autograph, she wondered why anyone would want it. Writer Howard Sharpe interviewed her and gave his impression: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,409 | Lamarr wanted to join the National Inventors Council, but was reportedly told by NIC member Charles F. Kettering and others that she could better help the war effort by using her celebrity status to sell war bonds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,410 | She participated in a war bond-selling campaign with a sailor named Eddie Rhodes. Rhodes was in the crowd at each Lamarr appearance, and she would call him up on stage. She would briefly flirt with him before asking the audience if she should give him a kiss. The crowd would say yes, to which Hedy would reply that she would if enough people bought war bonds. After enough bonds were purchased, she would kiss Rhodes and he would head back into the audience. Then they would head off to the next war bond rally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,411 | After leaving MGM in 1945, Lamarr formed a production company with Jack Chertok and made the thriller "The Strange Woman" (1946). It went over budget and only made minor profits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,412 | She and Chertok then made "Dishonored Lady" (1947), another thriller starring Lamarr, which also went over budget - but was not a commercial success. She tried a comedy with Robert Cummings, "Let's Live a Little" (1948). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,413 | Lamarr enjoyed her biggest success playing Delilah against Victor Mature as the Biblical strongman in Cecil B. DeMille's "Samson and Delilah", the highest-grossing film of 1950. The film also won two Oscars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,414 | Lamarr returned to MGM for a film noir with John Hodiak, "A Lady Without Passport" (1950), which flopped. More popular were two pictures she made at Paramount, a Western with Ray Milland, "Copper Canyon" (1950), and a Bob Hope spy spoof, "My Favorite Spy" (1951). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,415 | Her career went into decline. She went to Italy to play multiple roles in "Loves of Three Queens" (1954), which she also produced. However she lacked the experience necessary to make a success of such an epic production, and lost millions of dollars when she was unable to secure distribution of the picture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,416 | She was Joan of Arc in Irwin Allen's critically panned epic, "The Story of Mankind" (1957) and did episodes of "Zane Grey Theatre" ("Proud Woman") and "Shower of Stars" ("Cloak and Dagger"). Her last film was a thriller "The Female Animal" (1958). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,417 | Lamarr was signed to act in the 1966 film "Picture Mommy Dead", but was let go when she collapsed during filming from nervous exhaustion. She was replaced in the role of Jessica Flagmore Shelley by Zsa Zsa Gabor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,418 | Although Lamarr had no formal training and was primarily self-taught, she tinkered in her spare time on various hobbies and ideas, which included a traffic stoplight and a tablet that would dissolve in water to create a carbonated drink. The beverage was unsuccessful; Lamarr herself said it tasted like Alka-Seltzer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,419 | During World War II, Lamarr read that radio-controlled torpedoes had been proposed. However, an enemy might be able to jam such a torpedo's guidance system and set it off course. When discussing this with her friend the composer and pianist George Antheil, the idea was raised that a frequency-hopping signal might prevent the torpedo's radio guidance system from being tracked or jammed. Antheil succeeded by synchronizing a miniaturized player piano mechanism with radio signals. Antheil sketched-out the idea for the frequency-hopping system, which was to use a perforated paper tape which actuated pneumatic controls (as was already used in player pianos). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,420 | Antheil was introduced to Samuel Stuart Mackeown, a professor of radio-electrical engineering at Caltech, whom Lamarr then employed for a year to actually develop the functionality of the idea. Lamarr also hired the Los Angeles legal firm of Lyon & Lyon to search for prior knowledge, and to craft the application for the patent which was granted under US Patent 2,292,387 on August 11, 1942 (filed using her married name Hedy Kiesler Markey). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,421 | In 1997, Lamarr and Antheil received the Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award and the Bulbie Gnass Spirit of Achievement Bronze Award, given to individuals whose creative lifetime achievements in the arts, sciences, business, or invention fields have significantly contributed to society. In 2014, Lamarr and Antheil were posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,422 | However, neither the US Navy nor that of any other nation were using radio-controlled torpedoes at the time, and electro-mechanical devices such as these were soon to be made obsolete by purely electronic controls. Furthermore, spread-spectrum frequency-hopping was not a new idea: as early as 1899, Guglielmo Marconi had experimented with frequency-selective reception in an attempt to minimize radio interference, Nikola Tesla had written extensively about it in the first quarter of the 20th century, in 1929 the Polish engineer and inventor Leonard Danilewicz further elaborated on the idea, and in 1932 US Patent #1869659A was issued to the Dutch inventor, William Broertjes for his electromechanical device to encrypt radio transmissions by using frequency-hopping. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,423 | Although the U.S. Navy did not adopt the technology until the 1960s, the principles of their work are incorporated into Bluetooth and GPS technology and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of CDMA and Wi-Fi. This work led to their induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,424 | Lamarr became a naturalized citizen of the United States at age 38 on April 10, 1953. Her alleged autobiography, "Ecstasy and Me", was published in 1966. She said on TV that it was not written by her, and much of it was fictional. Lamarr later sued the publisher, saying that many details were fabricated by its ghost writer, Leo Guild. Lamarr, in turn, was sued by Gene Ringgold, who asserted that the book plagiarized material from an article he had written in 1965 for "Screen Facts" magazine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,425 | In the late 1950s Lamarr designed and, with then-husband W. Howard Lee, developed the Villa LaMarr ski resort in Aspen, Colorado. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,426 | In 1966, Lamarr was arrested in Los Angeles for shoplifting. The charges were eventually dropped. In 1991, she was arrested on the same charge in Florida, this time for stealing $21.48 worth of laxatives and eye drops. She pleaded no contest to avoid a court appearance, and the charges were dropped in return for her promise to refrain from breaking any laws for a year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,427 | The 1970s was a decade of increasing seclusion for Lamarr. She was offered several scripts, television commercials, and stage projects, but none piqued her interest. In 1974, she filed a $10 million lawsuit against Warner Bros., claiming that the running parody of her name ("Hedley Lamarr") in the Mel Brooks comedy "Blazing Saddles" infringed her right to privacy. Brooks said he was flattered; the studio settled out of court for an undisclosed nominal sum and an apology to Lamarr for "almost using her name". Brooks said that Lamarr "never got the joke". With her eyesight failing, Lamarr retreated from public life and settled in Miami Beach, Florida, in 1981. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,428 | A large Corel-drawn image of Lamarr won CorelDRAW's yearly software suite cover design contest in 1996. For several years, beginning in 1997, it was featured on boxes of the software suite. Lamarr sued the company for using her image without her permission. Corel countered that she did not own rights to the image. The parties reached an undisclosed settlement in 1998. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,429 | For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Lamarr has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6247 Hollywood Blvd adjacent to Vine Street where the walk is centered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,430 | Lamarr became estranged from her older son, James Lamarr Loder, when he was 12 years old. Their relationship ended abruptly, and he moved in with another family. They did not speak again for almost 50 years. Lamarr left James Loder out of her will, and he sued for control of the US$3.3 million estate left by Lamarr in 2000. He eventually settled for US$50,000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,431 | In the last decades of her life, the telephone became Lamarr's only means of communication with the outside world, even with her children and close friends. She often talked up to six or seven hours a day on the phone, but she spent hardly any time with anyone in person in her final years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,432 | Lamarr died in Casselberry, Florida, on January 19, 2000, of heart disease, aged 85. Her son Anthony Loder spread her ashes in Austria's Vienna Woods in accordance with her last wishes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,433 | In 1939, Lamarr was selected the "most promising new actress" of 1938 in a poll of area voters conducted by "Philadelphia Record" film critic. British moviegoers voted Hedy Lamarr the year's 10th best actress, for her performance in "Samson and Delilah" in 1951. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,434 | The British drag queen Foo Foo Lamarr (born Francis Pearson, 1937–2003) originally took his surname from the actress when embarking on a performing career. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,435 | In 1997, Lamarr and George Antheil were jointly honored with the Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer Award and Lamarr also was the first woman to receive the Invention Convention's BULBIE Gnass Spirit of Achievement Award, known as the "Oscars of inventing". The following year, Lamarr's native Austria awarded her the Viktor Kaplan Medal of the Austrian Association of Patent Holders and Inventors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,436 | In 2006, the "Hedy-Lamarr-Weg" was founded in Vienna Meidling (12th District), named after the actress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,437 | In 2013, the IQOQI installed a quantum telescope on the roof of the University of Vienna, which they named after her in 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,438 | In 2014, Lamarr was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology. The same year, Anthony Loder's request that the remaining ashes of his mother should be buried in an honorary grave of the city of Vienna was realized. On November 7, her urn was buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery in Group 33 G, Tomb No. 80, not far from the centrally located presidential tomb. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,439 | Following her sixth and final divorce in 1965, Lamarr remained unmarried for the last 35 years of her life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,440 | Throughout, she claimed that James Lamarr Markey/Loder was biologically unrelated and adopted during her marriage to Gene Markey. However, years later James found documentation that he was the out-of-wedlock son of Lamarr and actor John Loder, whom she later married as her third husband. She had two more children with him: Denise (born 1945) and Anthony (born 1947) during their marriage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,441 | The Mel Brooks 1974 western parody "Blazing Saddles" features a villain named "Hedley Lamarr". As a running gag, various characters mistakenly refer to him as "Hedy Lamarr" prompting him to testily reply "That's Hedley." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,442 | In the 1982 off-Broadway musical "Little Shop of Horrors" and subsequent film adaptation (1986), Audrey II says to Seymour in the song "Feed Me", that he can get Seymour anything he wants including "A date with Hedy Lamarr." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,443 | In 2008, an off-Broadway play, "Frequency Hopping", features the lives of Lamarr and Antheil. The play was written and staged by Elyse Singer, and the script won a prize for best new play about science and technology from STAGE. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,444 | In the 2009 mockumentary "The Chronoscope", written and directed by Andrew Legge, the fictional Irish scientist Charlotte Keppel is likely modeled after Hedy Lamarr. The film satirizes the extreme politics of the 1930s and tells the story of a fictionalized fascist group that steals a device invented by Keppel. This chronoscope can see the past and is used by the group to create propaganda films of their heroes from the past. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,445 | In 2010, Lamarr was selected out of 150 IT people to be featured in a short film launched by the British Computer Society on May 20. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,446 | Also during 2010, the New York Public Library exhibit "Thirty Years of Photography at the New York Public Library" included a photo of a topless Lamarr () by Austrian-born American photographer Trude Fleischmann. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,447 | In 2011, the story of Lamarr's frequency-hopping spread spectrum invention was explored in an episode of the Science Channel show "", a series that explores the darker side of scientific discovery and experimentation, which premiered on September 7. Her work in improving wireless security was part of the premiere episode of the Discovery Channel show "How We Invented the World". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,448 | Also during 2011, Anne Hathaway revealed that she had learned that the original Catwoman was based on Lamarr, so she studied all of Lamarr's films and incorporated some of her breathing techniques into her portrayal of Catwoman in the 2012 film "The Dark Knight Rises". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,449 | In 2015, on November 9, the 101st anniversary of Lamarr's birth, Google paid tribute to Hedy Lamarr's work in film and her contributions to scientific advancement with an animated Google Doodle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,450 | In 2016, Lamarr was depicted in an off-Broadway play, "HEDY! The Life and Inventions of Hedy Lamarr", a one-woman show written and performed by Heather Massie. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,451 | In 2016, the off-Broadway, one-actor show "Stand Still and Look Stupid: The Life Story of Hedy Lamarr." starring Emily Ebertz and written by Mike Broemmel went into production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,452 | Also during 2016, Whitney Frost, a character in the TV show "Agent Carter" was inspired by Hedy Lamarr and Lauren Bacall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,453 | In 2017, actress Celia Massingham portrayed Lamarr on The CW television series "Legends of Tomorrow" in the sixth episode of the third season, titled Helen Hunt. The episode is set in 1937 Hollywoodland. The episode aired on November 14, 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,454 | Also during 2017, "", written and directed by Alexandra Dean and produced by Susan Sarandon, a documentary about Lamarr's career as an actress and later as an inventor, premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival. It was released in theaters on November 24, 2017, and aired on PBS "American Masters" in May 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,455 | In 2018, actress Alyssa Sutherland portrayed Lamarr on the NBC television series "Timeless" in the third episode of the second season, titled Hollywoodland. The episode aired March 25, 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,456 | In 2019, actor and musician Johnny Depp composed a song called "Hedy Lamarr", and performed it with Jeff Beck during a UK performance in May 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,457 | In 2021, Lamarr was mentioned in the first episode of the Marvel's "What If...?" The episode aired on August 11, 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 |
7,458 | The Mikoyan MiG-29 (; NATO reporting name: Fulcrum) is a twin-engine fighter aircraft designed in the Soviet Union. Developed by the Mikoyan design bureau as an air superiority fighter during the 1970s, the MiG-29, along with the larger Sukhoi Su-27, was developed to counter new U.S. fighters such as the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. The MiG-29 entered service with the Soviet Air Forces in 1983. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,459 | While originally oriented towards combat against any enemy aircraft, many MiG-29s have been furnished as multirole fighters capable of performing a number of different operations, and are commonly outfitted to use a range of air-to-surface armaments and precision munitions. The MiG-29 has been manufactured in several major variants, including the multirole Mikoyan MiG-29M and the navalised Mikoyan MiG-29K; the most advanced member of the family to date is the Mikoyan MiG-35. Later models frequently feature improved engines, glass cockpits with HOTAS-compatible flight controls, modern radar and infrared search and track (IRST) sensors, and considerably increased fuel capacity; some aircraft have also been equipped for aerial refueling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,460 | Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the militaries of a number of former Soviet republics have continued to operate the MiG-29, the largest of which is the Russian Air Force. The Russian Air Force wanted to upgrade its existing fleet to the modernised MiG-29SMT configuration, but financial difficulties have limited deliveries. The MiG-29 has also been a popular export aircraft; more than 30 nations either operate or have operated the aircraft to date. the MiG-29 was still in production by Mikoyan, a subsidiary of United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) since 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,461 | In the mid–1960s, the United States Air Force (USAF) encountered difficulties over the skies of Vietnam. Supersonic fighter bombers that had been optimized for low altitude bombing, like the F-105 Thunderchief, were found to be vulnerable to older MiG-17s and more advanced MiGs which were much more maneuverable. In order to regain the limited air superiority enjoyed over Korea, the US refocused on air combat using the F-4 Phantom multi-role fighter, while the Soviet Union developed the MiG-23 in response. Towards the end of the 1960s, the USAF started the "F-X" program to produce a fighter dedicated to air superiority, which led to the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle being ordered for production in late 1969. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,462 | At the height of the Cold War, a Soviet response was necessary to avoid the possibility of a new American fighter gaining a serious technological advantage over existing Soviet fighters. Thus the development of a new air superiority fighter became a priority. In 1969, the Soviet General Staff issued a requirement for a "Perspektivnyy Frontovoy Istrebitel" ("PFI", roughly "Advanced Frontline Fighter"). Specifications were extremely ambitious, calling for long range, good short-field performance (including the ability to use austere runways), excellent agility, Mach 2+ speed, and heavy armament. The Russian aerodynamics institute TsAGI worked in collaboration with the Sukhoi design bureau on the aircraft's aerodynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,463 | By 1971, however, Soviet studies determined the need for different types of fighters. The PFI program was supplemented with the "Perspektivnyy Lyogkiy Frontovoy Istrebitel" ("LPFI", or "Advanced Lightweight Tactical Fighter") program; the Soviet fighter force was planned to be approximately 33% PFI and 67% LPFI. PFI and LPFI paralleled the USAF's decision that created the "Lightweight Fighter" program and the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon and Northrop YF-17. The PFI fighter was assigned to Sukhoi, resulting in the Sukhoi Su-27, while the lightweight fighter went to Mikoyan. Detailed design work on the resultant Mikoyan "Product 9", designated "MiG-29A", began in 1974, with the first flight taking place on 6 October 1977. The pre-production aircraft was first spotted by United States reconnaissance satellites in November of that year; it was dubbed "Ram-L" because it was observed at the Zhukovsky flight test center near the town of Ramenskoye. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,464 | The workload split between TPFI and LPFI became more apparent as the MiG-29 filtered into front line service with the Soviet Air Forces (Russian: "Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily" [VVS]) in the mid-1980s. While the heavy, long range Su-27 was tasked with the more exotic and dangerous role of deep air-to-air sweeps of NATO high-value assets, the smaller MiG-29 directly replaced the MiG-23 in the frontal aviation role. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,465 | In the West, the new fighter was given the NATO reporting name "Fulcrum-A" because the pre-production MiG-29A, which should have logically received this designation, remained unknown in the West at that time. The Soviet Union did not assign official names to most of its aircraft, although nicknames were common. Unusually, some Soviet pilots found the MiG-29's NATO reporting name, "Fulcrum", to be a flattering description of the aircraft's intended purpose, and it is sometimes unofficially used in Russian service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,466 | The MiG-29B was widely exported in downgraded versions, known as "MiG-29B 9-12A" and "MiG-29B 9-12B" for Warsaw Pact and non-Warsaw Pact nations respectively, with less capable avionics and no capability for delivering nuclear weapons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,467 | In the 1980s, Mikoyan developed the improved MiG-29S to use longer range R-27E air-to-air missiles. It added a dorsal 'hump' to the upper fuselage to house a jamming system and some additional fuel capacity. The weapons load was increased to with airframe strengthening. These features were included in new-built fighters and upgrades to older MiG-29s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,468 | Refined versions of the MiG-29 with improved avionics were fielded by the Soviet Union, but Mikoyan's multirole variants, including a carrier-based version designated MiG-29K, were never produced in large numbers. Development of the MiG-29K carrier version was suspended for over a decade before being resumed; the type went into service with the Indian Navy's INS "Vikramaditya", and Russian Navy's "Admiral Kuznetsov" class aircraft carrier. Mikoyan also developed improved versions of the MiG-29, named MiG-29M and MiG-29SMT. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,469 | There have been several upgrade programmes conducted for the MiG-29. Common upgrades include the adoption of standard-compatible avionics, service life extensions to 4,000 flight hours, safety enhancements, greater combat capabilities and reliability. In 2005, the Russian Aircraft Corporation "MiG" established a unified family of 4++ generation multirole fighters: the aircraft carrier–based MiG-29K, front-line MiG-29M and MiG-35 fighters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,470 | On 11 December 2013, Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin revealed that Russia was planning to build a new fighter to replace the MiG-29. The Sukhoi Su-27 and its derivatives were to be replaced by the Sukhoi Su-57, but a different design was needed to replace the lighter MiGs. A previous attempt to develop a MiG-29 replacement, the MiG 1.44 demonstrator, failed in the 1990s. The concept came up again in 2001 with interest from India, but they later opted for a variant of the Su-57. Air Force commanders have hinted at the possibility of a single-engine airframe that uses the Su-57's engine, radar, and weapons primarily for Russian service. This has since been revealed in the form of the Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,471 | Sharing its origins in the original PFI requirements issued by TsAGI, the MiG-29 has broad aerodynamic similarities to the Sukhoi Su-27, but with some notable differences. The MiG-29 has a mid-mounted swept wing with blended leading-edge root extensions (LERXs) swept at around 40°; there are swept tailplanes and two vertical fins, mounted on booms outboard of the engines. Automatic slats are mounted on the leading edges of the wings; they are four-segment on early models and five-segment on some later variants. On the trailing edge, there are maneuvering flaps and wingtip ailerons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,472 | The MiG-29 has hydraulic controls and a SAU-451 three-axis autopilot but, unlike the Su-27, no fly-by-wire control system. Nonetheless, it is very agile, with excellent instantaneous and sustained turn performance, high-alpha capability, and a general resistance to spins. The airframe consists primarily of aluminum with some composite materials, and is stressed for up to 9 g (88 m/s²) maneuvers. The controls have "soft" limiters to prevent the pilot from exceeding g and alpha limits, but the limiters can be disabled manually. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,473 | The MiG-29 has two widely spaced Klimov RD-33 turbofan engines, each rated at dry and in afterburner. The space between the engines generates lift, thereby reducing effective wing loading, hence improving maneuverability. The engines are fed through intake ramps fitted under the leading-edge extensions (LERXs), which have variable ramps to allow high-Mach speeds. Due to their relatively short combustor, the engines produce noticeably heavier smoke than their contemporaries. As an adaptation to rough-field operations, the main air inlet can be closed completely and the auxiliary air inlet on the upper fuselage can be used for takeoff, landing and low-altitude flying, preventing ingestion of ground debris. Thereby the engines receive air through louvers on the LERXs which open automatically when intakes are closed. However the latest variant of the family, the MiG-35, eliminated these dorsal louvers, and adopted the mesh screens design in the main intakes, similar to those fitted to the Su-27. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,474 | The MiG-29 has a ferry range of without external fuel tanks, and with external tanks. The internal fuel capacity of the original MiG-29B is distributed between six internal fuel tanks, four in the fuselage and one in each wing. For longer flights, this can be supplemented by a centreline drop tank and, on later production batches, two underwing drop tanks. In addition, newer models have been fitted with port-side inflight refueling probes, allowing much longer flight times by using a probe-and-drogue system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,475 | The cockpit features a conventional centre stick and left hand throttle controls. The pilot sits in a Zvezda K-36DM ejection seat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,476 | The cockpit has conventional dials, with a head-up display (HUD) and a Shchel-3UM helmet mounted display, but no HOTAS ("hands-on-throttle-and-stick") capability. Emphasis seems to have been placed on making the cockpit similar to the earlier MiG-23 and other Soviet aircraft for ease of conversion, rather than on ergonomics. Nonetheless, the MiG-29 does have substantially better visibility than most previous Soviet jet fighters, thanks to a high-mounted bubble canopy. Upgraded models introduce "glass cockpits" with modern liquid-crystal (LCD) multi-function displays (MFDs) and true HOTAS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,477 | The baseline MiG-29B has a Phazotron RLPK-29 radar fire control system which includes the N019 "Sapfir 29" look-down/shoot-down coherent pulse-Doppler radar and the Ts100.02-02 digital computer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,478 | The N019 radar was not a new design, but rather a development of the Sapfir-23ML architecture used on the MiG-23ML. During the initial design specification period in the mid-1970s, Phazotron NIIR was tasked with producing a modern radar for the MiG-29. To speed development, Phazotron based its new design on work undertaken by NPO Istok on the experimental ""Soyuz"" radar program. Accordingly, the N019 was originally intended to have a flat planar array antenna and full digital signal processing, for a detection and tracking range of at least against a fighter-sized target. Prototype testing revealed this could not be attained in the required timeframe and still fit within the MiG-29's nose. Rather than design a new radar, Phazotron reverted to a version of the Sapfir-23ML's twisted-polarization cassegrain antenna and traditional analog signal processors, coupled with a new NII Argon-designed Ts100 digital computer to save time and cost. This produced a working radar system, but inherited the weak points of the earlier design, plaguing the MiG-29's ability to detect and track airborne targets at ranges available with the R-27 and R-77 missiles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,479 | The N019 was further compromised by Phazotron designer Adolf Tolkachev’s betrayal of the radar to the CIA, for which he was executed in 1986. In response to all of these problems, the Soviets hastily developed a modified N019M "Topaz" radar for the upgraded "MiG-29S" aircraft. However, "VVS" was reportedly still not satisfied with the performance of the system and demanded another upgrade. The latest upgraded aircraft offered the N010 "Zhuk-M", which has a planar array antenna rather than a dish, improving range, and a much superior processing ability, with multiple-target engagement capability and compatibility with the Vympel R-77 (or RVV-AE). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,480 | Armament for the MiG-29 includes a single GSh-30-1 cannon in the port wing root. This originally had a 150-round magazine, which was reduced to 100 rounds in later variants, which only allows a few seconds of firing before running out of ammo. Original production MiG-29B aircraft cannot fire the cannon when carrying a centerline fuel tank as it blocks the shell ejection port. This was corrected in the MiG-29S and later versions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,481 | Three pylons are provided under each wing (four in some variants), for a total of six (or eight). The inboard pylons can carry either a fuel tank, one "Vympel" R-27 (AA-10 "Alamo") medium-range air-to-air missile, or unguided bombs or rockets. Some Soviet aircraft could carry a single nuclear bomb on the port inboard station. The outer pylons usually carry R-73 (AA-11 "Archer") dogfight air to air missiles, although some users still retain the older R-60 (AA-8 "Aphid"). A single tank can be fitted to the centerline, between the engines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,482 | The US has supplied AGM-88 HARM missiles to Ukraine. It appears that they are fired from MiG-29s. It was only disclosed after Russian forces showed footage of a tail fin from one of these missiles. U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Colin Kahl has said this: "I would just point to two things. One, you know, a lot was made about the MiG-29 issue several months ago, not very much has been noticed about the sheer amount of spare parts and other things that we've done to help them actually put more of their own MiG-29s in the air and keep those that are in the air flying for a longer period of time. And then also, in recent PDA [Presidential Drawdown Authority] packages we've included a number of anti-radiation missiles that can be fired off of Ukrainian aircraft. They can have effects on on Russian radars and other things." Soviet era aircraft don't have the computer architecture to accept NATO standard weapons. The interface would be difficult however with a "crude modification", such as an e-table, it would be possible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,483 | While the MiG-29's true capabilities could only be estimated from the time it first appeared In 1977 until the mid-1980s, a combination of persistent intelligence and increasing access afforded by the Soviet foreign sales effort allowed a true appreciation of its capabilities. Early MiG-29s were very agile aircraft, capable of rivaling the performance of contemporary F-18 and F-16 aircraft. However, their relatively low fuel capacity relegated them to short-range air defense missions. Lacking HOTAS and an inter-aircraft data link, and requiring a very intensive "heads-down" approach to operating cockpit controls, the early MiG-29 denied pilots the kind of situational awareness routinely enjoyed by pilots operating comparable US aircraft. Analysts and Western pilots who flew examples of the MiG-29 thought this likely prevented even very good pilots from harnessing the plane's full combat capability. Later MiG-29s were upgraded to improve their capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,484 | The Soviet Union exported MiG-29s to several countries. Because 4th-generation fighter jets require the pilots to have extensive training, air-defense infrastructure, and constant maintenance and upgrades, MiG-29s have had mixed operational history with different air forces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,485 | The MiG-29 was first publicly seen in the West when the Soviet Union displayed the aircraft in Finland on 2 July 1986. Two MiG-29s were also displayed at the Farnborough Airshow in Britain in September 1988. The following year, the aircraft conducted flying displays at the 1989 Paris Air Show where it was involved in a non-fatal crash during the first weekend of the show. The Paris Air Show display was only the second display of Soviet fighters at an international air show since the 1930s. Western observers were impressed by its apparent capability and exceptional agility. Following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, most of the MiG-29s entered service with the newly formed Russian Air Force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,486 | In July 1993, two MiG-29s of the Russian Air Force collided in mid-air and crashed away from the public at the Royal International Air Tattoo. No one on the ground sustained any serious injuries, and the two pilots ejected and landed safely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,487 | The Russian Air Force grounded all its MiG-29s following a crash in Siberia on 17 October 2008. Following a second crash with a MiG-29 in east Siberia in December 2008, Russian officials admitted that most MiG-29 fighters in the Russian Air Force were incapable of performing combat duties due to poor maintenance. The age of the aircraft was also an important factor as about 70% of the MiGs were considered to be too old to take to the skies. The Russian MiG-29s have not received updates since the collapse of the Soviet Union. On 4 February 2009, the Russian Air Force resumed flights with the MiG-29. However, in March 2009, 91 MiG-29s of the Russian Air Force required repair after inspections due to corrosion; approximately 100 MiGs were cleared to continue flying at the time. The Russian Air Force started an update of its early MiG-29s to the more current MiG-29SMT standard, but financial difficulties prevented delivery of more than three MiG-29 SMT upgrade to the Russian Air Force. Instead, the 35 MiG-29SMT/UBTs rejected by Algeria were bought by the Russian Air Force. Russia placed an order for 16 new-build MiG-29SMTs on 15 April 2014, with delivery expected by 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,488 | On 4 June 2015, a MiG-29 crashed during training in Astrakhan. A month later, another MiG-29 crashed near the village of Kushchevskaya in the Krasnodar region with the pilot safely ejecting. A series of accidents in the Russian Air Force that happened in 2015 were caused mostly by overall increase of flights and trainings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,489 | On 20 April 2008, Georgian officials claimed a Russian MiG-29 shot down a Georgian Hermes 450 unmanned aerial vehicle and provided video footage from the ill-fated drone showing an apparent MiG-29 launching an air-to-air missile at it. Russia denies that the aircraft was theirs and says they did not have any pilots in the air that day. Abkhazia's administration claimed its own forces shot down the drone with an L-39 aircraft "because it was violating Abkhaz airspace and breaching ceasefire agreements." UN investigation concluded that the video was authentic and that the drone was shot down by a Russian MiG-29 or Su-27 using a R-73 heat seeking missile. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,490 | On 16 July 2014, a Ukrainian Su-25 was shot down, with Ukrainian officials stating that a Russian MiG-29 shot it down using a R-27T missile. Russia denied these allegations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,491 | During the first half of September 2017, the Russian Air Force deployed some MiG-29SMT multirole combat aircraft to Khmeimim Airbase, near Latakia, in western Syria, becoming the first time the modernized version of the baseline Fulcrum jet was deployed to take part in the Syrian Air War. The MiG-29SMT were involved in bombing missions and secondary strategic bombers escort duties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,492 | Two Russian MiG-29s operated by Wagner Group crashed near Sirte, Libya on 28 June 2020 and on 7 September 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,493 | In April 2014, during the military intervention in Crimea, 45 Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29s and 4 L-39 combat trainers were reportedly captured by Russian forces at Belbek air base. Most of the planes appeared to be in inoperable condition. In May, Russian troops dismantled them and shipped them back to Ukraine. On 4 August 2014, the Ukrainian government stated that a number of them had been put back into service to fight in the war in the east of the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,494 | During the initial days of the War in Donbas in April 2014, the Ukrainian Air Force deployed some jet fighters over the Donetsk region to perform combat air patrols and show of force flights. Probably due to the limited number of jet fighters available, a MiG-29 belonging to the Ukrainian Falcons display team was spotted armed with a full air-to-air load and performing a low altitude fly by. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,495 | In the evening of 7 August 2014, a Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29MU1, bort number 02 Blue, was shot down by an antiaircraft missile fired by pro-Russian rebels near the town of Yenakievo, and exploded in midair. The pilot ejected safely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,496 | On 17 August 2014, another Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29, bort number 53 White, tasked with air to ground duties against separatists' positions was shot down by pro-Russian rebels in the Luhansk region. The Ukrainian government confirmed the downing. The pilot ejected safely and was recovered by friendly forces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,497 | As of 2018, the Lviv State Aircraft Repair Plant began domestically upgrading the MiG-29 to have multirole capability, known as the MiG-29MU2. Development was expected to be completed by 2019 and enter production in 2020. The first upgraded MiG-29 was delivered to the Ukrainian Air Force in July 2020. In August 2020, Ukraine began negotiations with Elbit Systems to help modernize the MiG-29 fleet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,498 | On 29 May 2020, Ukrainian MiG-29s took part in the Bomber Task Force in Europe with American B-1B bombers for the first time in the Black Sea region. In September 2020, B-52 bombers from the 5th Bomb Wing conducted vital integration training with Ukrainian MiG-29s and Su-27s inside Ukraine's airspace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
7,499 | During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Su-27s and MiG-29s were used as air superiority fighters, with ten MiG-29s reported lost on the ground and in the air. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185653 |
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