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7,200 | The ISS simplifies individual experiments by allowing groups of experiments to share the same launches and crew time. Research is conducted in a wide variety of fields, including astrobiology, astronomy, physical sciences, materials science, space weather, meteorology, and human research including space medicine and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,201 | Perhaps the most notable ISS experiment is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), which is intended to detect dark matter and answer other fundamental questions about our universe. According to NASA, the AMS is as important as the Hubble Space Telescope. Currently docked on station, it could not have been easily accomm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,202 | The space environment is hostile to life. Unprotected presence in space is characterised by an intense radiation field (consisting primarily of protons and other subatomic charged particles from the solar wind, in addition to cosmic rays), high vacuum, extreme temperatures, and microgravity. Some simple forms of life c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,203 | Medical research improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body, including muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift. These data will be used to determine whether high duration human spaceflight and space colonisation are feasible. In 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy sug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,204 | Medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS on behalf of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,205 | In August 2020, scientists reported that bacteria from Earth, particularly "Deinococcus radiodurans" bacteria, which is highly resistant to environmental hazards, were found to survive for three years in outer space, based on studies conducted on the International Space Station. These findings supported the notion of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,206 | Remote sensing of the Earth, astronomy, and deep space research on the ISS have dramatically increased during the 2010s after the completion of the US Orbital Segment in 2011. Throughout the more than 20 years of the ISS program researchers aboard the ISS and on the ground have examined aerosols, ozone, lightning, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,207 | Gravity at the altitude of the ISS is approximately 90% as strong as at Earth's surface, but objects in orbit are in a continuous state of freefall, resulting in an apparent state of weightlessness. This perceived weightlessness is disturbed by five effects: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,208 | Researchers are investigating the effect of the station's near-weightless environment on the evolution, development, growth and internal processes of plants and animals. In response to some of the data, NASA wants to investigate microgravity's effects on the growth of three-dimensional, human-like tissues and the unusu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,209 | Investigating the physics of fluids in microgravity will provide better models of the behaviour of fluids. Because fluids can be almost completely combined in microgravity, physicists investigate fluids that do not mix well on Earth. Examining reactions that are slowed by low gravity and low temperatures will improve o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,210 | The study of materials science is an important ISS research activity, with the objective of reaping economic benefits through the improvement of techniques used on the ground. Other areas of interest include the effect of low gravity on combustion, through the study of the efficiency of burning and control of emissions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,211 | The ISS provides a location in the relative safety of low Earth orbit to test spacecraft systems that will be required for long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars. This provides experience in operations, maintenance as well as repair and replacement activities on-orbit. This will help develop essential skills in op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,212 | In 2009, noting the value of the partnership framework itself, Sergey Krasnov wrote, "When compared with partners acting separately, partners developing complementary abilities and resources could give us much more assurance of the success and safety of space exploration. The ISS is helping further advance near-Earth s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,213 | The ISS crew provides opportunities for students on Earth by running student-developed experiments, making educational demonstrations, allowing for student participation in classroom versions of ISS experiments, and directly engaging students using radio, and email. ESA offers a wide range of free teaching materials th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,214 | The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) aims to inspire children to "pursue craftsmanship" and to heighten their "awareness of the importance of life and their responsibilities in society". Through a series of education guides, students develop a deeper understanding of the past and near-term future of crewed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,215 | Cultural activities are another major objective of the ISS programme. Tetsuo Tanaka, the director of JAXA's Space Environment and Utilization Center, has said: "There is something about space that touches even people who are not interested in science." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,216 | Amateur Radio on the ISS (ARISS) is a volunteer programme that encourages students worldwide to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, through amateur radio communications opportunities with the ISS crew. ARISS is an international working group, consisting of delegations from nine countrie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,217 | "First Orbit" is a 2011 feature-length documentary film about Vostok 1, the first crewed space flight around the Earth. By matching the orbit of the ISS to that of Vostok 1 as closely as possible, in terms of ground path and time of day, documentary filmmaker Christopher Riley and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli were able ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,218 | In May 2013, commander Chris Hadfield shot a music video of David Bowie's "Space Oddity" on board the station, which was released on YouTube. It was the first music video ever to be filmed in space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,219 | In November 2017, while participating in Expedition 52/53 on the ISS, Paolo Nespoli made two recordings of his spoken voice (one in English and the other in his native Italian), for use on Wikipedia articles. These were the first content made in space specifically for Wikipedia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,220 | In November 2021, a virtual reality exhibit called The Infinite featuring life aboard the ISS was announced. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,221 | Since the International Space Station is a multi-national collaborative project, the components for in-orbit assembly were manufactured in various countries around the world. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the U.S. components "Destiny", "Unity", the Integrated Truss Structure, and the solar arrays were fabricated at the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,222 | The Russian modules, including "Zarya" and "Zvezda", were manufactured at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center in Moscow. "Zvezda" was initially manufactured in 1985 as a component for "Mir-2", but was never launched and instead became the ISS Service Module. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,223 | The European Space Agency (ESA) "Columbus" module was manufactured at the EADS Astrium Space Transportation facilities in Bremen, Germany, along with many other contractors throughout Europe. The other ESA-built modules"Harmony", "Tranquility", the "Leonardo" MPLM, and the "Cupola"were initially manufactured at the Tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,224 | The Japanese Experiment Module "Kibō", was fabricated in various technology manufacturing facilities in Japan, at the NASDA (now JAXA) Tsukuba Space Center, and the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. The "Kibo" module was transported by ship and flown by aircraft to the SSPF. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,225 | The Mobile Servicing System, consisting of the Canadarm2 and the "Dextre" grapple fixture, was manufactured at various factories in Canada (such as the David Florida Laboratory) and the United States, under contract by the Canadian Space Agency. The mobile base system, a connecting framework for Canadarm2 mounted on ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,226 | The assembly of the International Space Station, a major endeavour in space architecture, began in November 1998. Russian modules launched and docked robotically, with the exception of "Rassvet". All other modules were delivered by the Space Shuttle, which required installation by ISS and Shuttle crewmembers using the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,227 | The first module of the ISS, "Zarya", was launched on 20 November 1998 on an autonomous Russian Proton rocket. It provided propulsion, attitude control, communications, and electrical power, but lacked long-term life support functions. A passive NASA module, "Unity", was launched two weeks later aboard Space Shuttle fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,228 | The first resident crew, Expedition 1, arrived in November 2000 on Soyuz TM-31. At the end of the first day on the station, astronaut Bill Shepherd requested the use of the radio call sign ""Alpha"", which he and cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev preferred to the more cumbersome ""International Space Station"". The name ""Alph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,229 | Expedition 1 arrived midway between the Space Shuttle flights of missions STS-92 and STS-97. These two flights each added segments of the station's Integrated Truss Structure, which provided the station with Ku-band communication for US television, additional attitude support needed for the additional mass of the USOS,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,230 | The expansion schedule was interrupted in 2003 by the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster and a resulting hiatus in flights. The Space Shuttle was grounded until 2005 with STS-114 flown by "Discovery". Assembly resumed in 2006 with the arrival of STS-115 with "Atlantis", which delivered the station's second set of solar ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,231 | By June 2011, the station consisted of 15 pressurised modules and the Integrated Truss Structure. Two power modules called NEM-1 and NEM-2. are still to be launched. Russia's new primary research module "Nauka" docked in July 2021, along with the European Robotic Arm which will be able to relocate itself to different p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,232 | The gross mass of the station changes over time. The total launch mass of the modules on orbit is about (). The mass of experiments, spare parts, personal effects, crew, foodstuff, clothing, propellants, water supplies, gas supplies, docked spacecraft, and other items add to the total mass of the station. Hydrogen gas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,233 | The ISS is a modular space station. Modular stations can allow modules to be added to or removed from the existing structure, allowing greater flexibility. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,234 | Below is a diagram of major station components. The blue areas are pressurised sections accessible by the crew without using spacesuits. The station's unpressurised superstructure is indicated in red. Planned components are shown in white, non installed, temporarily defunct or non-commissioned components are shown in b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,235 | "Zarya" (), also known as the Functional Cargo Block or FGB (from the or "ФГБ"), is the first module of the ISS to have been launched. The FGB provided electrical power, storage, propulsion, and guidance to the ISS during the initial stage of assembly. With the launch and assembly in orbit of other modules with more sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,236 | The "Unity" connecting module, also known as Node 1, is the first U.S.-built component of the ISS. It connects the Russian and U.S. segments of the station, and is where crew eat meals together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,237 | The module is cylindrical in shape, with six berthing locations (forward, aft, port, starboard, zenith, and nadir) facilitating connections to other modules. "Unity" measures in diameter, is long, made of steel, and was built for NASA by Boeing in a manufacturing facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsvil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,238 | "Zvezda" (, meaning "star"), "Salyut" DOS-8, is also known as the "Zvezda" Service Module. It was the third module launched to the station, and provides all of the station's life support systems, some of which are supplemented in the USOS, as well as living quarters for two crew members. It is the structural and functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,239 | The module was manufactured by RKK Energia, with major sub-contracting work by GKNPTs Khrunichev. "Zvezda" was launched on a Proton rocket on 12 July 2000, and docked with the "Zarya" module on 26 July 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,240 | The "Destiny" module, also known as the U.S. Lab, is the primary operating facility for U.S. research payloads aboard the ISS. It was berthed to the "Unity" module and activated over a period of five days in February 2001. "Destiny" is NASA's first permanent operating orbital research station since Skylab was vacated i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,241 | The Joint Airlock (also known as "Quest") is provided by the U.S. and provides the capability for ISS-based Extravehicular Activity (EVA) using either a U.S. Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) or Russian Orlan EVA suits. Before the launch of this airlock, EVAs were performed from either the U.S. Space Shuttle (while do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,242 | The Joint Airlock was launched on ISS-7A / STS-104 in July 2001 and was attached to the right hand docking port of Node 1. The Joint Airlock is 20 ft. long, 13 ft. in diameter, and weighs 6.5 tons. The Joint Airlock was built by Boeing at Marshall Space Flight Center. The Joint Airlock was launched with the High Pressu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,243 | The Joint Airlock has two main components: a crew airlock from which astronauts and cosmonauts exit the ISS and an equipment airlock designed for storing EVA gear and for so-called overnight "campouts" wherein Nitrogen is purged from astronaut's bodies overnight as pressure is dropped in preparation for spacewalks the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,244 | The crew airlock was derived from the Space Shuttle's external airlock. It is equipped with lighting, external handrails, and an Umbilical Interface Assembly (UIA). The UIA is located on one wall of the crew airlock and provides a water supply line, a wastewater return line, and an oxygen supply line. The UIA also prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,245 | "Poisk ()" was launched on 10 November 2009 attached to a modified Progress spacecraft, called Progress M-MIM2, on a Soyuz-U rocket from Launch Pad 1 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. "Poisk" is used as the Russian airlock module, containing two identical EVA hatches. An outward-opening hatch on the "Mir" space... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,246 | "Harmony", also known as "Node 2", is the "utility hub" of the ISS. It connects the laboratory modules of the United States, Europe and Japan, as well as providing electrical power and electronic data. Sleeping cabins for four of the crew are housed here. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,247 | "Harmony" was successfully launched into space aboard Space Shuttle flight STS-120 on 23 October 2007. After temporarily being attached to the port side of the "Unity" node, it was moved to its permanent location on the forward end of the "Destiny" laboratory on 14 November 2007. "Harmony" added to the station's living... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,248 | "Tranquility", also known as Node 3, is a module of the ISS. It contains environmental control systems, life support systems, a toilet, exercise equipment, and an observation cupola. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,249 | The European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency had "Tranquility" manufactured by Thales Alenia Space. A ceremony on 20 November 2009 transferred ownership of the module to NASA. On 8 February 2010, NASA launched the module on the Space Shuttle's STS-130 mission. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,250 | "Columbus" is a science laboratory that is part of the ISS and is the largest single contribution to the station made by the European Space Agency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,251 | Like the "Harmony" and "Tranquility" modules, the "Columbus" laboratory was constructed in Turin, Italy by Thales Alenia Space. The functional equipment and software of the lab was designed by EADS in Bremen, Germany. It was also integrated in Bremen before being flown to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in an Airbu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,252 | The European Space Agency has spent €1.4 billion (about US$2 billion) on building "Columbus", including the experiments it carries and the ground control infrastructure necessary to operate them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,253 | The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), nicknamed , is a Japanese science module for the International Space Station (ISS) developed by JAXA. It is the largest single ISS module, and is attached to the "Harmony" module. The first two pieces of the module were launched on Space Shuttle missions STS-123 and STS-124. The th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,254 | The "Cupola" is an ESA-built observatory module of the ISS. Its name derives from the Italian word "", which means "dome". Its seven windows are used to conduct experiments, dockings and observations of Earth. It was launched aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-130 on 8 February 2010 and attached to the "Tranquility" (Nod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,255 | "Rassvet" (; lit. "dawn"), also known as the Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) (, ) and formerly known as the Docking Cargo Module (DCM), is a component of the International Space Station (ISS). The module's design is similar to the "Mir" Docking Module launched on STS-74 in 1995. "Rassvet" is primarily used for cargo sto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,256 | In May 2010, equipment for "Nauka" was launched on STS-132 (as part of an agreement with NASA) and delivered by Space Shuttle "Atlantis". Weighing 1.4 metric tons, the equipment was attached to the outside of "Rassvet" (MRM-1). It included a spare elbow joint for the European Robotic Arm (ERA) (which was launched with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,257 | The RTOd radiator will be used to add additional cooling capability to "Nauka", which will enable the module to host more scientific experiments. The airlock will be used only to pass experiments inside and outside the module, with the aid of ERAvery similar to the Japanese airlock and Nanoracks Bishop Airlock on the U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,258 | The ERA will be used to remove the RTOd radiator and airlock from "Rassvet" and transfer them over to "Nauka". This process is expected to take several months. A portable work platform will also be transferred over, which can attach to the end of the ERA to allow cosmonauts to "ride" on the end of the arm during spacew... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,259 | Another MLM outfitting is a 4 segment external payload interface called means of attachment of large payloads (Sredstva Krepleniya Krupnogabaritnykh Obyektov, SKKO). Delivered in two parts to Nauka by Progress MS-18 (LCCS part) and Progress MS-21 (SCCCS part) as part of the module activation outfitting process. It was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,260 | The "Leonardo" Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) is a module of the International Space Station. It was flown into space aboard the Space Shuttle on STS-133 on 24 February 2011 and installed on 1 March. "Leonardo" is primarily used for storage of spares, supplies and waste on the ISS, which was until then stored in m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,261 | The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) is an experimental expandable space station module developed by Bigelow Aerospace, under contract to NASA, for testing as a temporary module on the International Space Station (ISS) from 2016 to at least 2020. It arrived at the ISS on 10 April 2016, was berthed to the stati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,262 | The International Docking Adapter (IDA) is a spacecraft docking system adapter developed to convert APAS-95 to the NASA Docking System (NDS). An IDA is placed on each of the ISS's two open Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs), both of which are connected to the "Harmony" module. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,263 | Two International Docking Adapters are currently installed aboard the Station. Originally, IDA-1 was planned to be installed on PMA-2, located at "Harmony"'s forward port, and IDA-2 would be installed on PMA-3 at "Harmony"'s zenith. After IDA 1 was destroyed in a launch incident, IDA-2 was installed on PMA-2 on 19 Augu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,264 | The NanoRacks Bishop Airlock Module is a commercially funded airlock module launched to the ISS on SpaceX CRS-21 on 6 December 2020. The module was built by NanoRacks, Thales Alenia Space, and Boeing. It will be used to deploy CubeSats, small satellites, and other external payloads for NASA, CASIS, and other commercial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,265 | "Nauka" (), also known as the Multipurpose Laboratory Module-Upgrade (MLM-U), (Russian: "Многоцелевой лабораторный модуль", усоверше́нствованный, or "МЛМ-У)", is a Roscosmos-funded component of the ISS that was launched on 21 July 2021, 14:58 UTC. In the original ISS plans, "Nauka" was to use the location of the Dockin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,266 | It had a temporary docking adapter on its nadir port for crewed and uncrewed missions until Prichal arrival, where just before its arrival it was removed by a departuring Progress spacecraft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,267 | "Prichal", also known as "Uzlovoy" Module or UM (), is a ball-shaped module that will provide the Russian segment additional docking ports to receive Soyuz MS and Progress MS spacecraft. UM was launched in November 2021. It was integrated with a special version of the Progress cargo spacecraft and launched by a standar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,268 | The ISS has a large number of external components that do not require pressurisation. The largest of these is the Integrated Truss Structure (ITS), to which the station's main solar arrays and thermal radiators are mounted. The ITS consists of ten separate segments forming a structure long. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,269 | The station was intended to have several smaller external components, such as six robotic arms, three External Stowage Platforms (ESPs) and four ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs). While these platforms allow experiments (including MISSE, the STP-H3 and the Robotic Refueling Mission) to be deployed and conducted in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,270 | There are also smaller exposure facilities mounted directly to laboratory modules; the "Kibō" Exposed Facility serves as an external "porch" for the "Kibō" complex, and a facility on the European "Columbus" laboratory provides power and data connections for experiments such as the European Technology Exposure Facility ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,271 | The commercial "Bartolomeo" External Payload Hosting Platform, manufactured by Airbus, was launched on 6 March 2020 aboard CRS-20 and attached to the European "Columbus" module. It will provide an additional 12 external payload slots, supplementing the eight on the ExPRESS Logistics Carriers, ten on "Kibō", and four on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,272 | The Integrated Truss Structure serves as a base for the station's primary remote manipulator system, the Mobile Servicing System (MSS), which is composed of three main components: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,273 | A grapple fixture was added to "Zarya" on STS-134 to enable Canadarm2 to inchworm itself onto the Russian Orbital Segment. Also installed during STS-134 was the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), which had been used to inspect heat shield tiles on Space Shuttle missions and which can be used on the station to increase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,274 | Japan's Remote Manipulator System, which services the "Kibō" Exposed Facility, was launched on STS-124 and is attached to the "Kibō" Pressurised Module. The arm is similar to the Space Shuttle arm as it is permanently attached at one end and has a latching end effector for standard grapple fixtures at the other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,275 | The European Robotic Arm, which will service the Russian Orbital Segment, was launched alongside the "Nauka" module. The ROS does not require spacecraft or modules to be manipulated, as all spacecraft and modules dock automatically and may be discarded the same way. Crew use the two "Strela" () cargo cranes during EVAs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,276 | Pirs (Russian: Пирс, lit. 'Pier') was launched on 14 September 2001, as ISS Assembly Mission 4R, on a Russian Soyuz-U rocket, using a modified Progress spacecraft, Progress M-SO1, as an upper stage. Pirs was undocked by Progress MS-16 on 26 July 2021, 10:56 UTC, and deorbited on the same day at 14:51 UTC to make room f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,277 | In January 2020, NASA awarded Axiom Space a contract to build a commercial module for the ISS with a launch date of 2024. The contract is under the NextSTEP2 program. NASA negotiated with Axiom on a firm fixed-price contract basis to build and deliver the module, which will attach to the forward port of the space stati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,278 | Made by Bigelow Aerospace. In August 2016 Bigelow negotiated an agreement with NASA to develop a full-sized ground prototype Deep Space Habitation based on the B330 under the second phase of Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships. The module is called the Expandable Bigelow Advanced Station Enhancement (X... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,279 | Nanoracks, after finalizing its contract with NASA, and after winning NextSTEPs Phase II award, is now developing its concept Independence-1 (previously known as Ixion), which would turn spent rocket tanks into a habitable living area to be tested in space. In Spring 2018, Nanoracks announced that Ixion is now known as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,280 | If produced, this centrifuge will be the first in-space demonstration of sufficient scale centrifuge for artificial partial-g effects. It will be designed to become a sleep module for the ISS crew. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,281 | Several modules planned for the station were cancelled over the course of the ISS programme. Reasons include budgetary constraints, the modules becoming unnecessary, and station redesigns after the 2003 "Columbia" disaster. The US Centrifuge Accommodations Module would have hosted science experiments in varying levels ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,282 | Science Power Module 1 (SPM-1, also known as NEM-1) and Science Power Module 2 (SPM-2, also known as NEM-2) are modules that were originally planned to arrive at the ISS no earlier than 2024, and dock to the "Prichal" module, which is currently docked to the "Nauka" module. In April 2021, Roscosmos announced that NEM-1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,283 | The critical systems are the atmosphere control system, the water supply system, the food supply facilities, the sanitation and hygiene equipment, and fire detection and suppression equipment. The Russian Orbital Segment's life support systems are contained in the "Zvezda" service module. Some of these systems are supp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,284 | The atmosphere on board the ISS is similar to that of Earth. Normal air pressure on the ISS is ; the same as at sea level on Earth. An Earth-like atmosphere offers benefits for crew comfort, and is much safer than a pure oxygen atmosphere, because of the increased risk of a fire such as that responsible for the deaths ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,285 | The "Elektron" system aboard "Zvezda" and a similar system in "Destiny" generate oxygen aboard the station. The crew has a backup option in the form of bottled oxygen and Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation (SFOG) canisters, a chemical oxygen generator system. Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by the Vozdukh system in "Z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,286 | Part of the ROS atmosphere control system is the oxygen supply. Triple-redundancy is provided by the Elektron unit, solid fuel generators, and stored oxygen. The primary supply of oxygen is the Elektron unit which produces and by electrolysis of water and vents overboard. The system uses approximately one litre of wate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,287 | The US Orbital Segment has redundant supplies of oxygen, from a pressurised storage tank on the "Quest" airlock module delivered in 2001, supplemented ten years later by ESA-built Advanced Closed-Loop System (ACLS) in the "Tranquility" module (Node 3), which produces by electrolysis. Hydrogen produced is combined with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,288 | Double-sided solar arrays provide electrical power to the ISS. These bifacial cells collect direct sunlight on one side and light reflected off from the Earth on the other, and are more efficient and operate at a lower temperature than single-sided cells commonly used on Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,289 | The Russian segment of the station, like most spacecraft, uses 28 V low voltage DC from two rotating solar arrays mounted on "Zvezda". The USOS uses 130–180 V DC from the USOS PV array, power is stabilised and distributed at 160 V DC and converted to the user-required 124 V DC. The higher distribution voltage allows sm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,290 | The USOS solar arrays are arranged as four wing pairs, for a total production of 75 to 90 kilowatts. These arrays normally track the Sun to maximise power generation. Each array is about in area and long. In the complete configuration, the solar arrays track the Sun by rotating the "alpha gimbal" once per orbit; the "b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,291 | The station originally used rechargeable nickel–hydrogen batteries () for continuous power during the 45 minutes of every 90-minute orbit that it is eclipsed by the Earth. The batteries are recharged on the day side of the orbit. They had a 6.5-year lifetime (over 37,000 charge/discharge cycles) and were regularly repl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,292 | The station's large solar panels generate a high potential voltage difference between the station and the ionosphere. This could cause arcing through insulating surfaces and sputtering of conductive surfaces as ions are accelerated by the spacecraft plasma sheath. To mitigate this, plasma contactor units create current... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,293 | The station's systems and experiments consume a large amount of electrical power, almost all of which is converted to heat. To keep the internal temperature within workable limits, a passive thermal control system (PTCS) is made of external surface materials, insulation such as MLI, and heat pipes. If the PTCS cannot k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,294 | Radio communications provide telemetry and scientific data links between the station and mission control centres. Radio links are also used during rendezvous and docking procedures and for audio and video communication between crew members, flight controllers and family members. As a result, the ISS is equipped with in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,295 | The Russian Orbital Segment communicates directly with the ground via the "Lira" antenna mounted to "Zvezda". The "Lira" antenna also has the capability to use the "Luch" data relay satellite system. This system fell into disrepair during the 1990s, and so was not used during the early years of the ISS, although two ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,296 | The US Orbital Segment (USOS) makes use of two separate radio links: S band (audio, telemetry, commanding – located on the P1/S1 truss) and K band (audio, video and data – located on the Z1 truss) systems. These transmissions are routed via the United States Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) in geostatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,297 | UHF radio is used by astronauts and cosmonauts conducting EVAs and other spacecraft that dock to or undock from the station. Automated spacecraft are fitted with their own communications equipment; the ATV uses a laser attached to the spacecraft and the Proximity Communications Equipment attached to "Zvezda" to accurat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,298 | The ISS is equipped with about 100 IBM/Lenovo ThinkPad and HP ZBook 15 laptop computers. The laptops have run Windows 95, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 10 and Linux operating systems. Each computer is a commercial off-the-shelf purchase which is then modified for safety and operation including updates to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
7,299 | The operating system used for key station functions is the Debian Linux distribution. The migration from Microsoft Windows to Linux was made in May 2013 for reasons of reliability, stability and flexibility. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 |
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