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800 | Hawking's association with atheism and freethinking was in evidence from his university years onwards, when he had been a member of Oxford University's humanist group. He was later scheduled to appear as the keynote speaker at a 2017 Humanists UK conference. In an interview with "El Mundo", he said: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
801 | Hawking was a longstanding Labour Party supporter. He recorded a tribute for the 2000 Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore, called the 2003 invasion of Iraq a "war crime", campaigned for nuclear disarmament, and supported stem cell research, universal health care, and action to prevent climate change. In August 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
802 | Hawking was greatly concerned over health care, and maintained that without the UK National Health Service, he could not have survived into his 70s. Hawking especially feared privatisation. He stated, "The more profit is extracted from the system, the more private monopolies grow and the more expensive healthcare becom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
803 | In June 2017, Hawking endorsed the Labour Party in the 2017 UK general election, citing the Conservatives' proposed cuts to the NHS. But he was also critical of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, expressing scepticism over whether the party could win a general election under him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
804 | Hawking feared Donald Trump's policies on global warming could endanger the planet and make global warming irreversible. He said, "Climate change is one of the great dangers we face, and it's one we can prevent if we act now. By denying the evidence for climate change, and pulling out of the Paris Agreement, Donald Tru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
805 | Hawking was also a supporter of a universal basic income. He was critical of the Israeli government's position on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, stating that their policy "is likely to lead to disaster." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
806 | In 1988, Hawking, Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan were interviewed in "God, the Universe and Everything Else". They discussed the Big Bang theory, God and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
807 | At the release party for the home video version of the "A Brief History of Time", Leonard Nimoy, who had played Spock on "Star Trek", learned that Hawking was interested in appearing on the show. Nimoy made the necessary contact, and Hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of "" in 1993. The sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
808 | Hawking allowed the use of his copyrighted voice in the biographical 2014 film "The Theory of Everything", in which he was portrayed by Eddie Redmayne in an Academy Award-winning role. Hawking was featured at the "Monty Python Live (Mostly)" show in 2014. He was shown to sing an extended version of the "Galaxy Song", a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
809 | Hawking used his fame to advertise products, including a wheelchair, National Savings, British Telecom, Specsavers, Egg Banking, and Go Compare. In 2015, he applied to trademark his name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
810 | Broadcast in March 2018 just a week or two before his death, Hawking was the voice of The Book Mark II on "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" radio series, and he was the guest of Neil deGrasse Tyson on "StarTalk". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
811 | On 8 January 2022, Google featured Hawking in a Google Doodle on the occasion of his 80th birth anniversary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
812 | Hawking received numerous awards and honours. Already early in the list, in 1974 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). At that time, his nomination read: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
813 | The citation continues, "Other important work by Hawking relates to the interpretation of cosmological observations and to the design of gravitational wave detectors." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
814 | Hawking was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1984), the American Philosophical Society (1984), and the United States National Academy of Sciences (1992). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
815 | Hawking received the 2015 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Sciences shared with Viatcheslav Mukhanov for discovering that the galaxies were formed from quantum fluctuations in the early Universe. At the 2016 Pride of Britain Awards, Hawking received the lifetime achievement award "for his contribut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
816 | Hawking was a member of the advisory board of the Starmus Festival, and had a major role in acknowledging and promoting science communication. The Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication is an annual award initiated in 2016 to honour members of the arts community for contributions that help build awareness of s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
817 | The Starmus III Festival in 2016 was a tribute to Stephen Hawking and the book of all Starmus III lectures, "Beyond the Horizon", was also dedicated to him. The first recipients of the medals, which were awarded at the festival, were chosen by Hawking himself. They were composer Hans Zimmer, physicist Jim Al-Khalili, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376148 |
818 | Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surface is made up of the ocean, dwarfing Earth's polar ice, lakes, and rivers. The remainin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
819 | The atmosphere of the Earth consists mostly of nitrogen and oxygen. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide (CO) trap a part of the energy from the Sun close to the surface. Water vapor is widely present in the atmosphere and forms clouds that cover most of the planet. More solar energy is received by tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
820 | Earth is an ellipsoid with a circumference of about 40,000 km. It is the densest planet in the Solar System. Of the four rocky planets, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight light minutes away from the Sun and orbits it, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution. The Earth rotates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
821 | Earth, like most other bodies in the Solar System, formed 4.5 billion years ago from gas in the early Solar System. During the first billion years of Earth's history, the ocean formed and then life developed within it. Life spread globally and began to affect Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the Great Oxidati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
822 | The Modern English word "Earth" developed, via Middle English, from an Old English noun most often spelled '. It has cognates in every Germanic language, and their ancestral root has been reconstructed as *"erþō". In its earliest attestation, the word "eorðe" was already being used to translate the many senses of Latin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
823 | Historically, "earth" has been written in lowercase. From early Middle English, its definite sense as "the globe" was expressed as "the" earth. By the era of Early Modern English, capitalization of nouns began to prevail, and "the earth" was also written "the Earth", particularly when referenced along with other heaven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
824 | Occasionally, the name "Terra" is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish humanity's inhabited planet from others, while in poetry "Tellus" has been used to denote personification of the Earth. "Terra" is also the name of the planet in some Romance languages (languages that evolved f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
825 | There are a number of adjectives for the planet Earth. From "Earth" itself comes "earthly". From the Latin "Terra" comes "terran" , terrestrial , and (via French) "terrene" , and from the Latin "Tellus" comes "tellurian" and "telluric". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
826 | The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to Ga (billion years) ago. By the primordial Earth had formed. The bodies in the Solar System formed and evolved with the Sun. In theory, a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
827 | Estimates of the age of the Moon range from 4.5 Ga to significantly younger. A leading hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars-sized object with about 10% of Earth's mass, named Theia, collided with Earth. It hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
828 | Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and outgassing. Water vapor from these sources condensed into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids, protoplanets, and comets. Sufficient water to fill the oceans may have been on Earth since it formed. In this model, atmospheric greenhouse ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
829 | As the molten outer layer of Earth cooled it formed the first solid crust, which is thought to have been mafic in composition. The first continental crust, which was more felsic in composition, formed by the partial melting of this mafic crust. The presence of grains of the mineral zircon of Hadean age in Eoarchean sed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
830 | New continental crust forms as a result of plate tectonics, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. Over the period of hundreds of millions of years, tectonic forces have caused areas of continental crust to group together to form supercontinents that have subsequently broken a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
831 | The most recent pattern of ice ages began about , and then intensified during the Pleistocene about . High- and middle-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 21,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years. The Last Glacial Period, colloquially called the "last ice age", co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
832 | Chemical reactions led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the last common ancestor of all current life arose. The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant molecular oxygen () accumulated in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
833 | During the Neoproterozoic, , much of Earth might have been covered in ice. This hypothesis has been termed "Snowball Earth", and it is of particular interest because it preceded the Cambrian explosion, when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity. Following the Cambrian explosion, , there have be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
834 | Earth's expected long-term future is tied to that of the Sun. Over the next , solar luminosity will increase by 10%, and over the next by 40%. Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing concentration to levels lethally low for plants ( for C4 photosynthesis) in approxima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
835 | The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about . Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly , about 250 times its present radius. Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit from the Sun when the star reaches i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
836 | The shape of Earth is nearly spherical, with an average diameter of , making it the fifth largest of the Solar System's planetary sized objects and largest among its terrestrial ones. Due to Earth's rotation its shape is bulged around the Equator and slightly flattened at the poles, resulting in a larger diameter at th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
837 | Earth's shape furthermore has local topographic variations. Though the largest variations, like the Mariana Trench ( below local sea level), only shortens Earth's average radius by 0.17% and Mount Everest ( above local sea level) lengthens it by only 0.14%. Earth's surface is farthest out from Earth's center of mass at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
838 | To measure the local variation of Earth's topography, geodesy employs an idealized Earth producing a shape called a geoid. Such a geoid shape is gained if the ocean is idealized, covering Earth completely and without any perturbations such as tides and winds. The result is a smooth but gravitational irregular geoid sur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
839 | The total surface area of Earth is about . Earth's surface can be divided into two hemispheres, such as into the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, or the Western and Eastern Hemisphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
840 | Most of the surface is made of water, in liquid form or in smaller amounts as ice. 70.8% () of the Earth's surface consists of the interconnected ocean, making it Earth's global ocean or "world ocean". This makes Earth, along with its vibrant hydrosphere a water world or ocean world, particularly in Earth's early histo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
841 | In contrast, Earth's land makes 29.2%, or of Earth's surface area. Earth's land consists of many islands around the globe, but mainly of four continental landmasses, which are from largest to smallest: Afroeurasia,America, Antarctica and Australia. These landmasses are further broken down and grouped into the continent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
842 | The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite. Less common is basalt, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors. Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and compacted together. Nearly 75% ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
843 | Erosion and tectonics, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time. The pedosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's continental surface and is composed of soil and subject to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
844 | Earth's mechanically rigid outer layer, the lithosphere, is divided into tectonic plates. These plates are rigid segments that move relative to each other at one of three boundaries types: at convergent boundaries, two plates come together; at divergent boundaries, two plates are pulled apart; and at transform boundari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
845 | As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
846 | The seven major plates are the Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Antarctic, Indo-Australian, and South American. Other notable plates include the Arabian Plate, the Caribbean Plate, the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
847 | Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić disco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
848 | Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at below the surface, spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
849 | Earth's mass is approximately (5,970 Yg). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminum (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to mass segregation, the core region is estim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
850 | The most common rock constituents of the crust are nearly all oxides: chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. Over 99% of the crust is composed of 11 oxides, principally silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
851 | The major heat-producing isotopes within Earth are potassium-40, uranium-238, and thorium-232. At the center, the temperature may be up to , and the pressure could reach . Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
852 | The mean heat loss from Earth is , for a global heat loss of . A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by mantle plumes, a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce hotspots and flood basalts. More of the heat in Earth is lost through... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
853 | The gravity of Earth is the acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within Earth. Near Earth's surface, gravitational acceleration is approximately . Local differences in topography, geology, and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad regional differences in Earth's gravitation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
854 | The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, the site of a dynamo process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
855 | The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail. Because the velocity of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
856 | During magnetic storms and substorms, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's ionosphere, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing the aurora. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
857 | Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is of mean solar time (). Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal deceleration, each day varies between longer than the mean solar day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
858 | Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its "stellar day" by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is of mean solar time (UT1), or Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean March equinox (when the Sun is at 90° on the equator), is of mean sola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
859 | Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. For bodies near the celestial equator, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
860 | Earth orbits the Sun, making Earth the third-closest planet to the Sun and part of the inner Solar System. Earth's average orbital distance is about , which is the basis for the Astronomical Unit and is equal to roughly 8.3 light minutes or 380 times Earth's distance to the Moon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
861 | Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year. With an apparent movement of the Sun in Earth's sky at a rate of about 1°/day eastward, which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete a full rotation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
862 | The orbital speed of Earth averages about , which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about , in seven minutes, and the distance to the Moon, , in about 3.5 hours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
863 | The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth-Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the celestial north pole, the motion of Earth, the Moon, and thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
864 | The Hill sphere, or the sphere of gravitational influence, of Earth is about in radius. This is the maximum distance at which Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit Earth within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
865 | The axial tilt of Earth is approximately 23.439281° with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the Celestial Poles. Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
866 | By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the equinoxes, when Earth's rotational axis is aligned with its orbital axis. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter solstice currently occurs around 21 December; sum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
867 | The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo nutation; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years. The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time, precessing around in a complete circle over each 25,800-year ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
868 | In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around 3 January, and its aphelion around 4 July. These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. The changing Earth-Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.8% in solar energy reaching Ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
869 | The Moon is a relatively large, terrestrial, planet-like natural satellite, with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto. The natural satellites of other planets are also referred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
870 | The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
871 | The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate. Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon. Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
872 | Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The angular size (or solid angle) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant. This allows total and annular solar e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
873 | Earth's co-orbital asteroids population consists of quasi-satellites, objects with a horseshoe orbit and trojans. There are at least five quasi-satellites, including 469219 Kamoʻoalewa. A trojan asteroid companion, , is librating around the leading Lagrange triangular point, L4, in Earth's orbit around the Sun. The tin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
874 | , there are 4,550 operational, human-made satellites orbiting Earth. There are also inoperative satellites, including Vanguard 1, the oldest satellite currently in orbit, and over 16,000 pieces of tracked space debris. Earth's largest artificial satellite is the International Space Station. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
875 | Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of . The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 metric tons or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
876 | In Earth's coldest regions, snow survives over the summer and changes into ice. This accumulated snow and ice eventually forms into glaciers, bodies of ice that flow under the influence of their own gravity. Alpine glaciers form in mountainous areas, whereas vast ice sheets form over land in polar regions. The flow of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
877 | The average salinity of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of seawater (3.5% salt). Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks. The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases, which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
878 | The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes it from other planets in the Solar System. Solar System planets with considerable atmospheres do partly host atmospheric water vapor, but they lack surface conditions for stable surface water. Despite some moons showing signs of large rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
879 | The atmospheric pressure at Earth's sea level averages , with a scale height of about . A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules. Water vapor content varies between 0.01% and 4% but averages about 1%. Clouds cover aro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
880 | Earth's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved , forming the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today. This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms and, indirectly, the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent conversion of atmospheric into. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
881 | Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, gradually becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first of the surface; this lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the ai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
882 | The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the trade winds in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes between 30° and 60°. Ocean heat content and currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
883 | Earth receives 1361 W/m of solar irradiance. The amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles, and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
884 | Further factors that affect a location's climates are its proximity to oceans, the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, and topology. Places close to oceans typically have colder summers and warmer winters, due to the fact that oceans can store large amounts of heat. The wind transports the cold or the heat of the ocea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
885 | Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
886 | The commonly used Köppen climate classification system has five broad groups (humid tropics, arid, humid middle latitudes, continental and cold polar), which are further divided into more specific subtypes. The Köppen system rates regions based on observed temperature and precipitation. Surface air temperature can rise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
887 | The upper atmosphere, the atmosphere above the troposphere, is usually divided into the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
888 | Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth's gravity. This causes a slow but steady loss of the atmosphere into space. Because unfixed hydrogen has a low molecular mass, it can achieve escape velocity more read... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
889 | Earth is the only known place that is habitable and has hosted life. Earth's life developed in Earth's early bodies of water some hundred million years after Earth formed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
890 | Earth's life has been shaping and inhabiting many particular ecosystems on Earth and has eventually expanded globally forming an overarching biosphere. Therefore, life has impacted Earth, significantly altering Earth's atmosphere and surface over long periods of time, causing changes like the Great oxidation event. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
891 | Earth's life has over time greatly diversified, allowing the biosphere to have different biomes, which are inhabited by comparatively similar plants and animals. The different biomes develope at distinct elevations or water depths, planetary temperature latitudes and on land also with different humidity. Earth's specie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
892 | Earth provides liquid water—an environment where complex organic molecules can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain a metabolism. Plants and other organisms take up nutrients from water, soils and the atmosphere. These nutrients are constantly recycled between different species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
893 | Extreme weather, such as tropical cyclones (including hurricanes and typhoons), occurs over most of Earth's surface and has a large impact on life in those areas. From 1980 to 2000, these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year. Many places are subject to earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
894 | Originating from earlier primates in eastern Africa 300,000 years ago humans have since been migrating and with the advent of agriculture in the 10th millennium BC increasingly settling Earth's land. In the 20th century Antarctica had been the last continent to see a first and until today limited human presence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
895 | Human population has since the 19th century grown exponentially to seven billion in the early 2010s, and is projected to peak at around ten billion in the second half of the 21st century. Most of the growth is expected to take place in sub-Saharan Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
896 | Distribution and density of human population varies greatly around the world with the majority living in south to eastern Asia and 90% inhabiting only the Northern Hemisphere of Earth, partly due to the hemispherical predominance of the world's land mass, with 68% of the world's land mass being in the Northern Hemisphe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
897 | Beyond Earth's surface humans have lived on a temporary basis, with only special purpose deep underground and underwater presence, and a few space stations. Human population virtually completely remains on Earth's surface, fully depending on Earth and the environment it sustains. Humans have gone and temporarily stayed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
898 | Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures, which have marked Earth significantly. Earth has been the claim of extensive human sedetary, extractive and political activity. Earth's land has been mostly territorially claimed since the 19th century by states, of which today more than 200 exist, with only Antarct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
899 | Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels, are only replenished over geological timescales. Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth's crust, consisting of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These deposits are used by humans both for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9228 |
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