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9,000 | To reduce cost, NASA modified one of the Saturn V rockets originally earmarked for a canceled Apollo mission to launch Skylab, which itself was a modified Saturn V fuel tank. Apollo spacecraft, launched on smaller Saturn IB rockets, were used for transporting astronauts to and from the station. Three crews, consisting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,001 | In February 1969, President Richard Nixon appointed a space task group headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew to recommend human spaceflight projects beyond Apollo. The group responded in September with the Integrated Program Plan (IPP), intended to support space stations in Earth and lunar orbit, a lunar surface base, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,002 | On May 24, 1972, US President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin signed an agreement calling for a joint crewed space mission, and declaring intent for all future international crewed spacecraft to be capable of docking with each other. This authorized the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), involving the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,003 | The mission included both joint and separate scientific experiments and provided useful engineering experience for future joint US–Russian space flights, such as the Shuttle–"Mir" program and the International Space Station. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,004 | The Space Shuttle was the only vehicle in the Space Transportation System to be developed, and became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Originally planned as a frequently launchable, fully reusable vehicle, the design was changed to use an expendable external propellant tank to reduce development... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,005 | The Shuttle flew 135 missions and carried 355 astronauts from 16 countries, many on multiple trips. Its major components were a spaceplane orbiter with an external fuel tank and two solid-fuel launch rockets at its side. The external tank, which was bigger than the spacecraft itself, was the only major component that w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,006 | On 20 missions (1983–1998) the Space Shuttle carried Spacelab, designed in cooperation with the European Space Agency (ESA). Spacelab was not designed for independent orbital flight, but remained in the Shuttle's cargo bay as the astronauts entered and left it through an airlock. On June 18, 1983, Sally Ride became the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,007 | In 1995, Russian-American interaction resumed with the Shuttle–Mir missions (1995–1998). Once more an American vehicle docked with a Russian craft, this time a full-fledged space station. This cooperation has continued with Russia and the United States as two of the biggest partners in the largest space station built: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,008 | The Shuttle fleet lost two orbiters and 14 astronauts in two disasters: "Challenger" in 1986, and "Columbia" in 2003. While the 1986 loss was mitigated by building the from replacement parts, NASA did not build another orbiter to replace the second loss. NASA's Space Shuttle program had 135 missions when the program en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,009 | While the Space Shuttle program was still suspended after the loss of "Columbia", President George W. Bush announced the Vision for Space Exploration including the retirement of the Space Shuttle after completing the International Space Station. The plan was enacted into law by the NASA Authorization Act of 2005 and di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,010 | On December 4, 2006, NASA announced it was planning a permanent Moon base. The goal was to start building the Moon base by 2020, and by 2024, have a fully functional base that would allow for crew rotations and in-situ resource utilization. However, in 2009, the Augustine Committee found the program to be on an "unsust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,011 | President Obama's plan was to develop American private spaceflight capabilities to get astronauts to the International Space Station, replace Russian Soyuz capsules, and use Orion capsules for ISS emergency escape purposes. During a speech at the Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010, Obama proposed a new heavy-lift v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,012 | The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 required a newly designed HLV be chosen within 90 days of its passing; the launch vehicle was given the name Space Launch System. The new law also required the construction of a beyond low earth orbit spacecraft. The Orion spacecraft, which was being developed as part of the Constella... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,013 | NASA undertook a feasibility study in 2012 and developed the Asteroid Redirect Mission as an uncrewed mission to move a boulder-sized near-Earth asteroid (or boulder-sized chunk of a larger asteroid) into lunar orbit. The mission would demonstrate ion thruster technology and develop techniques that could be used for pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,014 | NASA has conducted many uncrewed and robotic spaceflight programs throughout its history. Uncrewed robotic programs launched the first American artificial satellites into Earth orbit for scientific and communications purposes and sent scientific probes to explore the planets of the Solar System, starting with Venus and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,015 | The first US uncrewed satellite was Explorer 1, which started as an ABMA/JPL project during the early part of the Space Race. It was launched in January 1958, two months after Sputnik. At the creation of NASA, the Explorer project was transferred to the agency and still continues. Its missions have been focusing on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,016 | The Ranger missions developed technology to build and deliver robotic probes into orbit and to the vicinity of the Moon. Ranger 7 successfully returned images of the Moon in July 1964, followed by two more successful missions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,017 | NASA also played a role in the development and delivery of early communications satellite technology to orbit. Syncom 3 was the first geostationary satellite. It was an experimental geosynchronous communications satellite placed over the equator at 180 degrees longitude in the Pacific Ocean. The satellite provided live... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,018 | Study of Mercury, Venus, or Mars has been the goal of more than ten uncrewed NASA programs. The first was Mariner in the 1960s and 1970s, which made multiple visits to Venus and Mars and one to Mercury. Probes launched under the Mariner program were also the first to make a planetary flyby (Mariner 2), to take the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,019 | "Magellan" orbited Venus for four years in the early 1990s capturing radar images of the planet's surface. "MESSENGER" orbited Mercury between 2011 and 2015 after a 6.5-year journey involving a complicated series of flybys of Venus and Mercury to reduce velocity sufficiently enough to enter Mercury orbit. "MESSENGER" b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,020 | From 1966 to 1968, the "Lunar Orbiter" and "Surveyor" missions provided higher quality photographs and other measurements to pave the way for the crewed Apollo missions to the Moon. "Clementine" spent a couple of months mapping the Moon in 1994 before moving on to other mission objectives. "Lunar Prospector" spent 19 m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,021 | The first successful landing on Mars was made by "Viking 1" in 1976. "Viking 2" followed two months later. Twenty years later the "Sojourner" rover was landed on Mars by "Mars Pathfinder". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,022 | After Mars, Jupiter was first visited by "Pioneer 10" in 1973. More than 20 years later "Galileo" sent a probe into the planet's atmosphere and became the first spacecraft to orbit the planet. "Pioneer 11" became the first spacecraft to visit Saturn in 1979, with "Voyager 2" making the first (and so far, only) visits t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,023 | "Pioneers 10" and "11" and both Voyager probes carry messages from the Earth to extraterrestrial life. Communication can be difficult with deep space travel. For instance, it took about three hours for a radio signal to reach the "New Horizons" spacecraft when it was more than halfway to Pluto. Contact with "Pioneer 10... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,024 | NASA continued to support "in situ" exploration beyond the asteroid belt, including Pioneer and Voyager traverses into the unexplored trans-Pluto region, and gas giant orbiters "Galileo" (1989–2003) and "Cassini" (1997–2017) exploring the Jovian and Saturnian systems respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,025 | The missions below represent the robotic spacecraft that have been delivered and operated by NASA to study the heliosphere. The "Helios A and Helios B" missions were launched in the 1970s to study the Sun and were the first spacecraft to orbit inside of Mercury's orbit. The Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (FAST) mission... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,026 | The International Earth-Sun Explorer-3 (ISEE-3) mission was launched in 1978 and is the first spacecraft designed to operate at the Earth-Sun L1 libration point. It studied solar-terrestrial relationships at the outermost boundaries of the Earth's magnetosphere and the structure of the solar wind. The spacecraft was su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,027 | "Ulysses" was launched in 1990 and slingshotted around Jupiter to put it in an orbit to travel over the poles of the Sun. It was designed study the space environment above and below the poles and delivered scientific data for about 19 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,028 | Additional spacecraft launched for studies of the heliosphere include: "Cluster II", "IMAGE", POLAR, "Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager", and the Van Allen Probes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,029 | The Earth Sciences Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate leads efforts to study the planet Earth. Spacecraft have been used to study Earth since the mid-1960s. Efforts included the Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) and Nimbus satellite systems of which there were many carrying weather researc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,030 | The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) was launched in 1990 on a three-year mission to investigate fields, plasmas, and energetic particles inside the Earth's magnetosphere. The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) was launched in 1991 by STS-48 to study the Earth's atmosphere especially the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,031 | The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) was launched in 2003, operated for seven years, and measured ice sheet mass balance, cloud and aerosol heights, and well as topography and vegetation characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,032 | Over a dozen past robotic missions have focused on the study of the Earth and its environment. Some of these additional missions include Aquarius, Earth Observing-1 (EO-1), Jason-1, Ocean Surface Topography Mission/Jason-2, and Radarsat-1 missions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,033 | The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA's Space Station "Freedom" project with the Soviet/Russian "Mir-2" station, the European "Columbus" station, and the Japanese Kibō laboratory module. NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop "Freedom" alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,034 | Long-duration missions to the ISS are referred to as ISS Expeditions. Expedition crew members typically spend approximately six months on the ISS. The initial expedition crew size was three, temporarily decreased to two following the "Columbia" disaster. Since May 2009, expedition crew size has been six crew members. C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,035 | The station can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye and, as of 2022, is the largest artificial satellite in Earth orbit with a mass and volume greater than that of any previous space station. The Russian Soyuz and American Dragon spacecraft are used to send astronauts to and from the ISS. Several uncrewed cargo s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,036 | The ISS program is expected to continue to 2030, after which the space station will be retired and destroyed in a controlled de-orbit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,037 | Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a contract solution to deliver cargo and supplies to the International Space Station (ISS) on a commmercial basis. NASA signed its first CRS contracts in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for twelve cargo Dragon and $1.9 billion to Orbital Sciences for eight Cygnus flights, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,038 | SpaceX flew its first operational resupply mission (SpaceX CRS-1) in 2012. Orbital Sciences followed in 2014 (Cygnus CRS Orb-1). In 2015, NASA extended CRS-1 to twenty flights for SpaceX and twelve flights for Orbital ATK. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,039 | A second phase of contracts (known as CRS-2) was solicited in 2014; contracts were awarded in January 2016 to Orbital ATK Cygnus, Sierra Nevada Corporation "Dream Chaser", and SpaceX "Dragon 2", for cargo transport flights beginning in 2019 and expected to last through 2024. In March 2022, NASA awarded an additional si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,040 | Northrop Grumman successfully delivered Cygnus NG-17 to the ISS in February 2022. In July 2022, SpaceX launched its 25th CRS flight (SpaceX CRS-25) and successfully delivered its cargo to the ISS. In late 2022, Sierra Nevada continued to assemble their Dream Chaser CRS solution; current estimates put its first launch i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,041 | The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) provides commercially operated crew transportation service to and from the International Space Station (ISS) under contract to NASA, conducting crew rotations between the expeditions of the International Space Station program. American space manufacturer SpaceX began providing service ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,042 | The spacecraft are owned and operated by the vendor, and crew transportation is provided to NASA as a commercial service. Each mission sends up to four astronauts to the ISS, with an option for a fifth passenger available. Operational flights occur approximately once every six months for missions that last for approxim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,043 | A Crew Dragon spacecraft is launched to space atop a Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle and the capsule returns to Earth via splashdown in the ocean near Florida. The program's first operational mission, SpaceX Crew-1, launched on 16 November 2020. Boeing Starliner operational flights will now commence after its final tes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,044 | Since 2017, NASA's crewed spaceflight program has been the Artemis program, which involves the help of US commercial spaceflight companies and international partners such as ESA, JAXA, and CSA. The goal of this program is to land "the first woman and the next man" on the lunar south pole region by 2024. Artemis would b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,045 | The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle was held over from the canceled Constellation program for Artemis. Artemis 1 was the uncrewed initial launch of Space Launch System (SLS) that would also send an Orion spacecraft on a Distant Retrograde Orbit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,046 | NASA's next major space initiative is to be the construction of the Lunar Gateway, a small space station in lunar orbit. This space station will be designed primarily for non-continuous human habitation. The first tentative steps of returning to crewed lunar missions will be Artemis 2, which is to include the Orion cre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,047 | In support of the Artemis missions, NASA has been funding private companies to land robotic probes on the lunar surface in a program known as the Commercial Lunar Payload Services. As of March 2022, NASA has awarded contracts for robotic lunar probes to companies such as Intuitive Machines, Firefly Space Systems, and A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,048 | On April 16, 2021, NASA announced they had selected the SpaceX Lunar Starship as its Human Landing System. The agency's Space Launch System rocket will launch four astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft for their multi-day journey to lunar orbit where they will transfer to SpaceX's Starship for the final leg of their j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,049 | In November 2021, it was announced that the goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by 2024 had slipped to no earlier than 2025 due to numerous factors. Artemis 1 launched on November 16, 2022 and returned to Earth safely on December 11, 2022. As of June 2022, NASA plans to launch Artemis 2 in May 2024 and Artemis 3 som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,050 | The Commercial Low Earth Orbit Destinations program is an initiative by NASA to support work on commercial space stations that the agency hopes to have in place by the end of the current decade to replace the "International Space Station". The three selected companies are: Blue Origin (et al.) with their Orbital Reef s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,051 | NASA has conducted many uncrewed and robotic spaceflight programs throughout its history. More than 1,000 uncrewed missions have been designed to explore the Earth and the Solar System. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,052 | NASA executes a mission development framework to plan, select, develop, and operate robotic missions. This framework defines cost, schedule and technical risk parameters to enable competitive selection of missions involving mission candidates that have been developed by principal investigators and their teams from acro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,053 | The Explorer program derives its origin from the earliest days of the U.S. Space program. In current form, the program consists of three classes of systems - Small Explorers (SMEX), Medium Explorers (MIDEX), and University-Class Explorers (UNEX) missions. The NASA Explorer program office provides frequent flight opport... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,054 | The NASA Discovery program develops and delivers robotic spacecraft solutions in the planetary science domain. Discovery enables scientists and engineers to assemble a team to deliver a solution against a defined set of objectives and competitively bid that solution against other candidate programs. Cost caps vary but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,055 | NASA Administrator Bill Nelson announced on June 2, 2021, that the "DAVINCI+" and "VERITAS" missions were selected to launch to Venus in the late 2020s, having beat out competing proposals for missions to Jupiter's volcanic moon Io and Neptune's large moon Triton that were also selected as Discovery program finalists i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,056 | The New Frontiers program focuses on specific Solar System exploration goals identified as top priorities by the planetary science community. Primary objectives include Solar System exploration employing medium class spacecraft missions to conduct high-science-return investigations. New Frontiers builds on the developm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,057 | NASA has determined that the next opportunity to propose for the fifth round of New Frontiers missions will occur no later than the fall of 2024. Missions in NASA's New Frontiers Program tackle specific Solar System exploration goals identified as top priorities by the planetary science community. Exploring the Solar S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,058 | Large strategic missions (formerly called Flagship missions) are strategic missions that are typically developed and managed by large teams that may span several NASA centers. The individual missions become the program as opposed to being part of a larger effort (see Discovery, New Frontiers, etc.). The James Webb Spac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,059 | NASA continues to play a material in exploration of the Solar System as it has for decades. Ongoing missions have current science objectives with respect to more than five extraterrestrial bodies within the Solar System – Moon (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter), Mars ("Perseverance" rover), Jupiter ("Juno"), asteroid Bennu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,060 | On November 26, 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission was successfully launched for Mars. The "Curiosity" rover successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012, and subsequently began its search for evidence of past or present life on Mars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,061 | In September 2014, NASA's "MAVEN" spacecraft, which is part of the Mars Scout Program, successfully entered Mars orbit and, as of October 2022, continues its study of the atmosphere of Mars. NASA's ongoing Mars investigations include in-depth surveys of Mars by the "Perseverance" rover and "InSight"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,062 | NASA's "Europa Clipper", planned for launch in October 2024, will study the Galilean moon Europa through a series of flybys while in orbit around Jupiter. "Dragonfly" will send a mobile robotic rotorcraft to Saturn's biggest moon, Titan. As of May 2021, "Dragonfly" is scheduled for launch in June 2027. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,063 | The NASA Science Mission Directorate Astrophysics division manages the agency's astrophysics science portfolio. NASA has invested significant resources in the development, delivery, and operations of various forms of space telescopes. These telescopes have provided the means to study the cosmos over a large range of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,064 | The Great Observatories that were launched in the 1980s and 1990s have provided a wealth of observations for study by physicists across the planent. The first of them, the Hubble Space Telescope, was delivered to orbit in 1990 and continues to function, in part due to prior servicing missions performed by the Space Shu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,065 | The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) is a space observatory designed to improve the understanding of X-ray production in objects such as neutron stars and pulsar wind nebulae, as well as stellar and supermassive black holes. IXPE launched in December 2021 and is an international collaboration between NASA and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,066 | The Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory was launched in November 2004 and is Gamma-ray burst observatory that also monitors the afterglow in X-ray, and UV/Visible light at the location of a burst. The mission was developed in a joint partnership between Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and an international consortium from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,067 | The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (FGST) is another gamma-ray focused space observatory that was launched to low Earth orbit in June 2008 and is being used to perform gamma-ray astronomy observations. In addition to NASA, the mission involves the United States Department of Energy, and government agencies in France, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,068 | The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched in December 2021 on an Ariane 5 rocket, operates in a halo orbit circling the Sun-Earth point. JWST's high sensitivity in the infrared spectrum and its imaging resolution will allow it to view more distant, faint, or older objects than its predecessors, including Hubble. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,069 | NASA Earth Science is a large, umbrella program comprising a range of terrestrial and space-based collection systems in order to better understand the Earth system and its response to natural and human-caused changes. Numerous systems have been developed and fielded over several decades to provide improved prediction f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,070 | In addition to systems already in orbit, NASA is designing a new set of Earth Observing Systems to study, assess, and generate responses for climate change, natural hazards, forest fires, and real-time agricultural processes. The GOES-T satellite (designated GOES-18 after launch) joined the fleet of U.S. geostationary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,071 | NASA also maintains the Earth Science Data Systems (ESDS) program to oversee the life cycle of NASA's Earth science data — from acquisition through processing and distribution. The primary goal of ESDS is to maximize the scientific return from NASA's missions and experiments for research and applied scientists, decisio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,072 | The Earth Science program is managed by the Earth Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,073 | NASA invests in various ground and space-based infrastructures to support its science and exploration mandate. The agency maintains access to suborbital and orbital space launch capabilities and sustains ground station solutions to support its evolving fleet of spacecraft and remote systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,074 | The "NASA Deep Space Network" ("DSN") serves as the primary ground station solution for NASA's interplanetary spacecraft and select Earth-orbiting missions. The system employs ground station complexes near Barstow California in the United States, in Spain near Madrid, and in Australia near Canberra. The placement of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,075 | The Near Space Network (NSN) provides telemetry, commanding, ground-based tracking, data and communications services to a wide range of customers with satellites in low earth orbit (LEO), geosynchronous orbit (GEO), highly elliptical orbits (HEO), and lunar orbits. The NSN accumulates ground station and antenna assets ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,076 | The NSN consists of 19 ground stations worldwide operated by the US Government and by contractors including Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT), Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), and South African National Space Agency (SANSA). The ground network averages between 120 and 150 spacecraft contacts a day with TDRS engaging ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,077 | The "NASA Sounding Rocket Program" ("NSRP") is located at the Wallops Flight Facility and provides launch capability, payload development and integration, and field operations support to execute suborbital missions. The program has been in operation since 1959 and is managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center using a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,078 | In June 2022, NASA conducted its first rocket launch from a commercial spaceport outside the US. It launched a Black Brant IX from the Arnhem Space Centre in Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,079 | The NASA Launch Services Program (LSP) is responsible for procurement of launch services for NASA uncrewed missions and oversight of launch integration and launch preparation activity, providing added quality and mission assurance to meet program objectives. Since 1990, NASA has purchased expendable launch vehicle laun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,080 | The "Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate" ("ARMD") is one of five mission directorates within NASA, the other four being the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate, the Space Operations Mission Directorate, the Science Mission Directorate, and the Space Technology Mission Directorate. The ARMD is resp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,081 | The "NASA X-57 Maxwell" is an experimental aircraft being developed by NASA to demonstrate the technologies required to deliver a highly efficient all-electric aircraft. The primary goal of the program is to develop and deliver all-electric technology solutions that can also achieve airworthiness certification with reg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,082 | NASA is collaborating with the Federal Aviation Administration and industry stakeholders to modernize the United States National Airspace System (NAS). Efforts began in 2007 with a goal to deliver major modernization components by 2025. The modernization effort intends to increase the safety, efficiency, capacity, acce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,083 | NASA has made use of technologies such as the multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), which is a type of radioisotope thermoelectric generator used to power spacecraft. Shortages of the required plutonium-238 have curtailed deep space missions since the turn of the millennium. An example of a space... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,084 | In July 2021, NASA announced contract awards for development of nuclear thermal propulsion reactors. Three contractors will develop individual designs over 12 months for later evaluation by NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy. NASA's space nuclear technologies portfolio are led and funded by its Space Technology Mis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,085 | "Free Space Optics". NASA contracted a third party to study the probability of using Free Space Optics (FSO) to communicate with Optical (laser) Stations on the Ground (OGS) called laser-com RF networks for satellite communications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,086 | "Water Extraction from Lunar Soil". On July 29, 2020, NASA requested American universities to propose new technologies for extracting water from the lunar soil and developing power systems. The idea will help the space agency conduct sustainable exploration of the Moon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,087 | NASA's Human Research Program (HRP) is designed to study the effects of space on human health and also to provide countermeasures and technologies for human space exploration. The medical effects of space exploration are reasonably limited in low Earth orbit or in travel to the Moon. Travel to Mars, however, is signifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,088 | NASA established the Planetary Defense Coordination Office ("PDCO") in 2016 to catalog and track potentially hazardous near-Earth objects (NEO), such as asteroids and comets and develop potential responses and defenses against these threats. The PDCO is chartered to provide timely and accurate information to the govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,089 | The PDCO augmented prior cooperative actions between the United States, the European Union, and other nations which had been scanning the sky for NEOs since 1998 in an effort called Spaceguard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,090 | From the 1990s NASA has run many NEO detection programs from Earth bases observatories, greatly increasing the number of objects that have been detected. However, many asteroids are very dark and the ones that are near the Sun are much harder to detect from Earth-based telescopes which observe at night, and thus face a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,091 | In 1998, the United States Congress gave NASA a mandate to detect 90% of near-Earth asteroids over diameter (that threaten global devastation) by 2008. This initial mandate was met by 2011. In 2005, the original USA Spaceguard mandate was extended by the George E. Brown, Jr. Near-Earth Object Survey Act, which calls fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,092 | In January 2020, NASA officials estimated it would take 30 years to find all objects meeting the size criteria, more than twice the timeframe that was built into the 2005 mandate. In June 2021, NASA authorized the development of the NEO Surveyor spacecraft to reduce that projected duration to achieve the mandate down t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,093 | In 1999, NASA visited 433 Eros with the "NEAR Shoemaker" spacecraft which entered its orbit in 2000, closely imaging the asteroid with various instruments at that time. "NEAR Shoemaker" became the first spacecraft to successfully orbit and land on an asteroid, improving our understanding of these bodies and demonstrati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,094 | OSIRIS-REx used its suite of instruments to transmit radio tracking signals and capture optical images of Bennu during its study of the asteroid that will help NASA scientists determine its precise position in the solar system and its exact orbital path. As Bennu has the potential for recurring approaches to the Earth-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,095 | The WISE/NEOWISE mission was launched by NASA JPL in 2009 as an infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope. In 2013, NASA repurposed it as the NEOWISE mission to find potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroids and comets; its mission has been extended into 2023. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,096 | NASA and Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (JHAPL) jointly developed the first planetary defense purpose-built satellite, the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) to test possible planetary defense concepts. DART was launched in November 2021 by a SpaceX Falcon 9 from California on a trajectory designed to im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,097 | NEO Surveyor, formerly called the Near-Earth Object Camera (NEOCam) mission, is a space-based infrared telescope under development to survey the Solar System for potentially hazardous asteroids. The spacecraft is scheduled to launch in 2026. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,098 | In June 2022, the head of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, Thomas Zurbuchen, confirmed that NASA would join the hunt for Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs)/Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs). At a speech before the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, Zurbuchen said the space agency would bri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
9,099 | In response to the Apollo 1 accident, which killed three astronauts in 1967, Congress directed NASA to form an Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP) to advise the NASA Administrator on safety issues and hazards in NASA's air and space programs. In the aftermath of the Shuttle "Columbia" disaster, Congress required tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426568 |
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