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9,200 | On April 9, 1994, the first 777, number WA001, was rolled out in a series of 15 ceremonies held during the day to accommodate the 100,000 invited guests. The first flight took place on June 12, 1994, under the command of chief test pilot John E. Cashman. This marked the start of an 11-month flight test program that was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,201 | Boeing delivered the first 777 to United Airlines on May 15, 1995. The FAA awarded 180-minute ETOPS clearance ("ETOPS-180") for the Pratt & Whitney PW4084-engined aircraft on May 30, 1995, making it the first airliner to carry an ETOPS-180 rating at its entry into service. The first commercial flight took place on June... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,202 | On November 12, 1995, Boeing delivered the first model with General Electric GE90-77B engines to British Airways, which entered service five days later. Initial service was affected by gearbox bearing wear issues, which caused British Airways to temporarily withdraw its 777 fleet from transatlantic service in 1997, ret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,203 | The first Rolls-Royce Trent 877-powered aircraft was delivered to Thai Airways International on March 31, 1996, completing the introduction of the three powerplants initially developed for the airliner. Each engine-aircraft combination had secured ETOPS-180 certification from the point of entry into service. By June 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,204 | After the original model, Boeing developed an increased gross weight variant of the 777-200 with greater range and payload capability. Initially named 777-200IGW, the 777-200ER first flew on October 7, 1996, received FAA and JAA certification on January 17, 1997, and entered service with British Airways on February 9, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,205 | Following the introduction of the -200ER, Boeing turned its attention to a stretched version of the airliner. On October 16, 1997, the 777-300 made its first flight. At in length, the -300 became the longest airliner yet produced (until the A340-600), and had a 20 percent greater overall capacity than the standard leng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,206 | The first generation of Boeing 777 models, the -200, -200ER, and -300 have since been known collectively as Boeing 777 Classics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,207 | From the program's start, Boeing had considered building ultra-long-range variants. Early plans centered on a 777-100X proposal, a shortened variant of the -200 with reduced weight and increased range, similar to the 747SP. However, the -100X would have carried fewer passengers than the -200 while having similar operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,208 | In March 1997, the Boeing board approved the 777-200X/300X specifications: 298 passengers in three classes over 8,600 nmi (15,900 km) for the 200X and with 355 passengers in a tri-class layout for the 300X, with design freeze planned in May 1998, 200X certification in August 2000, and introduction in September and in J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,209 | Boeing was studying a semi-levered, articulated main gear to help the take-off rotation of the proposed -300X, with its higher MTOW. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,210 | A more powerful engine in the thrust class of was required, leading to talks between Boeing and engine manufacturers. General Electric offered to develop the GE90-115B engine, while Rolls-Royce proposed developing the Trent 8104 engine. In 1999, Boeing announced an agreement with General Electric, beating out rival pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,211 | On February 29, 2000, Boeing launched its next-generation twinjet program, initially called 777-X, and began issuing offers to airlines. Development was slowed by an industry downturn during the early 2000s. The first model to emerge from the program, the 777-300ER, was launched with an order for ten aircraft from Air ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,212 | The second long-range model, the 777-200LR, rolled out on February 15, 2005, and completed its first flight on March 8, 2005. The -200LR was certified by both the FAA and EASA on February 2, 2006, and the first delivery to Pakistan International Airlines occurred on February 26, 2006. On November 10, 2005, the first -2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,213 | The production freighter model, the 777F, rolled out on May 23, 2008. The maiden flight of the 777F, which used the structural design and engine specifications of the -200LR along with fuel tanks derived from the -300ER, occurred on July 14, 2008. FAA and EASA type certification for the freighter was received on Februa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,214 | Initially second to the 747 as Boeing's most profitable jetliner, the 777 became the company's most lucrative model in the 2000s. Program sales accounted for an estimated US$400 million of Boeing's pretax earnings in 2000, US$50 million more than the 747. By 2004, the airliner accounted for the bulk of wide-body revenu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,215 | In 2010, Boeing announced plans to increase production from 5 aircraft per month to 7 aircraft per month by mid-2011, and 8.3 per month by early 2013. Complete assembly of each 777-300ER requires 49 days. The smaller Boeing 787 Dreamliner, the first stage of a replacement aircraft initiative called the Boeing Yellowsto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,216 | By the late 2000s, the 777 was facing increased potential competition from Airbus' planned A350 XWB and internally from proposed 787 variants, both airliners that offer fuel efficiency improvements. As a consequence, the 777-300ER received an engine and aerodynamics improvement package for reduced drag and weight. In 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,217 | In November 2013, with orders and commitments totaling 259 aircraft from Lufthansa, Emirates, Qatar Airways, and Etihad Airways, Boeing formally launched the 777X program, the third generation of the 777 (not to be confused with the 777-X variants, the -200LR and -300ER, which are the second generation of the aircraft)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,218 | By April 2014, with cumulative sales surpassing those of the 747, the 777 became the best-selling wide-body airliner; at existing production rates, the aircraft was on track to become the most-delivered wide-body airliner by mid-2016. By February 2015, the backlog of undelivered 777s totaled 278 aircraft, representing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,219 | Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation, demand for new jets was reduced in 2020 and Boeing cut its monthly production from five to two 777s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,220 | In tandem with the development of the third generation Boeing 777X, Boeing worked with General Electric to offer a 2% improvement in fuel efficiency to in-production 777-300ER aircraft. General Electric improved the fan module and the high-pressure compressor stage-1 blisk in the GE-90-115 turbofan, as well as reduced ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,221 | In March 2015, additional details of the improvement package were unveiled. The 777-300ER was to shed by replacing the fuselage crown with tie rods and composite integration panels, similar to those used on the 787. The new flight control software was to eliminate the need for the tail skid by keeping the tail off the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,222 | Mindful of the long time required to bring the 777X to the market, Boeing continued to develop improvement packages which improve fuel efficiency, as well as lower prices for the existing product. In January 2015, United Airlines ordered ten 777-300ERs, normally costing around US$150 million each but paid around US$130... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,223 | In 2019, the -200ER unit cost was US$306.6 million, the -200LR: US$346.9 million, the -300ER: US$375.5 million and the 777F US$352.3 million. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,224 | Boeing introduced a number of advanced technologies with the 777 design, including fully digital fly-by-wire controls, fully software-configurable avionics, Honeywell LCD glass cockpit flight displays, and the first use of a fiber optic avionics network on a commercial airliner. Boeing made use of work done on the canc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,225 | In designing the 777 as its first fly-by-wire commercial aircraft, Boeing decided to retain conventional control yokes rather than change to sidestick controllers as used in many fly-by-wire fighter aircraft and in many Airbus airliners. Along with traditional yoke and rudder controls, the cockpit features a simplified... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,226 | The wings on the 777 feature a supercritical airfoil design that is swept back at 31.6 degrees and optimized for cruising at Mach 0.83 (revised after flight tests up to Mach 0.84). The wings are designed with increased thickness and a longer span than previous airliners, resulting in greater payload and range, improved... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,227 | Folding wingtips, long, were offered when the 777 was first launched, to appeal to airlines who might use gates made to accommodate smaller aircraft, but no airline purchased this option. Folding wingtips reemerged as a design feature at the announcement of the upgraded 777X in 2013. Smaller folding wingtips of in leng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,228 | The airframe incorporates the use of composite materials, which comprise nine percent of its original structural weight (all models outside the 777-8 and 777-9). Elements made from composite material include the cabin floor and rudder. The main fuselage cross-section is circular and tapers rearward into a blade-shaped ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,229 | The original 777 interior, also known as the Boeing Signature Interior, features curved panels, larger overhead bins, and indirect lighting. Seating options range from four to six–abreast in first class up to ten–abreast in economy. The 777's windows were the largest of any current commercial airliner until the 787, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,230 | In 2003, Boeing introduced overhead crew rests as an option on the 777. Located above the main cabin and connected via staircases, the forward flight crew rest contains two seats and two bunks, while the aft cabin crew rest features multiple bunks. The Signature Interior has since been adapted for other Boeing wide-bod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,231 | In 2011, "Flight International" reported that Boeing is considering replacing the Signature Interior on the 777 with a new interior similar to that on the 787, as part of a move towards a "common cabin experience" across all Boeing platforms. With the launch of the 777X in 2013, Boeing confirmed that the aircraft would... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,232 | Air France has a 777-300ER sub-fleet with 472 seats each, more than any other international 777, to achieve a cost per available seat kilometer (CASK) around €.05, similar to Level's 314-seat Airbus A330-200, its benchmark for low-cost, long-haul. Competing on similar French overseas departments destinations, Air Caraï... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,233 | Boeing uses two characteristics – fuselage length and range – to define its 777 models. Passengers and cargo capacity varies by fuselage length: the 777-300 has a stretched fuselage compared to the base 777-200. Three range categories were defined: the A-market would cover domestic and regional operations, the B-market... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,234 | When referring to different variants, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) code collapses the 777 model designator and the -200 or -300 variant designator to "772" or "773". The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aircraft type designator system adds a preceding manufacturer letter, in this c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,235 | The initial 777-200 made its maiden flight on June 12, 1994, and was first delivered to United Airlines on May 15, 1995. With a 545,000 lb (247 t) MTOW and engines, it has a range of with 305 passengers in a three-class configuration. The -200 was primarily aimed at U.S. domestic airlines, although several Asian carrie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,236 | In 2016, United Airlines shifted operations with all 19 of its -200s to exclusively domestic U.S. routes, including flights to and from Hawaii, and added more economy class seats by shifting to a ten-abreast configuration (a pattern that matched American Airlines' reconfiguration of the type). , Boeing no longer market... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,237 | The B-market 777-200ER ("ER" for Extended Range), originally known as the 777-200IGW (increased gross weight), has additional fuel capacity and an increased MTOW enabling transoceanic routes. With a 658,000 lb (298 t) MTOW and engines, it has a range. It was delivered first to British Airways on February 6, 1997. Thirt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,238 | , 338 examples of the -200ER are in airline service. It competed with the A340-300. Boeing proposes the 787-10 to replace it. The value of a new -200ER rose from US$110 million at service entry to US$130 million in 2007; a 2007 model 777 was selling for US$30 million ten years later, while the oldest ones had a value a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,239 | The engine can be delivered de-rated with reduced engine thrust for shorter routes to lower the MTOW, reduce purchase price and landing fees (as 777-200 specifications) but can be re-rated to full standard. Singapore Airlines ordered over half of its -200ERs de-rated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,240 | The 777-200LR ("LR" for Long Range), the C-market model, entered service in 2006 as one of the longest-range commercial airliners. Boeing nicknamed it "Worldliner" as it can connect almost any two airports in the world, although it is still subject to ETOPS restrictions. It holds the world record for the longest nonsto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,241 | Developed alongside the -300ER, the -200LR features an increased MTOW and three optional auxiliary fuel tanks in the rear cargo hold. Other new features include extended raked wingtips, redesigned main landing gear, and additional structural strengthening. As with the -300ER and 777F, the -200LR is equipped with wingti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,242 | Launched at the Paris Air Show on June 26, 1995, its major assembly started in March 1997 and its body was joined on July 21, it was rolled-out on September 8 and made its first flight on October 16. The 777 was designed to be stretched by 20%: 60 extra seats to almost 370 in tri-class, 75 more to 451 in two classes, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,243 | It has ground maneuvering cameras for taxiing and a tailskid to rotate, while the proposed MTOW -300X would have needed a semi-levered main gear. Its overwing fuselage section 44 was strengthened, with its skin thickness going from the -200's , and received a new evacuation door pair. Its operating empty weight with Ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,244 | With a 660,000 lb (299 t) MTOW and engines, it has a range of with 368 passengers in three-class. Eight different customers have taken delivery of 60 aircraft of the variant, of which 18 were powered by the PW4000 and 42 by the RR Trent 800 (none were ordered with the GE90, which was never certified on this variant), w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,245 | The 777-300ER ("ER" for Extended Range) is the B-market version of the -300. Its higher MTOW and increased fuel capacity permits a maximum range of with 396 passengers in a two-class seating arrangement. The 777-300ER features raked and extended wingtips, a strengthened fuselage and wings and a modified main landing ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,246 | The projected operational empty weight is in airline configuration, at a weight of and FL350, total fuel flow is 6,790 kg/h (14,960 lb/h) at M0.84/, rising to /h at M0.87/. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,247 | Since its launch, the -300ER has been a primary driver of the twinjet's sales past the rival A330/340 series. Its direct competitors have included the Airbus A340-600 and the A350-1000. Using two engines produces a typical operating cost advantage of around 8–9% for the -300ER over the A340-600. Several airlines have a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,248 | The first 777-300ER was delivered to Air France on April 29, 2004. The -300ER is the best-selling 777 variant, having surpassed the -200ER in orders in 2010 and deliveries in 2013. , 784 Boeing 777-300ERs were in service. , -300ER deliveries to 45 different customers totalled 810, with 34 unfilled orders. At its peak, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,249 | The 777 Freighter (777F) is an all-cargo version of the twinjet, and shares features with the -200LR; these include its airframe, engines, and fuel capacity. With a maximum payload of (similar to the of the Boeing 747-200F), it has a maximum range of 9,750 nmi (18,057 km) or 4,970 nmi (9,200 km) at its max structural p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,250 | The 777F also features a new supernumerary area, which includes four business-class seats forward of the rigid cargo barrier, full main deck access, bunks, and a galley. As the aircraft promises improved operating economics compared to older freighters, airlines have viewed the 777F as a replacement for freighters such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,251 | The first 777F was delivered to Air France on February 19, 2009. , 247 freighters have been ordered by 25 different customers with 45 unfilled orders. Operators had 202 of the 777F in service . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,252 | In the 2000s, Boeing began studying the conversion of 777-200ER and -200 passenger airliners into freighters, under the name 777 BCF (Boeing Converted Freighter). The company has been in discussion with several airline customers, including FedEx Express, UPS Airlines, and GE Capital Aviation Services, to provide launch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,253 | In July 2018, Boeing was studying a 777-300ER freighter conversion, targeted for the volumetric market instead of the density market served by the 777F. After having considered a -200ER P2F program, Boeing was hoping to conclude its study by the Fall as the 777X replacing aging -300ERs from 2020 will generate feedstock... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,254 | Within the 811 777-300ERs delivered and 33 to be delivered by October 2019, GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS) anticipates up to 150-175 orders through 2030, the four to five months conversion costing around $35m. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,255 | In October 2019, Boeing and Israeli Aerospace Industries (IAI) launched the 777-300ERSF passenger to freighter conversion program with GECAS ordering 15 aircraft and 15 options, the first aftermarket 777 freighter conversion program. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,256 | In October 2020, GECAS announced the launch operator from 2023: Michigan-based Kalitta Air, already operating 24 747-400Fs, nine 767-300ERFs and three 777-200LRFs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,257 | IAI should receive the first aircraft in December 2020 while certification and service entry was scheduled for late 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,258 | The converted aircraft has a maximum payload of , a range of and shares the door aperture and aft position of the 777F. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,259 | It has a cargo volume capacity of , 5,800 cb ft (164 m³) greater than the 777F (or 164/(8.19-1.64)round0% more) and can hold 47 standard 96 x 125 in pallet (P6P) positions, 10 more positions than a 777-200LRF or eight more than a 747-400F. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,260 | With windows plugged, passenger doors deactivated, fuselage and floor reinforced, and a main-deck cargo door installed, the 777-300ERSF has 15% more volume than a 747-400BCF. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,261 | The 777X is to feature new GE9X engines and new composite wings with folding wingtips. It was launched in November 2013 with two variants: the 777-8 and the 777-9. The 777-8 provides seating for 384 passengers and has a range of 8,730 nmi (16,170 km) while the 777-9 has seating for 426 passengers and a range of over 7,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,262 | The 777-9 first flew on January 25, 2020, with deliveries initially forecast for 2022 and later delayed to 2023. A longer 777-10X, 777X Freighter, and 777X BBJ variants have also been proposed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,263 | Versions of the 777 have been acquired by government and private customers. The main purpose has been for VIP transport, including as an air transport for heads of state, although the aircraft has also been proposed for other military applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,264 | Boeing has used 777 aircraft in two research and development programs. The first program, the Quiet Technology Demonstrator (QTD) was run in collaboration with Rolls Royce and General Electric to develop and validate engine intake and exhaust modifications, including the chevrons subsequently used in the 737 MAX, 747-8... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,265 | A further program, the ecoDemonstrator series, is intended to test and develop technologies and techniques to reduce aviation's environmental impact. The program started in 2011, with the first ecoDemonstrator aircraft flying in 2012. Various airframes have been used since to test a wide variety of technologies in coll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,266 | Boeing customers that have received the most 777s are Emirates, Singapore Airlines, United Airlines, ILFC, and American Airlines. Emirates is the largest airline operator , and is the only customer to have operated all 777 variants produced, including the -200, -200ER, -200LR, -300, -300ER, and 777F. The 1,000th 777 of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,267 | A total of 1,416 aircraft (all variants) were in airline service , with Emirates (163), United Airlines (91), Air France (70), Cathay Pacific (69), American Airlines (67), Qatar Airways (67), British Airways (58), Korean Air (53), All Nippon Airways (50), Singapore Airlines (46), and other operators with fewer aircraft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,268 | In 2017, 777 Classics are reaching the end of their mainline service: with a -200 age ranging from three to 22 years, 43 Classic 777s or 7.5% of the fleet have been retired. Values of 777-200ERs have declined by 45% since January 2014, faster than Airbus A330s and Boeing 767s with 30%, due to the lack of a major second... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,269 | , the 777 had been involved in 31 aviation accidents and incidents, including a total of eight hull losses (five in-flight and three on-ground incidents), resulting in 541 fatalities along with three hijackings. The first fatality involving the twinjet occurred in a fire while an aircraft was being refueled at Denver I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,270 | The first hull loss occurred on January 17, 2008, when a 777-200ER with Rolls-Royce Trent 895 engines, flying from Beijing to London as British Airways Flight 38, crash-landed approximately short of Heathrow Airport's runway 27L and slid onto the runway's threshold. There were 47 injuries and no fatalities. The impact ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,271 | The second hull loss occurred on July 29, 2011, when a 777-200ER scheduled to operate as EgyptAir Flight 667 suffered a cockpit fire while parked at the gate at Cairo International Airport before its departure. The aircraft was evacuated with no injuries, and airport fire teams extinguished the fire. The aircraft susta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,272 | The third hull loss occurred on July 6, 2013, when a 777-200ER, operating as Asiana Airlines Flight 214, crashed while landing at San Francisco International Airport after touching down short of the runway. The 307 surviving passengers and crew on board evacuated before fire destroyed the aircraft. Two passengers, who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,273 | The fourth hull loss occurred on March 8, 2014, when a 777-200ER carrying 227 passengers and 12 crew, en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing as Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, was reported missing. Air Traffic Control's last reported coordinates for the aircraft were over the South China Sea. After the search for the airc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,274 | The fifth hull loss occurred on July 17, 2014, when a 777-200ER, bound for Kuala Lumpur from Amsterdam as Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17), broke up in mid-air and crashed after being hit by an anti-aircraft missile. All 298 people (283 passengers and 15 crew) on board were killed, making this the deadliest crash inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,275 | The sixth hull loss occurred on August 3, 2016, when a 777-300 crashed while landing and caught fire at Dubai Airport at the end of its flight as Emirates Flight 521. The preliminary investigation indicated that the aircraft was attempting a landing during active wind shear conditions. The pilots initiated a go-around ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,276 | The seventh hull loss occurred on November 29, 2017, when a Singapore Airlines 777-200ER experienced a fire while being towed at Singapore Changi Airport. An aircraft technician was the only occupant on board and evacuated safely. The aircraft sustained heat damage and was written off. The eighth hull loss occurred on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,277 | On February 20, 2021, a 777-200 operating as United Airlines Flight 328 suffered a failure of its starboard engine. The cowling and other engine parts fell over a Denver suburb. The captain declared an emergency and returned to land at the Denver airport. An immediate examination, before any formal investigation, found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89260 |
9,278 | Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. It is one of the cradles of civilization in the world, along with ancient Egypt, Elam, the Caral-Supe civil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,279 | The term "Sumer" (Sumerian: or , Akkadian: ) is the name given to the language spoken by the "Sumerians", the ancient non-Semitic-speaking inhabitants of southern Mesopotamia, by their successors the East Semitic-speaking Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to their land as , the 'Country of the noble lords' (, , lit. 'c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,280 | The origin of the Sumerians is not known, but the people of Sumer referred to themselves as "Black Headed Ones" or "Black-Headed People" ( , , lit. 'head' + 'black', or , phonetically , lit. 'head' + 'black' + 'carry'). For example, the Sumerian king Shulgi described himself as "the king of the four quarters, the pasto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,281 | The Akkadian word may represent the geographical name in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term is uncertain. Hebrew , Egyptian , and Hittite , all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of "Sumer". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,282 | Most historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence), a non-Semitic and non-Indo-European agglutinative language isolate. In contrast to i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,283 | Others have suggested that the Sumerians were a North African people who migrated from the Green Sahara into the Middle East and were responsible for the spread of farming in the Middle East. However, with evidence strongly suggesting the first farmers originated from the Fertile Crescent, this suggestion is often disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,284 | A prehistoric people who lived in the region before the Sumerians have been termed the "Proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians", and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia. The Ubaidians, though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves, are assumed by modern-day scholars to have bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,285 | Some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language; they think the Sumerian language may originally have been that of the hunting and fishing peoples who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture. Reliable historical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,286 | Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,287 | The Sumerians progressively lost control to Semitic states from the northwest. Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur at approx... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,288 | The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is considered to have been one of the oldest cities, where three separate cultures may have fused: that of peasant Ubaidian farmers, living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and fol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,289 | In the late 4th millennium BC, Sumer was divided into many independent city-states, which were divided by canals and boundary stones. Each was centered on a temple dedicated to the particular patron god or goddess of the city and ruled over by a priestly governor (ensi) or by a king (lugal) who was intimately tied to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,290 | Apart from Mari, which lies full 330 kilometres (205 miles) north-west of Agade, but which is credited in the king list as having "exercised kingship" in the Early Dynastic II period, and Nagar, an outpost, these cities are all in the Euphrates-Tigris alluvial plain, south of Baghdad in what are now the Bābil, Diyala, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,291 | The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, c. 23rd century BC, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,292 | The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. The oldest evidence for occupation comes from Tell el-'Oueili, but, given that environmental conditions in southern Mesopotamia were favourable to human occupation well before the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,293 | The archaeological transition from the Ubaid period to the Uruk period is marked by a gradual shift from painted pottery domestically produced on a slow wheel to a great variety of unpainted pottery mass-produced by specialists on fast wheels. The Uruk period is a continuation and an outgrowth of Ubaid with pottery bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,294 | By the time of the Uruk period (c. 4100–2900 BC calibrated), the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large, stratified, temple-centered cities (with populations of over 10,000 people) where centralized administrations employed specialized wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,295 | The Uruk period civilization, exported by Sumerian traders and colonists (like that found at Tell Brak), had an effect on all surrounding peoples, who gradually evolved their own comparable, competing economies and cultures. The cities of Sumer could not maintain remote, long-distance colonies by military force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,296 | Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king ("ensi"), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,297 | The ancient Sumerian king list includes the early dynasties of several prominent cities from this period. The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred. These early names may be fictional, and include some legendary and mythological figures, such as Alulim and Dumizid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,298 | The end of the Uruk period coincided with the Piora oscillation, a dry period from c. 3200–2900 BC that marked the end of a long wetter, warmer climate period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years ago, called the Holocene climatic optimum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
9,299 | The dynastic period begins c. 2900 BC and was associated with a shift from the temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly "En" (a male figure when it was a temple for a goddess, or a female figure when headed by a male god) towards a more secular Lugal (Lu = man, Gal = great) and includes such l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 |
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