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9,600 | Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900–9999, except that December 31, 1899, can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,601 | Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,602 | Entering text that happens to be in a form that is interpreted as a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating-point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,603 | This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of DNA, for example in bioinformatics. As first reported in 2004, genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts certain gene names into dates. A follow-up study in 2016 found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been aff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,604 | In August 2020 the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) published new guidelines in the journal Nature regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with "symbols that affect data handling and retrieval." So far 27 genes have been renamed, including changing MARCH1 to MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in order to avoid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,605 | Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,606 | The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell , and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,607 | Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,608 | Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,609 | The first Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. It was announced on October 6, 1987 and released on November 19. This included a run-time version of Windows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,610 | "BYTE" in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user interface as good as or better than the original. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,611 | Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,612 | Also, an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3, representing Lotus 1-2-3, which is then crushed by an Excel logo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,613 | With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro record... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,614 | The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,615 | Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", a Doom-like minigame, although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,616 | 5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT 3.51 (x86/Alpha/PowerPC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,617 | Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,618 | Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,619 | Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,620 | Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,621 | Added functionality included the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the "Name Manager", and much-improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow ("x, y") coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,622 | Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including ".xlsm" for a workbook with macros and ".xlsx" for a workbook without macros. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,623 | Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (2) and columns was 16,384 (2; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid "A1" reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple core... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,624 | Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was skipped. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,625 | Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions. Instead, features are introduced automatically over time using Windows Update. The version number remains 16.0. Thereafter only the approximate dates when features appear can now be given. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,626 | Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,627 | Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime versi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,628 | Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes, and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell re-computation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,629 | Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can gain control of the victim's computer. UK's GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20268 |
9,630 | The Chicxulub crater () is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Its center is offshore near the community of Chicxulub, after which it is named. It was formed slightly over 66 million years ago when a large asteroid, about in diameter, struck Earth. The crater is estimated to be in diamet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,631 | The crater was discovered by Antonio Camargo and Glen Penfield, geophysicists who had been looking for petroleum in the Yucatán Peninsula during the late 1970s. Penfield was initially unable to obtain evidence that the geological feature was a crater and gave up his search. Later, through contact with Alan R. Hildebran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,632 | The date of the impact coincides with the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (commonly known as the K–Pg or K–T boundary). It is now widely accepted that the resulting devastation and climate disruption was the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, a mass extinction of 75% of plant and animal species on Earth,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,633 | In the late 1970s, geologist Walter Alvarez and his father, Nobel Prize-winning scientist Luis Walter Alvarez, put forth their theory that the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction was caused by an impact event. The main evidence of such an impact was contained in a thin layer of clay present in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,634 | The Alvarezes, joined by Frank Asaro and Helen Michel from University of California, Berkeley, published their paper on the iridium anomaly in "Science" in June 1980. Their paper was followed by other reports of similar iridium spikes at the K–Pg boundary across the globe, and sparked wide interest in the cause of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,635 | In 1978, geophysicists Glen Penfield and Antonio Camargo were working for the Mexican state-owned oil company Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex) as part of an airborne magnetic survey of the Gulf of Mexico north of the Yucatán Peninsula. Penfield's job was to use geophysical data to scout possible locations for oil drilling. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,636 | Penfield presented his findings to Pemex, who rejected the crater theory, instead deferring to findings that ascribed the feature to volcanic activity. Pemex disallowed release of specific data, but let Penfield and Camargo present the results at the 1981 Society of Exploration Geophysicists conference. That year's con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,637 | Although Penfield had plenty of geophysical data sets, he had no rock cores or other physical evidence of an impact. He knew Pemex had drilled exploratory wells in the region. In 1951, one bored into what was described as a thick layer of andesite about down. This layer could have resulted from the intense heat and pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,638 | Alvarez and other scientists continued their search for the crater, although they were searching in oceans based on incorrect analysis of glassy spherules from the K–Pg boundary that suggested the impactor had landed in open water. Unaware of Penfield's discovery, University of Arizona graduate student Alan R. Hildebra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,639 | In 1990, Carlos Byars told Hildebrand of Penfield's earlier discovery of a possible impact crater. Hildebrand contacted Penfield and the pair soon secured two drill samples from the Pemex wells, which had been stored in New Orleans for decades. Hildebrand's team tested the samples, which clearly showed shock-metamorphi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,640 | In March 2010, forty-one experts from many countries reviewed the available evidence: twenty years' worth of data spanning a variety of fields. They concluded that the impact at Chicxulub triggered the mass extinctions at the K–Pg boundary. Dissenters, notably Gerta Keller of Princeton University, have proposed an alte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,641 | A 2013 study published in "Science" estimated the age of the impact as 66,043,000 ± 11,000 years ago (± 43,000 years ago considering systematic error), based on multiple lines of evidence, including argon–argon dating of tektites from Haiti and bentonite horizons overlying the impact horizon in northeastern Montana, Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,642 | There is broad consensus that the Chicxulub impactor was an asteroid with a carbonaceous chondrite composition, rather than a comet. In 1998, a meteorite was described from the North Pacific from sediments spanning the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary; it was suggested to represent a fragment of the Chicxulub impactor. An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,643 | The impactor's velocity was estimated at . The kinetic energy of the impact was estimated at . The impact created winds in excess of near the blast's center, and created a transient cavity wide and deep that later collapsed. This formed a crater mainly under the sea and covered by of sediment by the 21st century. The i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,644 | A cloud of hot dust, ash and steam would have spread from the crater, with as much as 25 trillion metric tons of excavated material being ejected into the atmosphere by the blast. Some of this material escaped orbit, dispersing throughout the Solar System, while some of it fell back to Earth, heated to incandescence up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,645 | Due to the relatively shallow water, the rock that was vaporized included sulfur-rich gypsum from the lower part of the Cretaceous sequence, and this was injected into the atmosphere. This global dispersal of dust and sulfates would have led to a sudden and catastrophic effect on the climate worldwide, instigating larg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,646 | The emission of dust and particles could have covered the entire surface of Earth for several years, possibly a decade, creating a harsh environment for living things. Production of carbon dioxide caused by the destruction of carbonate rocks would have led to a sudden greenhouse effect. Over a decade or longer, sunligh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,647 | A long-term local effect of the impact was the creation of the Yucatán sedimentary basin which "ultimately produced favorable conditions for human settlement in a region where surface water is scarce". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,648 | Two seismic reflection datasets have been acquired over the offshore parts of the crater since its discovery. Older 2D seismic datasets have also been used that were originally acquired for hydrocarbon exploration. A set of three long-record 2D lines was acquired in October 1996, with a total length of , by the BIRPS g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,649 | In 2005, another set of profiles was acquired, bringing the total length of 2D deep-penetration seismic data up to . This survey also used ocean bottom seismometers and land stations to allow 3D travel time inversion to improve the understanding of the velocity structure of the crater. The data was concentrated around ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,650 | Intermittent core samples from hydrocarbon exploration boreholes drilled by Pemex on the Yucatán peninsula have provided some useful data. UNAM drilled a series of eight fully-cored boreholes in 1995, three of which penetrated deeply enough to reach the ejecta deposits outside the main crater rim, UNAM-5, 6 and 7. In 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,651 | In 2016, a joint United Kingdom–United States team obtained the first offshore core samples, from the peak ring in the central zone of the crater with the drilling of the borehole known as M0077A, part of Expedition 364 of the International Ocean Discovery Program. The borehole reached below the seafloor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,652 | The form and structure (morphology) of the Chicxulub crater is known mainly from geophysical data. It has a well-defined concentric multi-ring structure. The outermost ring was identified using seismic reflection data. It is up to from the crater center, and is a ring of normal faults, throwing down towards the crater ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,653 | The ring structures are best developed to the south, west and northwest, becoming more indistinct towards the north and northeast of the structure. This is interpreted to be a result of variable water depth at the time of impact, with less well-defined rings resulting from the areas with water depths significantly deep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,654 | Before the impact, the geology of the Yucatán area, sometimes referred to as the "target rocks", consisted of a sequence of mainly Cretaceous limestones, overlying red beds of uncertain age above an unconformity with the dominantly granitic basement. The basement forms part of the Maya Block and information about its m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,655 | Red beds of variable thickness, up to , overlay the granitic basement, particularly in the southern part of the area. These continental clastic rocks are thought to be of Triassic-to-Jurassic age, although they may extend into the Lower Cretaceous. The lower part of the Lower Cretaceous sequence consists of dolomite wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,656 | The most common observed impact rocks are suevites, found in many of the boreholes drilled around the Chicxulub crater. Most of the suevites were resedimented soon after the impact by the resurgence of oceanic water into the crater. This gave rise to a layer of suevite extending from the inner part of the crater out as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,657 | Impact melt rocks are thought to fill the central part of the crater, with a maximum thickness of . The samples of melt rock that have been studied have overall compositions similar to that of the basement rocks, with some indications of mixing with carbonate source, presumed to be derived from the Cretaceous carbonate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,658 | The "pink granite", a granitoid rich in alkali feldspar found in the peak ring borehole shows many deformation features that record the extreme strains associated with the formation of the crater and the subsequent development of the peak ring. The granitoid has an unusually low density and P-wave velocity compared to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,659 | The peak ring drilling below the sea floor also discovered evidence of a massive hydrothermal system, which modified approximately of Earth's crust and lasted for hundreds of thousands of years. These hydrothermal systems may provide support for the impact origin of life hypothesis for the Hadean eon, when the entire s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,660 | After the immediate effects of the impact had stopped, sedimentation in the Chicxulub area returned to the shallow water platform carbonate depositional environment that characterised it before the impact. The sequence, which dates back as far as the Paleocene, consists of marl and limestone, reaching a thickness of ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,661 | On the Yucatán peninsula, the inner rim of the crater is marked by clusters of cenotes, which are the surface expression of a zone of preferential groundwater flow, moving water from a recharge zone in the south to the coast through a karstic aquifer system. From the cenote locations, the karstic aquifer is clearly rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,662 | In September 2007, a report published in "Nature" proposed an origin for the asteroid that created the Chicxulub crater. The authors, William F. Bottke, David Vokrouhlický, and David Nesvorný, argued that a collision in the asteroid belt 160 million years ago between a 170 km (106 mi) diameter parent body and another 6... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,663 | The Baptistina family is not considered a likely source of the Chicxulub asteroid because a spectrographic analysis published in 2009 revealed that 298 Baptistina has a different composition more typical of an S-type asteroid than the presumed carbonaceous chondrite composition of the Chicxulub impactor. In 2011, data ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,664 | The original 1980 paper describing the crater suggested that it was created by an asteroid around in diameter. Two papers published in 1984 proposed the impactor to be a comet originating from the Oort cloud, and it was proposed in 1992 that tidal disruption of comets could potentially increase impact rates. In Februar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 |
9,665 | The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place on 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The U.S. Navy under Admirals Chester W. Nimitz, Frank J. Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,666 | Hoping to lure the American aircraft carriers into a trap and occupying Midway was part of an overall "barrier" strategy to extend Japan's defensive perimeter, in response to the Doolittle air raid on Tokyo. This operation was also considered preparatory for further attacks against Fiji, Samoa, and Hawaii itself. The p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,667 | Four Japanese and three American aircraft carriers participated in the battle. The four Japanese fleet carriers—, , , and , part of the six-carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor six months earlier—were sunk, as was the heavy cruiser . The U.S. lost the carrier and the destroyer , while the carriers and survived ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,668 | After Midway and the exhausting attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign, Japan's capacity to replace its losses in materiel (particularly aircraft carriers) and men (especially well-trained pilots and maintenance crewmen) rapidly became insufficient to cope with mounting casualties, while the United States' massive i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,669 | After expanding the war in the Pacific to include Western outposts, the Japanese Empire had attained its initial strategic goals quickly, taking British Hong Kong, the Philippines, British Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia). The latter, with its vital oil resources, was particularly importa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,670 | Because of strategic disagreements between the Imperial Army (IJA) and Imperial Navy (IJN), and infighting between the Navy's GHQ and Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's Combined Fleet, a follow-up strategy was not formed until April 1942. Admiral Yamamoto finally won the bureaucratic struggle with a thinly veiled threat to res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,671 | Yamamoto's primary strategic goal was the elimination of America's carrier forces, which he regarded as the principal threat to the overall Pacific campaign. This concern was acutely heightened by the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942, in which 16 United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B-25 Mitchell bombers launched from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,672 | This, and other successful hit-and-run raids by American carriers in the South Pacific, showed that they were still a threat, although seemingly reluctant to be drawn into an all-out battle. Yamamoto reasoned that another air attack on the main U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor would induce all of the American fleet to s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,673 | Instead, Yamamoto selected Midway, a tiny atoll at the extreme northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain, approximately from Oahu. This meant that Midway was outside the effective range of almost all of the American aircraft stationed on the main Hawaiian islands. Midway was not especially important in the larger sche... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,674 | Typical of Japanese naval planning during World War II, Yamamoto's battle plan for taking Midway (named Operation MI) was exceedingly complex. It required the careful and timely coordination of multiple battle groups over hundreds of miles of open sea. His design was also predicated on optimistic intelligence suggestin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,675 | Yamamoto felt deception would be required to lure the U.S. fleet into a fatally compromised situation. To this end, he dispersed his forces so that their full extent (particularly his battleships) would be concealed from the Americans prior to battle. Critically, Yamamoto's supporting battleships and cruisers trailed V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,676 | What Yamamoto did not know was that the U.S. had broken parts of the main Japanese naval code (dubbed JN-25 by the Americans), divulging many details of his plan to the enemy. His emphasis on dispersal also meant none of his formations were in a position to support the others. For instance, despite the fact that Nagumo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,677 | In order to obtain support from the Imperial Japanese Army for the Midway operation, the Imperial Japanese Navy agreed to support their invasion of the United States through the Aleutian Islands of Attu and Kiska, part of the organized incorporated Alaska Territory. The IJA occupied these islands to place the Japanese ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,678 | To do battle with an enemy expected to muster four or five carriers, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, needed every available flight deck. He already had Vice Admiral William Halsey's two-carrier ("Enterprise" and "Hornet") task force at hand, though Halsey was stricken with shingles a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,679 | Despite estimates that "Yorktown", damaged in the Battle of the Coral Sea, would require several months of repairs at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, her elevators were intact and her flight deck largely so. The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard worked around the clock, and in 72 hours she was restored to a battle-ready state, j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,680 | "Yorktown"s partially depleted air group was rebuilt using whatever planes and pilots could be found. Scouting Five (VS-5) was replaced with Bombing Three (VB-3) from . Torpedo Five (VT-5) was also replaced by Torpedo Three (VT-3). Fighting Three (VF-3) was reconstituted to replace VF-42 with sixteen pilots from VF-42 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,681 | On Midway, by 4 June the U.S. Navy had stationed four squadrons of PBYs—31 aircraft in total—for long-range reconnaissance duties, and six brand-new Grumman TBF Avengers from "Hornet"s VT-8. The Marine Corps stationed 19 Douglas SBD Dauntless, seven F4F-3 Wildcats, 17 Vought SB2U Vindicators, and 21 Brewster F2A Buffal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,682 | During the Battle of the Coral Sea one month earlier, the Japanese light carrier had been sunk, while the fleet carrier had been severely damaged by three bomb hits and was in drydock for months of repair. Although the fleet carrier escaped the battle undamaged, she had lost almost half her air group, and was in port i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,683 | Historians Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully believe that by combining the surviving aircraft and pilots from "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku", it is likely that "Zuikaku" could have been equipped with almost a full composite air group. They also note, however, that doing so would have violated Japanese carrier doctrine, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,684 | Thus, Carrier Division 5, consisting of the two most advanced aircraft carriers of the "Kido Butai", was not available, which meant that Vice-Admiral Nagumo had only two-thirds of the fleet carriers at his disposal: and forming Carrier Division 1 and and making up Carrier Division 2. This was partly due to fatigue; Jap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,685 | The main Japanese carrier-borne strike aircraft were the D3A1 "Val" dive bomber and the B5N2 "Kate", which was used either as a torpedo bomber or as a level bomber. The main carrier fighter was the fast and highly maneuverable A6M "Zero". For a variety of reasons, production of the "Val" had been drastically reduced, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,686 | In addition, Nagumo's carrier force suffered from several defensive deficiencies which gave it, in Mark Peattie's words, a glass jaw': it could throw a punch but couldn't take one." Japanese carrier anti-aircraft guns and associated fire control systems had several design and configuration deficiencies which limited th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,687 | Japanese strategic scouting arrangements prior to the battle were also in disarray. A picket line of Japanese submarines was late getting into position (partly because of Yamamoto's haste), which let the American carriers reach their assembly point northeast of Midway (known as "Point Luck") without being detected. A s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,688 | Japanese radio intercepts did notice an increase in both American submarine activity and message traffic. This information was in Yamamoto's hands prior to the battle. Japanese plans were not changed; Yamamoto, at sea in , assumed Nagumo had received the same signal from Tokyo, and did not communicate with him by radio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,689 | Admiral Nimitz had one critical advantage: U.S. cryptanalysts had partially broken the Japanese Navy's JN-25b code. Since early 1942, the U.S. had been decoding messages stating that there would soon be an operation at objective "AF". It was initially not known where "AF" was, but Commander Joseph Rochefort and his tea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,690 | HYPO was also able to determine the date of the attack as either 4 or 5 June, and to provide Nimitz with a complete IJN order of battle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,691 | Japan had a new codebook, but its introduction had been delayed, enabling HYPO to read messages for several crucial days; the new code, which took several days to be cracked, came into use on 24 May, but the important breaks had already been made. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,692 | As a result, the Americans entered the battle with a good picture of where, when, and in what strength the Japanese would appear. Nimitz knew that the Japanese had negated their numerical advantage by dividing their ships into four separate task groups, so widely separated that they were essentially unable to support e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,693 | At about 09:00 on 3 June, Ensign Jack Reid, piloting a PBY from U.S. Navy patrol squadron VP-44, spotted the Japanese Occupation Force to the west-southwest of Midway. He mistakenly reported this group as the Main Force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,694 | Nine B-17s took off from Midway at 12:30 for the first air attack. Three hours later, they found Tanaka's transport group to the west. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,695 | Harassed by heavy anti-aircraft fire, they dropped their bombs. Although their crews reported hitting four ships, none of the bombs actually hit anything and no significant damage was inflicted. Early the following morning, the Japanese oil tanker "Akebono Maru" sustained the first hit when a torpedo from an attacking ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,696 | At 04:30 on 4 June, Nagumo launched his initial attack on Midway itself, consisting of 36 Aichi D3A dive bombers and 36 Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers, escorted by 36 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters. At the same time, he launched his seven search aircraft (2 "Kates" from "Akagi" and "Kaga", 4 "Jakes" from "Tone" and "Chikum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,697 | Midway's radar picked up the enemy at a distance of several miles, and interceptors were scrambled. Unescorted bombers headed off to attack the Japanese carriers, their fighter escorts remaining behind to defend Midway. At 06:20, Japanese carrier aircraft bombed and heavily damaged the U.S. base. Midway-based Marine fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,698 | Of the 108 Japanese aircraft involved in this attack, 11 were destroyed (including three that ditched), 14 were heavily damaged, and 29 were damaged to some degree. The initial Japanese attack did not succeed in neutralizing Midway: American bombers could still use the airbase to refuel and attack the Japanese invasion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
9,699 | Having taken off prior to the Japanese attack, American bombers based on Midway made several attacks on the Japanese carrier force. These included six Grumman Avengers, detached to Midway from "Hornet"s VT-8 (Midway was the combat debut of both VT-8 and the TBF); Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241 (VMSB-241), consisting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60112 |
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