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450,634 | In computer programming, a nested function (or nested procedure or subroutine) is a function which is defined within another function, the "enclosing function". Due to simple recursive scope rules, a nested function is itself invisible outside of its immediately enclosing function, but can see (access) all local object... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1290268 |
456,171 | A metamodel/ surrogate model is a model of the model, i.e. a simplified model of an actual model of a circuit, system, or software like entity. Metamodel can be a mathematical relation or algorithm representing input and output relations. A model is an abstraction of phenomena in the real world; a metamodel is yet anot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1674626 |
458,341 | The battle system most closely associated with "Final Fantasy" is the "Active Time Battle" (ATB) system: while utilizing a turn-based combat system, action meters are assigned to all characters that empty when they act in battle. Each player character being issued a command when their action meter is filled: enemies co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50576117 |
465,915 | AQC is a possible method to get around the problem of energy relaxation. Since the quantum system is in the ground state, interference with the outside world cannot make it move to a lower state. If the energy of the outside world (that is, the "temperature of the bath") is kept lower than the energy gap between the gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14436313 |
473,556 | In his "Feasibly Constructive Proofs and the Propositional Calculus" paper published in 1975, he introduced the equational theory PV (standing for Polynomial-time Verifiable) to formalize the notion of proofs using only polynomial-time concepts. He made another major contribution to the field in his 1979 paper, joint w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39432 |
476,299 | Shannon entropy has been related by physicist Léon Brillouin to a concept sometimes called negentropy. In 1953, Brillouin derived a general equation stating that the changing of an information bit value requires at least "kT" ln(2) energy. This is the same energy as the work Leo Szilard's engine produces in the idealis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3325140 |
489,641 | Penrose's idea is a type of objective collapse theory. For these theories, the wavefunction is a physical wave, which experiences wave function collapse as a physical process, with observers not having any special role. Penrose theorises that the wave function cannot be sustained in superposition beyond a certain energ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4110937 |
492,159 | In quantum computing, the quantum phase estimation algorithm (also referred to as quantum eigenvalue estimation algorithm), is a quantum algorithm to estimate the phase (or eigenvalue) of an eigenvector of a unitary operator. More precisely, given a unitary matrix formula_1 and a quantum state formula_2 such that formu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28615265 |
522,244 | A phasor network consists of phasor measurement units (PMUs) dispersed throughout the electricity system, Phasor Data Concentrators (PDC) to collect the information and a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system at the central control facility. Such a network is used in Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5199213 |
522,720 | A quantum Turing machine (QTM) or universal quantum computer is an abstract machine used to model the effects of a quantum computer. It provides a simple model that captures all of the power of quantum computation—that is, any quantum algorithm can be expressed formally as a particular quantum Turing machine. However, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4786555 |
528,972 | The transition from swimming to swarming mobility is usually associated with an increase in the number of flagella per cell, accompanied by cell elongation. Experiments with "Proteus mirabilis" showed that swarming requires contact between cells: swarming cells move in side-by-side groups called rafts, which dynamicall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17575156 |
532,646 | The "Operator Function Model" (OFM) is proposed as an alternative to traditional task analysis techniques used by human factors engineers. An operator function model attempts to represent in mathematical form how an operator might decompose a complex system into simpler parts and coordinate control actions and system c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19433066 |
544,715 | The main ingredients of the extracellular matrix are glycoproteins secreted by the cells. The most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells is collagen, which forms strong fibers outside the cells. In fact, collagen accounts for about 40% of the total protein in the human body. The collagen fibers are embe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=752391 |
550,222 | The conservation of the LRL vector corresponds to a subtle symmetry of the system. In classical mechanics, symmetries are continuous operations that map one orbit onto another without changing the energy of the system; in quantum mechanics, symmetries are continuous operations that "mix" electronic orbitals of the same... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719460 |
553,135 | For isolated systems (closed to all mass and energy exchange), mass never disappears in the center of momentum frame, because energy cannot disappear. Instead, this equation, in context, means only that when any energy is added to, or escapes from, a system in the center-of-momentum frame, the system will be measured a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2021419 |
553,581 | A quantum jump is the abrupt transition of a quantum system (atom, molecule, atomic nucleus) from one quantum state to another, from one energy level to another. When the system absorbs energy, there is a transition to a higher energy level (excitation); when the system loses energy, there is a transition to a lower en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64281511 |
559,757 | "Xenopus" has long been an important tool for "in vivo studies" in molecular, cell, and developmental biology of vertebrate animals. However, the wide breadth of "Xenopus" research stems from the additional fact that cell-free extracts made from "Xenopus" are a premier "in vitro "system for studies of fundamental aspec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57547 |
562,761 | Atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere. Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, chemical models, radiation balancing, and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere and underlying oceans an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164633 |
566,246 | Each chemical species (for example, "water molecules", "sodium ions", "electrons", etc.) has an electrochemical potential (a quantity with units of energy) at any given point in space, which represents how easy or difficult it is to add more of that species to that location. If possible, a species will move from areas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=157620 |
574,732 | In general, gamma rays are produced by nuclear transitions from an unstable high-energy state to a stable low-energy state. The energy of the emitted gamma ray corresponds to the energy of the nuclear transition, minus an amount of energy that is lost as recoil to the emitting atom. If the lost recoil energy is small c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55199 |
583,227 | Energy efficiency is seen two ways. The first view is that more work is done from the same amount of energy used. The other perception is that the same amount of work is accomplished with less energy used in the system. Some ways to get more work out of less energy is to "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" the materials used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9348093 |
587,810 | Elastic scattering is a form of particle scattering in scattering theory, nuclear physics and particle physics. In this process, the kinetic energy of a particle is conserved in the center-of-mass frame, but its direction of propagation is modified (by interaction with other particles and/or potentials) meaning the two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1133088 |
588,970 | As the name suggests, the notion of "system" is a defining aspect of systemic functional linguistics. In linguistics, the term "system" can be traced back to Ferdinand de Saussure, who noticed the roughly corresponding paradigms between signifying forms and signified values. The paradigmatic principle of organization w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2019227 |
589,399 | In many investigations the data that can be found might have omissions or is misleading. As one layer of data-driven journalism a critical examination of the data quality is important. In other cases the data might not be public or is not in the right format for further analysis, e.g. is only available in a PDF. Here t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33323131 |
596,345 | A measure of variability or dispersion (deviation from the mean) of a univariate data set can reveal the shape of a univariate data distribution more sufficiently. It will provide some information about the variation among data values. The measures of variability together with the measures of central tendency give a be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52897818 |
596,960 | The impact of mathematics anxiety on mathematics performance has been studied in more recent literature. An individual with math anxiety does not necessarily lack ability in mathematics, rather, they cannot perform to their full potential due to the interfering symptoms of their anxiety. Math anxiety manifests itself i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8111444 |
597,294 | In physics and quantum chemistry, specifically density functional theory, the Kohn–Sham equation is the non-interacting Schrödinger equation (more clearly, Schrödinger-like equation) of a fictitious system (the "Kohn–Sham system") of non-interacting particles (typically electrons) that generate the same density as any ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4457082 |
599,926 | Gauge symmetry is closely related to charge conservation. Suppose that there existed some process by which one could briefly violate conservation of charge by creating a charge "q" at a certain point in space, 1, moving it to some other point 2, and then destroying it. We might imagine that this process was consistent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=291912 |
607,816 | Some file systems, such as Btrfs, HAMMER, ReFS, and ZFS, use internal data and metadata checksumming to detect silent data corruption. In addition, if a corruption is detected and the file system uses integrated RAID mechanisms that provide data redundancy, such file systems can also reconstruct corrupted data in a tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1040512 |
612,831 | for the kinetic energy of an electron. In elaboration of this he published a paper (received September 27, November 1905), in which Einstein showed that when a material body lost energy (either radiation or heat) of amount "E", its mass decreased by the amount This led to the famous mass–energy equivalence formula: "E"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1790788 |
618,592 | Topological quantum computers are equivalent in computational power to other standard models of quantum computation, in particular to the quantum circuit model and to the quantum Turing machine model. That is, any of these models can efficiently simulate any of the others. Nonetheless, certain algorithms may be a more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4496518 |
622,060 | The logical data structure of a database management system (DBMS), whether hierarchical, network, or relational, cannot totally satisfy the requirements for a conceptual definition of data, because it is limited in scope and biased toward the implementation strategy employed by the DBMS. Therefore, the need to define d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19558680 |
622,917 | To compute the number of states we must compute the volume in phase space in which the system can be found and divide that by formula_6. This leads us to another problem: The volume seems to approach zero, as the region in phase space in which the system can be is an area of zero thickness. This problem is an artifact ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=288044 |
628,515 | There are significant logistical challenges to renewable energy in China. One such issue is grid connections from renewable energy power plants to the electricity grid. In recent years renewable energy developers have rushed to rapidly build wind farms, solar panels, and other power plants, which hasn't been synchroniz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13556279 |
631,156 | The offline data processing system is located in Kenkyuto and is connected to Super-Kamiokande detector with 4 km FDDI optical fiber link. Data flow from online system is 450 kbytes s on average, corresponding to 40 Gbytes day or 14 Tbytes yr. Magnetic tapes are used in offline system to store data and most of the anal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28464 |
631,270 | The main disadvantage is that, under Vasicek's model, it is theoretically possible for the interest rate to become negative, an undesirable feature under pre-crisis assumptions. This shortcoming was fixed in the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model, exponential Vasicek model, Black–Derman–Toy model and Black–Karasinski model, amon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3427692 |
632,375 | Where primary energy is used to describe fossil fuels, the embodied energy of the fuel is available as thermal energy and around 70% is typically lost in conversion to electrical or mechanical energy. There is a similar 60-80% conversion loss when solar and wind energy is converted to electricity, but today's UN conven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1413688 |
638,434 | The RPG programming language originally was created by IBM for their 1401 systems. They also produced an implementation for the System/360, and it became the primary programming language for their midrange computer product line, (the System/3, System/32, System/34, System/38, System/36 and AS/400). There have also been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=632241 |
650,902 | Optical systems typically fall into one of two different categories. The first is ordinary focused optical imaging systems (e.g., cameras), wherein the input plane is called the object plane and the output plane is called the image plane. An optical field in the image plane (the output plane of the imaging system) is d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312008 |
652,948 | In linear statistics, the random variable formula_87 is usually distributed over the real-number line, or some subset thereof, and the probability density of formula_81 is a function whose domain is the set of real numbers, and whose integral from formula_89 to formula_90 is unity. In directional statistics, the random... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1314272 |
653,076 | Data mesh is a sociotechnical approach to build a decentralized data architecture by leveraging a domain-oriented, self-serve design (in a software development perspective), and borrows Eric Evans’ theory of domain-driven design and Manuel Pais’ and Matthew Skelton’s theory of team topologies. Data mesh mainly concerns... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69909339 |
665,776 | Intestinal organoids have thus far been among the gut organoids to be generated directly from pluripotent stem cells. One way human pluripotent stem cells can be driven to form intestinal organoids is through first the application of activin A to drive the cells into a mesoendodermal identity, followed by the pharmacol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4542890 |
666,125 | A related recent concern is energy cannibalism where energy technologies can have a limited growth rate if climate neutrality is demanded. Many energy technologies are capable of replacing significant volumes of fossil fuels and concomitant green house gas emissions. Unfortunately, neither the enormous scale of the cur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1228320 |
667,397 | Elastic energy is the mechanical potential energy stored in the configuration of a material or physical system as it is subjected to elastic deformation by work performed upon it. Elastic energy occurs when objects are impermanently compressed, stretched or generally deformed in any manner. Elasticity theory primarily ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3617189 |
667,436 | Quantum physics is a branch of modern physics in which energy and matter are described at their most fundamental level, that of energy quanta, elementary particles, and quantum fields. Quantum physics encompasses any discipline concerned with systems that exhibit notable quantum-mechanical effects, where waves have pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25178 |
671,359 | In quantum mechanics, the 1D NLSE is a special case of the classical nonlinear Schrödinger field, which in turn is a classical limit of a quantum Schrödinger field. Conversely, when the classical Schrödinger field is canonically quantized, it becomes a quantum field theory (which is linear, despite the fact that it is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1422748 |
673,775 | In control systems, sliding mode control (SMC) is a nonlinear control method that alters the dynamics of a nonlinear system by applying a discontinuous control signal (or more rigorously, a set-valued control signal) that forces the system to "slide" along a cross-section of the system's normal behavior. The state-feed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=371255 |
678,876 | The following discussion presumes some familiarity with the mathematics of quantum information theory, and in particular, the modeling of measurement procedures by POVMs. Consider a quantum system to which is associated a formula_1-dimensional Hilbert space. If a set of formula_2 rank-1 projectors formula_3 satisfyingf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35611432 |
688,773 | When used in this sense, the term adopts a meaning reminiscent of receptive fields in actual biological nervous systems. CNNs have a distinct architecture, designed to mimic the way in which real animal brains are understood to function; instead of having every neuron in each layer connect to all neurons in the next la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=941909 |
693,962 | NEXRAD data is used in multiple ways. It is used by National Weather Service meteorologists and (under provisions of U.S. law) is freely available to users outside of the NWS, including researchers, media, and private citizens. The primary goal of NEXRAD data is to aid NWS meteorologists in operational forecasting. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314409 |
698,125 | In the Rasch model, the probability of a specified response (e.g. right/wrong answer) is modeled as a function of person and item parameters. Specifically, in the original Rasch model, the probability of a correct response is modeled as a logistic function of the difference between the person and item parameter. The ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2161615 |
703,269 | A Feistel network uses a "round function", a function which takes two inputs a data block and a subkey and returns one output of the same size as the data block. In each round, the round function is run on half of the data to be encrypted, and its output is XORed with the other half of the data. This is repeated a fixe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=352709 |
708,420 | Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy has similarities to other confocal laser microscopy techniques such as laser scanning confocal microscopy and Raman microscopy. These techniques use focused laser beams scanned in a raster pattern to generate images, and both have an optical sectioning effect. Unlike confoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2105059 |
709,328 | Proof theorists are typically interested in proof calculi that support a notion of analytic proof. The notion of analytic proof was introduced by Gentzen for the sequent calculus; there the analytic proofs are those that are cut-free. Much of the interest in cut-free proofs comes from the : every formula in the end seq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183478 |
718,541 | Although both mass and velocity contribute to the muzzle energy, the muzzle energy is proportional to the mass while proportional to the "square" of the velocity. The velocity of the bullet is a more important determinant of muzzle energy. For a constant velocity, if the mass is doubled, the energy is doubled; however,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1131674 |
719,868 | Local data is not shared by any routines, re-entering or not; therefore, it does not affect re-entrance. Global data is defined outside functions and can be accessed by more than one function, either in the form of global variables (data shared between all functions), or as static variables (data shared by all invocati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154851 |
721,128 | If more than one statistically independent oxygen sensor cell is used, it is unlikely that more than one will fail at a time. If one assumes that only one cell will fail, then comparing three or more outputs which have been calibrated at two points is likely to pick up the cell which has failed by assuming that any two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39194607 |
730,801 | Data lineage provides the audit trail of the data points at the highest granular level, but presentation of the lineage may be done at various zoom levels to simplify the vast information, similar to analytic web maps. Data Lineage can be visualized at various levels based on the granularity of the view. At a very high... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44783487 |
730,802 | Data governance plays a key role in metadata management for guidelines, strategies, policies, implementation. Data quality, and master data management helps in enriching the data lineage with more business value. Even though the final representation of data lineage is provided in one interface but the way the metadata ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44783487 |
732,860 | There are various components, environments, and material considerations that can affect the environmental impact that the SLM process has. First, the embodied energy that was used to make the printer, which has more than 500 parts, contributes around 124,000 MJ for a standard Renishaw AM250. It is important to note tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29017963 |
739,168 | The complexity class BPP describes decision problems that can be solved by polynomial-time Monte Carlo algorithms with a bounded probability of two-sided errors, and the complexity class RP describes problems that can be solved by a Monte Carlo algorithm with a bounded probability of one-sided error: if the correct ans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=624839 |
743,160 | In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits, the velocity of propagation of the electromagnetic field through space is usually not considered; the field is assumed, as a precondition, to be present throughout space. The magnetic component of the field is considered to be in phase with the current, and the ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8765022 |
744,539 | Any solution of the free Dirac equation is, for each of its four components, a solution of the free Klein–Gordon equation. The Klein–Gordon equation does not form the basis of a consistent quantum relativistic "one-particle" theory. There is no known such theory for particles of any spin. For full reconciliation of qua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209627 |
745,426 | In 1870, Rudolf Clausius delivered the lecture "On a Mechanical Theorem Applicable to Heat" to the Association for Natural and Medical Sciences of the Lower Rhine, following a 20-year study of thermodynamics. The lecture stated that the mean vis viva of the system is equal to its virial, or that the average kinetic ene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32664 |
747,625 | Under the 2015 standard, for the first time, storage water heaters with capacities of 55 US gallons or larger now face stricter efficiency requirements than those of 50 US gallons or less. Under the pre-2015 standard, a gas storage water heater with a nominal input of or less was able to have an energy factor as low as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=521801 |
748,654 | ISI's origin can be traced back to the Statistical Laboratory in Presidency College, Kolkata, set up by Mahalanobis, who worked in the Physics Department of the college in the 1920s. During 1913–1915, he did his Tripos in Mathematics and Physics at the University of Cambridge, where he came across "Biometrika", a journ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238418 |
773,201 | Lasers have been classified by wavelength and power into four classes and a few subclasses since the early 1970s. The classifications categorize lasers according to their ability to produce damage in exposed people, from class 1 (no hazard during normal use) to class 4 (severe hazard for eyes and skin). There are two c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1101848 |
776,530 | In computer science, the analysis of algorithms is the process of finding the computational complexity of algorithms—the amount of time, storage, or other resources needed to execute them. Usually, this involves determining a function that relates the size of an algorithm's input to the number of steps it takes (its ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2230 |
780,089 | The actual process of data cleansing may involve removing typographical errors or validating and correcting values against a known list of entities. The validation may be strict (such as rejecting any address that does not have a valid postal code), or with fuzzy or approximate string matching (such as correcting recor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3575651 |
792,351 | Repolarization is a stage of an action potential in which the cell experiences a decrease of voltage due to the efflux of potassium (K) ions along its electrochemical gradient. This phase occurs after the cell reaches its highest voltage from depolarization. After repolarization, the cell hyperpolarizes as it reaches r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1241864 |
804,830 | The availability, potential, and feasibility of primary renewable energy resources must be analyzed early in the planning process as part of a comprehensive energy plan. The plan must justify energy demand and supply and assess the actual costs and benefits to the local, regional, and global environments. Responsible e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28730644 |
814,048 | One way to directly convert waste heat into electricity is by executing the Olsen cycle on pyroelectric materials. The Olsen cycle consists of two isothermal and two isoelectric field processes in the electric displacement-electric field (D-E) diagram. The principle of the Olsen cycle is to charge a capacitor via cooli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1406812 |
815,395 | , several neighborhood electric vehicles, city electric cars and series production highway-capable electric cars and utility vans have been made available for retails sales, including Tesla Roadster, GEM cars, Buddy, Mitsubishi i MiEV and its rebadged versions Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero, Chery QQ3 EV, JAC J3 EV, Ni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8340209 |
815,732 | Memory fragmentation is a kernel programming level problem. During real-time computing of applications, fragmentation levels can reach as high as 99%, and may lead to system crashes or other instabilities. This type of system crash can be difficult to avoid, as it is impossible to anticipate the critical rise in levels... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3909369 |
820,084 | This definition remains meaningful even when the system is far away from equilibrium. Other definitions assume that the system is in thermal equilibrium, either as an isolated system, or as a system in exchange with its surroundings. The set of microstates (with probability distribution) on which the sum is done is cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4701125 |
820,180 | Each World Data Center would eventually archive a complete set of IGY data to deter losses prevalent during the International Polar Year of 1932. Each World Data Center was equipped to handle many different data formats, including computer punch cards and tape—the original computer media. In addition, each host country... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78172 |
823,202 | The stimulus-model comparator theory emerged from the research of Sokolov who used the orienting response as the cornerstone of his studies, and operationally defining the orienting response as EEG activity. Orienting responses are heightened sensitivity experienced by an organism when exposed to a new or changing stim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=599837 |
827,741 | The ratio of exergy to energy in a substance can be considered a measure of energy quality. Forms of energy such as macroscopic kinetic energy, electrical energy, and chemical Gibbs free energy are 100% recoverable as work, and therefore have exergy equal to their energy. However, forms of energy such as radiation and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1075005 |
828,649 | Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their smal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1029211 |
837,520 | A linear time-invariant system or device has a phase response property and a phase delay property, where one can be calculated exactly from the other. Phase delay directly measures the device or system time delay of individual frequency components. If the phase delay function at any given frequency—within a frequency r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41222 |
837,526 | In an angle-modulation system—such as with frequency modulation (FM) or phase modulation (PM)—the (FM or PM) passband signal applied to an LTI system input can be analyzed as two separate passband signals, an in-phase (I) amplitude modulation AM passband signal and a quadrature-phase (Q) amplitude modulation AM passban... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41222 |
841,537 | Spontaneous emission cannot be explained by classical electromagnetic theory and is fundamentally a quantum process. According to the American Physical Society, the first person to correctly predict the phenomenon of spontaneous emission was Albert Einstein in a series of papers starting in 1916, culminating in what is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28219 |
871,387 | There can also be unintended bias in these algorithms that can exacerbate social and healthcare inequities. Since AI's decisions are a direct reflection of its input data, the data it receives must have accurate representation of patient demographics. White males are overly represented in medical data sets. Therefore,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52588198 |
872,443 | Quantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions (candidate states), by a process using quantum fluctuations. Quantum annealing is used mainly for problems where the search space is discrete (combinatorial optimization... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5219389 |
879,388 | Organelles, such as mitochondria, are thought to utilize quantum tunneling in order to translate intracellular energy. Traditionally, mitochondria are known to generate most of the cell's energy in the form of chemical ATP. Mitochondria conversion of biomass into chemical ATP is 60-70% efficient, which is superior than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13537626 |
882,529 | The System/360 later evolved into the System/370, the System/390, and the 64-bit zSeries, System z, and zEnterprise machines. System/370 introduced virtual memory capabilities in all models other than the very first System/370 models; the OS/VS1 variant of OS/360 MFT, the OS/VS2 (SVS) variant of OS/360 MVT, and the DOS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14872 |
886,035 | A common setup for self-supervised representation learning of a certain data type (e.g. text, image, audio, video) is to pretrain the model using large datasets of general context, unlabeled data. Depending on the context, the result of this is either a set of representations for common data segments (e.g. words) which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38870173 |
893,581 | The ideal quantum efficiency graph has a square shape, where the QE value is fairly constant across the entire spectrum of wavelengths measured. However, the QE for most solar cells is reduced because of the effects of recombination, where charge carriers are not able to move into an external circuit. The same mechanis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1162543 |
894,315 | Quantum learning theory pursues a mathematical analysis of the quantum generalizations of classical learning models and of the possible speed-ups or other improvements that they may provide. The framework is very similar to that of classical computational learning theory, but the learner in this case is a quantum infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44108758 |
894,321 | Using a different annealing technology based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a quantum Hopfield network was implemented in 2009 that mapped the input data and memorized data to Hamiltonians, allowing the use of adiabatic quantum computation. NMR technology also enables universal quantum computing, and it was used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44108758 |
894,323 | Recently, based on a neuromimetic approach, a novel ingredient has been added to the field of quantum machine learning, in the form of a so-called quantum memristor, a quantized model of the standard classical memristor. This device can be constructed by means of a tunable resistor, weak measurements on the system, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44108758 |
902,834 | This model of the chemical reactions makes several predictions that were examined in experiments published by Jerry Goodisman in 2001. Goodisman notes that numerous recent authors propose chemical reactions for the lemon battery that involve dissolution of the copper electrode into the electrolyte. Goodisman excludes t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217946 |
907,863 | The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, an industry-wide set of guidelines that must be met by any organization that stores, processes, or transmits cardholder data, mandates that credit card data must be protected when stored. Tokenization, as applied to payment card data, is often implemented to meet this m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61419 |
911,827 | Here the focus is on an individual company. Here data governance is a data management concept concerning the capability that enables an organization to ensure that high data quality exists throughout the complete lifecycle of the data, and data controls are implemented that support business objectives. The key focus ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6222875 |
916,388 | There are many motivations to improve energy efficiency. Decreasing energy use reduces energy costs and may result in a financial cost saving to consumers if the energy savings offset any additional costs of implementing an energy-efficient technology. Reducing energy use is also seen as a solution to the problem of mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11944078 |
916,433 | Energy conservation is broader than energy efficiency in including active efforts to decrease energy consumption, for example through behaviour change, in addition to using energy more efficiently. Examples of conservation without efficiency improvements are heating a room less in winter, using the car less, air-drying... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11944078 |
916,438 | Energy efficiency and renewable energy are considered as main elements in sustainable energy policy. Both strategies must be developed concurrently in order to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Efficient energy use is essential to slowing the energy demand growth so that rising clean energy supplies can ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11944078 |
926,044 | Academic programs vary between colleges, but typically include a combination of topics in computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering. Undergraduate courses usually include programming, algorithms and data structures, computer architecture, operating systems, computer networks, parallel computing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=524425 |
930,454 | Consumption of electric energy is positively correlated with economical growth. As electric energy is one of the most important inputs of the economy. Electric energy is needed to produce goods and to provide services to consumers. There is a statistically significant effect of electrical energy consumption and economi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=570984 |
934,469 | Exciting new developments in biotechnology are now revolutionizing biology and biomedical research. Examples of these techniques are high-throughput sequencing, high-throughput quantitative PCR, intra-cellular imaging, in-situ hybridization of gene expression, three-dimensional imaging techniques like Light Sheet Fluor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1181008 |
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