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1,689,752 | A Deep energy retrofit (abbreviated as DER) can be broadly categorized as an energy conservation measure in an existing building also leading to an overall improvement in the building performance. While there is no exact definition for a deep energy retrofit, it can be defined as a whole-building analysis and construct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27882571 |
1,689,910 | During 1972, the first model to forecast storm surge along the continental shelf of the United States was developed, known as the Special Program to List the Amplitude of Surges from Hurricanes (SPLASH). In 1978, the first hurricane-tracking model based on atmospheric dynamics – the movable fine-mesh (MFM) model – bega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4142447 |
1,713,604 | Proof complexity measures the efficiency of the proof system usually in terms of the minimal size of proofs possible in the system for a given tautology. The size of a proof (respectively formula) is the number of symbols needed to represent the proof (respectively formula). A propositional proof system "P" is "polynom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801284 |
1,718,763 | The capability of a runtime verifier to detect errors strictly depends on its capability to analyze execution traces. When the monitors are deployed with the system, instrumentation is typically minimal and the execution traces are as simple as possible to keep the runtime overhead low. When runtime verification is use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3098816 |
1,718,884 | Quantum stochastic calculus is a generalization of stochastic calculus to noncommuting variables. The tools provided by quantum stochastic calculus are of great use for modeling the random evolution of systems undergoing measurement, as in quantum trajectories. Just as the Lindblad master equation provides a quantum ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41263617 |
1,737,562 | The idea is related to a property of the bosonic string in a curve background, better known as nonlinear sigma model. First calculations from this model showed as the beta function, representing the running of the metric of the model as a function of an energy scale, is proportional to the Ricci tensor giving rise to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2864696 |
1,750,597 | The time complexity of an algorithm counts the number of arithmetic operations sufficient for the algorithm to solve the problem. For example, Gaussian elimination requires on the order of" D" operations, and so it is said to have polynomial time-complexity, because its complexity is bounded by a cubic polynomial. Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31255067 |
1,750,606 | The criss-cross algorithm is a simply stated algorithm for linear programming. It was the second fully combinatorial algorithm for linear programming. The partially combinatorial simplex algorithm of Bland cycles on some (nonrealizable) oriented matroids. The first fully combinatorial algorithm was published by Todd, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31255067 |
1,760,176 | In 2013, Lopaeva "et al." exploited photon number correlations, instead of entanglement, in a sub-optimal target detection experiment. To illustrate the benefit of quantum entanglement, in 2013 Zhang "et al." reported a secure communication experiment based on quantum illumination and demonstrated for the first time th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41129282 |
1,766,525 | System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) is a framework to compile statistics linking environmental statistics to economic statistics. SEEA is described as a satellite system to the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). This means that the definitions, guidelines and practical approaches of the SN... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30308263 |
1,775,524 | Margolus' original application for the block cellular automaton model was to simulate the billiard ball model of reversible computation, in which Boolean logic signals are simulated by moving particles and logic gates are simulated by elastic collisions of those particles. It is possible, for instance, to perform billi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399633 |
1,794,383 | Various energy transformations are possible. An energy balance can be used to track energy through a system. This becomes a useful tool for determining resource use and environmental impacts. How much energy is needed at each point in a system is measured, as well as the form of that energy. An accounting system keeps ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1323604 |
1,798,883 | Ischemic cell death, or oncosis, is a form of accidental cell death. The process is characterized by an ATP depletion within the cell leading to impairment of ionic pumps, cell swelling, clearing of the cytosol, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, mitochondrial condensation, chromatin clumping, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28325705 |
1,803,694 | The Klee–Minty cube has been used to analyze the performance of many algorithms, both in the worst case and on average. The time complexity of an algorithm counts the number of arithmetic operations sufficient for the algorithm to solve the problem. For example, Gaussian elimination requires on the order of" D" operati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31302509 |
1,809,148 | Contact inhibition of locomotion is involved in the migration of many cell types, including neural crest (NC) cells in vertebrates which give rise to cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), facial cartilage, and other non-neural cells throughout the body. NC cells are very mobile, with actin-rich protrusions at t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1082943 |
1,822,781 | After an introductory chapter overviewing related topics including quantum cryptography, quantum information theory, and quantum game theory, chapter 2 introduces quantum mechanics and quantum superposition using polarized light as an example, also discussing qubits, the Bloch sphere representation of the state of a qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63448622 |
1,828,037 | The latent internal energy of a system is the internal energy a system requires to undergo a phase transition. Its value is specific to the substance or mix of substances in question. The value can also vary with temperature and pressure. Generally speaking the value is different for the type of phase change being acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8546071 |
1,829,859 | In computational complexity theory, the class QIP (which stands for Quantum Interactive Polynomial time) is the quantum computing analogue of the classical complexity class IP, which is the set of problems solvable by an interactive proof system with a polynomial-time verifier and one computationally unbounded prover. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25608560 |
1,831,032 | A biochemical basis for the signal transduction from the cytoskeleton to the nucleus resulting in changes in gene expression was first proposed by Björklund (now Gordon) and Gordon in 1993 This would result in a biochemical transduction of the biomechanical signal from the cytoskeleton that is thereby passed on to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55661946 |
1,834,924 | The DCC Curation Lifecycle Model is especially relevant to three key participants in the digital curation process: data creators, data archivists, and data reusers. The model highlights the importance of data creation, such as metadata, in successful, sustainable curation practices. This is relevant to data creators. D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6630735 |
1,837,145 | Cytorrhysis is the permanent and irreparable damage to the cell wall after the complete collapse of a plant cell due to the loss of internal positive pressure (hydraulic turgor pressure). Positive pressure within a plant cell is required to maintain the upright structure of the cell wall. Desiccation (relative water co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1597688 |
1,838,749 | MICRO runs under the Michigan Terminal System (MTS), the interactive time-sharing system developed at the University of Michigan that runs on IBM System/360 Model 67, System/370, and compatible mainframe computers. MICRO provides a query language, a database directory, and a data dictionary to create an interface betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7872666 |
1,841,842 | Once all regulatory proteins, etc. have been synthesized and the scaffold has been established, the cell has attained its own specific expression profile. This allows it to synthesize cell-specific enzymes and receptors characteristic of its particular function. The nuclear scaffold is predicted to be relatively perman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18939846 |
1,850,752 | The IBM System/360 Model 195 is a discontinued IBM computer introduced on August 20, 1969. The Model 195 was a reimplementation of the IBM System/360 Model 91 design using monolithic integrated circuits. It offers "an internal processing speed about twice as fast as the Model 85, the next most powerful System/360".<ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54417247 |
1,853,376 | The laws of quantum mechanics allow one to reduce the required resources for some tasks by many orders of magnitude if the image data are encoded in the quantum state of a suitable physical system. The researchers discuss a suitable method for encoding image data, and develop a new quantum algorithm that can detect bou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55351593 |
1,898,405 | A synthetic air data system (SADS) is an alternative air data system that can produce synthetic air data quantities without directly measuring the air data. It uses other information such as GPS, wind information, the aircraft's attitude, and aerodynamic properties to estimate or infer the air data quantities. Though a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65403215 |
1,937,538 | The numerical renormalization group is an inherently non-perturbative procedure, which was originally used to solve the Kondo model. The Kondo model is a simplified theoretical model which describes a system of magnetic spin-1/2 impurities which couple to metallic conduction electrons (e.g. iron impurities in gold). Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22426870 |
1,958,587 | Metadata relating to archiving, indexing and cataloguing is an integral part of TML, since a TML data stream is designed to be self-contained and self-sufficient. Any information about the system, as well as information required to later parse and process the data, is captured in the TML system description. In addition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6045563 |
1,975,828 | The next step is to build a data management system that will be able to handle large amounts of data and perform analytics in near real-time. In order to enable rapid decision making, data storage, management and processing need to be more integrated. General Electric has built a prototype data storage infrastructure f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48415691 |
1,978,130 | The domain model defines the aspects of the application which can be adapted or which are otherwise required for the operation of the adaptive system. The domain model contains several concepts that stand as the backbone for the content of the system. Other terms which have been used for this concept include content mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9269429 |
1,995,692 | Digital steganography can hide confidential data (i.e. secret files) very securely by embedding them into some media data called "vessel data." The vessel data is also referred to as "carrier, cover, or dummy data". In BPCS-steganography true color images (i.e., 24-bit color images) are mostly used for vessel data. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31208407 |
1,999,342 | The System Data Engine of the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics can be run stand-alone in batch mode to read SMF data from a data set and then write it to a file. The System Data Engine batch jobs can be created to write SMF data to data sets and send SMF data to the Data Streamer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6744901 |
2,010,501 | In mathematics, the Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues pertains to the behavior of the solutions of an eigenvalue equation as the number of basis functions employed in its resolution increases. Rayleigh, Lord Rayleigh, and 3rd Baron Rayleigh are the titles of John William Strutt, after the death of his father, the 2nd Ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63401284 |
2,015,879 | The physics of each hadron enters through its distribution amplitudes formula_64, which specifies the partitioning of the light-front momenta of the valence constituents formula_67. It is given in light-cone gauge formula_68 as formula_69, the integral of the valence light-front wave function over the internal transver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43699175 |
2,025,063 | The delimited real system is convicted with help of the IEM method in an abstract model. IEM is the construction of the two main positions "information model" and "business process model". The "information model" is made by the specification of the object classes to be modeled for "product", "order" and "resource" with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7284218 |
2,027,864 | Since the 1980s, it has been well known that archeological dental calculus preserves cellular structures and oral bacteria, but a new discovery in the last decade has revealed that dental calculus is a long-term reservoir of DNA and proteins. Human DNA in dental calculus was initially targeted by PCR amplification of m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67011367 |
2,055,101 | In his early career, he worked on problems in statistical physics, dynamical system and complex systems. In 1987, along with Per Bak and Kurt Wiesenfeld, he proposed the concept and developed the theory for self-organized criticality, which had and continues to have broad applications in complex systems with scale inva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2968953 |
2,062,005 | J. C. McLennan, director of the physics laboratory at U of T from 1906 to 1932, undertook studies in atmospheric conductivity and cathode rays, but in 1912 was inspired by the work of Bohr, to conduct research into atomic spectroscopy. He, along with G. M. Shrum, constructed the first machine for the liquification of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18401364 |
2,085,258 | In multidimensional signal processing, Multidimensional signal restoration refers to the problem of estimating the original input signal from observations of the distorted or noise contaminated version of the original signal using some prior information about the input signal and /or the distortion process. Multidimens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52292986 |
2,098,040 | Although the original proof by Valentine Bargmann is quite technical, the main idea follows from two general theorems on ordinary differential equations, the Sturm Oscillation Theorem and the Sturm-Picone Comparison Theorem. If we denote by formula_21 the wave function subject to the given potential with total energy f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1184376 |
2,099,395 | Data from PetDB can be viewed in HTML tables and downloaded in spreadsheets in XLS format. During selection of chemical parameters a user can choose to retrieve data as individual values (each row in the data table contains values measured on the same sample with the same method and linked to the same reference) or in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11490059 |
2,110,749 | Cells themselves can create biomolecular gradients by releasing signaling molecules that diffuse outwardly. These gradients are critical for cellular identity and cell relocation. Similarly, the gradients produced by cells may influence cellular fate by their temporal and spatial characteristics. In certain organisms, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42213076 |
2,159,604 | Since Torza treats the fluid inside the droplet and outside the droplet as having no net charge, the governing equation for the electric stress sub-problem reduces to Gauss's law with a spatial charge density of zero. By re-expressing the electric field in terms of the gradient of the electric potential, the governing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41093622 |
2,161,637 | Lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase activity is used to detect and to quantify irregular levels of LPAs on a cell's surface. LPAs are receptor-active mediators that promote cell motility, cell growth and cell survival. There is clear evidence that cancerous ovarian cells have an increased level of LPA concentrations on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45639348 |
2,161,878 | The International Nuclear Library Network was founded in 2005 by the IAEA Library and the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) Library. In its initial years, it counted a total of five members (in addition to the initiators, the National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina, the Turkish Atomic Energy Agency and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22847485 |
2,211,827 | The Re-referenced Protein Chemical shift Database (RefDB) is an NMR spectroscopy database of carefully corrected or re-referenced chemical shifts, derived from the BioMagResBank (BMRB) (Fig. 1). The database was assembled by using a structure-based chemical shift calculation program (called SHIFTX) to calculate expecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34138058 |
2,218,561 | Cells and proteins can be patterned in microfluidic devices with one of the channel walls exposed in different geometries and designs depending on the behaviors and interactions to be studied, such as quorum sensing or co-culturing of several types of cells. A majority of cell culturing has been carried out by introduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60405154 |
987 | Tesla, Inc. ( or ) is an American multinational automotive and clean energy company headquartered in Austin, Texas. Tesla designs and manufactures electric vehicles (electric cars and trucks), battery energy storage from home to grid-scale, solar panels and solar roof tiles, and related products and services. Tesla is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5533631 |
8,817 | Quantum mechanics is a theory of physics originally developed in order to understand microscopic phenomena: behavior at the scale of molecules, atoms or subatomic particles. Generally and loosely speaking, the smaller a system is, the more an adequate mathematical model will require understanding quantum effects. The c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55212 |
9,460 | A fundamental feature of the theory is that it usually cannot predict with certainty what will happen, but only give probabilities. Mathematically, a probability is found by taking the square of the absolute value of a complex number, known as a probability amplitude. This is known as the Born rule, named after physici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25202 |
9,469 | After the measurement, if result formula_8 was obtained, the quantum state is postulated to collapse to formula_10, in the non-degenerate case, or to formula_15, in the general case. The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics thus stems from the act of measurement. This is one of the most difficult aspects of quantu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25202 |
9,510 | Early attempts to merge quantum mechanics with special relativity involved the replacement of the Schrödinger equation with a covariant equation such as the Klein–Gordon equation or the Dirac equation. While these theories were successful in explaining many experimental results, they had certain unsatisfactory qualitie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25202 |
12,328 | A less common but increasingly important paradigm of processors (and indeed, computing in general) deals with data parallelism. The processors discussed earlier are all referred to as some type of scalar device. As the name implies, vector processors deal with multiple pieces of data in the context of one instruction. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5218 |
13,631 | Classical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on a very large or very small scale. For example, atomic and nuclear physics study matter on the smallest scale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22939 |
18,765 | There are several models of quantum computation with the most widely used being quantum circuits. Other models include the quantum Turing machine, quantum annealing, and adiabatic quantum computation. Most models are based on the quantum bit, or "qubit", which is somewhat analogous to the bit in classical computation. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25220 |
18,766 | Efforts towards building a physical quantum computer focus on technologies such as transmons, ion traps and topological quantum computers, which aim to create high-quality qubits. These qubits may be designed differently, depending on the full quantum computer's computing model, as to whether quantum logic gates, quant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25220 |
18,767 | Any computational problem that can be solved by a classical computer can also be solved by a quantum computer. Conversely, any problem that can be solved by a quantum computer can also be solved by a classical computer, at least in principle given enough time. In other words, quantum computers obey the Church–Turing th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25220 |
18,795 | Quantum algorithms that offer more than a polynomial speedup over the best-known classical algorithm include Shor's algorithm for factoring and the related quantum algorithms for computing discrete logarithms, solving Pell's equation, and more generally solving the hidden subgroup problem for abelian finite groups. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25220 |
20,074 | The MIM-104 Patriot is a surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, the primary of its kind used by the United States Army and several allied states. It is manufactured by the U.S. defense contractor Raytheon and derives its name from the radar component of the weapon system. The AN/MPQ-53 at the heart of the system is known... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
21,362 | "Penetration" or "viral entry" follows attachment: Virions enter the host cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion. The infection of plant and fungal cells is different from that of animal cells. Plants have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, and fungi one of chitin, so most viruses can get insid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19167679 |
23,792 | The development of quantum mechanics in the 1920s modified this picture somewhat, but in modern theories the average drift velocity of electrons can still be shown to be proportional to the electric field, thus deriving Ohm's law. In 1927 Arnold Sommerfeld applied the quantum Fermi-Dirac distribution of electron energi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49090 |
25,145 | In addition to the differential calculus and integral calculus, the term is also used for naming specific methods of calculation and related theories which seek to model a particular concept in terms of mathematics. Examples of this convention include propositional calculus, Ricci calculus, calculus of variations, lamb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5176 |
29,590 | A system of logic is "sound" when its proof system cannot derive a conclusion from a set of premises unless it is semantically entailed by them. In other words, its proof system cannot lead to false conclusions, as defined by the semantics. A system is "complete" when its proof system can derive every conclusion that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46426065 |
30,001 | The transfer of energy from one chemical substance to another depends on the "size" of energy quanta emitted from one substance. However, heat energy is often transferred more easily from almost any substance to another because the phonons responsible for vibrational and rotational energy levels in a substance have muc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5180 |
30,210 | Many statisticians, including Nate Silver, have argued that data science is not a new field, but rather another name for statistics. Others argue that data science is distinct from statistics because it focuses on problems and techniques unique to digital data. Vasant Dhar writes that statistics emphasizes quantitative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35458904 |
31,552 | In vertebrates, complementary to the circulatory system is the lymphatic system. This system carries excess plasma filtered from the capillaries as interstitial fluid between cells, away from the body tissues in an accessory route to return the excess fluid back to the blood circulation as lymph. The passage of lymph t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57330 |
32,080 | Von Neumann first proposed a quantum logic in his 1932 treatise "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics", where he noted that projections on a Hilbert space can be viewed as propositions about physical observables. The field of quantum logic was subsequently inaugurated, in a famous paper of 1936 by von Neumann ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15942 |
34,177 | Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9649 |
34,195 | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems, from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or organelle of a biological organism. Energy used in respiration is stored in substances such as carbohydrates (includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9649 |
37,294 | The delayed choice quantum eraser experiment performed by Marlan Scully involves pairs of entangled photons that are divided into "signal photons" and "idler photons", with the signal photons emerging from one of two locations and their position later measured as in the double-slit experiment. Depending on how the idle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31591 |
37,959 | On 31 July 2008, Vice Admiral Barry McCullough (Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Integration of Resources and Capabilities) and Allison Stiller (Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Ship Programs) stated that "the DDG 1000 cannot perform area air defense; specifically, it cannot successfully employ the Standa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=864558 |
38,118 | When a census is not feasible, a chosen subset of the population called a sample is studied. Once a sample that is representative of the population is determined, data is collected for the sample members in an observational or experimental setting. Again, descriptive statistics can be used to summarize the sample data.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
39,641 | To apply the Schrödinger equation, write down the Hamiltonian for the system, accounting for the kinetic and potential energies of the particles constituting the system, then insert it into the Schrödinger equation. The resulting partial differential equation is solved for the wave function, which contains information ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59874 |
39,694 | As originally formulated, the Dirac equation is an equation for a single quantum particle, just like the single-particle Schrödinger equation with wave function This is of limited use in relativistic quantum mechanics, where particle number is not fixed. Heuristically, this complication can be motivated by noting that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59874 |
42,012 | See here for the justification for this definition. Suppose that the system has some external parameter, "x", that can be changed. In general, the energy eigenstates of the system will depend on "x". According to the adiabatic theorem of quantum mechanics, in the limit of an infinitely slow change of the system's Hamil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133017 |
54,099 | Mass–energy equivalence states that all objects having mass, or "massive objects", have a corresponding intrinsic energy, even when they are stationary. In the rest frame of an object, where by definition it is motionless and so has no momentum, the mass and energy are equivalent and they differ only by a constant, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=422481 |
54,109 | In some reactions, matter particles can be destroyed and their associated energy released to the environment as other forms of energy, such as light and heat. One example of such a conversion takes place in elementary particle interactions, where the rest energy is transformed into kinetic energy. Such conversions betw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=422481 |
63,014 | The Fourier transform is a special case (under certain conditions) of the bilateral Laplace transform. While the Fourier transform of a function is a complex function of a "real" variable (frequency), the Laplace transform of a function is a complex function of a "complex" variable. The Laplace transform is usually res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18610 |
64,421 | Classical thermodynamics is initially focused on closed homogeneous systems (e.g. Planck 1897/1903), which might be regarded as 'zero-dimensional' in the sense that they have no spatial variation. But it is desired to study also systems with distinct internal motion and spatial inhomogeneity. For such systems, the prin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166404 |
64,455 | The situation is clarified by Gyarmati, who shows that his definition of "heat transfer", for continuous-flow systems, really refers not specifically to heat, but rather to transfer of internal energy, as follows. He considers a conceptual small cell in a situation of continuous-flow as a system defined in the so-calle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166404 |
66,021 | The size and number of available data sets have grown rapidly as data is collected by devices such as mobile devices, cheap and numerous information-sensing Internet of things devices, aerial (remote sensing), software logs, cameras, microphones, radio-frequency identification (RFID) readers and wireless sensor network... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27051151 |
66,096 | In the provocative article "Critical Questions for Big Data", the authors title big data a part of mythology: "large data sets offer a higher form of intelligence and knowledge [...], with the aura of truth, objectivity, and accuracy". Users of big data are often "lost in the sheer volume of numbers", and "working with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27051151 |
69,881 | About 6 MeV of the fission-input energy is supplied by the simple binding of an extra neutron to the heavy nucleus via the strong force; however, in many fissionable isotopes, this amount of energy is not enough for fission. Uranium-238, for example, has a near-zero fission cross section for neutrons of less than 1 MeV... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22054 |
73,941 | The graph of a function or relation is the set of all points satisfying that function or relation. For a function of one variable, "f", the set of all points , where is the graph of the function "f". For a function "g" of two variables, the set of all points , where is the graph of the function "g". A sketch of the gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7706 |
74,385 | Radioactive decay results in a reduction of summed rest mass, once the released energy (the "disintegration energy") has escaped in some way. Although decay energy is sometimes defined as associated with the difference between the mass of the parent nuclide products and the mass of the decay products, this is true only... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197767 |
76,781 | Once processed and organized, the data may be incomplete, contain duplicates, or contain errors. The need for "data cleaning" will arise from problems in the way that the datum are entered and stored. Data cleaning is the process of preventing and correcting these errors. Common tasks include record matching, identifyi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2720954 |
79,504 | Functional programming has its roots in academia, evolving from the lambda calculus, a formal system of computation based only on functions. Functional programming has historically been less popular than imperative programming, but many functional languages are seeing use today in industry and education, including Comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10933 |
81,289 | These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19673093 |
82,598 | Electrons that are bound in atoms, molecules and solids each occupy distinct states of well-defined binding energies. When light quanta deliver more than this amount of energy to an individual electron, the electron may be emitted into free space with excess (kinetic) energy that is formula_1 higher than the electron's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23579 |
89,050 | The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space). The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33051527 |
92,850 | The antibody isotype of a B cell changes during cell development and activation. Immature B cells, which have never been exposed to an antigen, express only the IgM isotype in a cell surface bound form. The B lymphocyte, in this ready-to-respond form, is known as a "naive B lymphocyte." The naive B lymphocyte expresses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2362 |
93,760 | Besides the probability function, the cumulative distribution function, the probability mass function and the probability density function, the moment generating function and the characteristic function also serve to identify a probability distribution, as they uniquely determine an underlying cumulative distribution f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23543 |
97,444 | Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T-cell receptor binds to this specific antigen in a comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14958 |
98,170 | In probability theory and statistics, the Bernoulli distribution, named after Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, is the discrete probability distribution of a random variable which takes the value 1 with probability formula_7 and the value 0 with probability formula_8. Less formally, it can be thought of as a model f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199189 |
100,437 | The function "A"("t" | "ν") is the integral of Student's probability density function, "f"("t") between −"t" and "t", for "t" ≥ 0. It thus gives the probability that a value of "t" less than that calculated from observed data would occur by chance. Therefore, the function "A"("t" | "ν") can be used when testing whether... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105375 |
101,036 | Considering the system of bodies as the combined set of small particles the bodies consist of, and applying the previous on the particle level we get the negative gravitational binding energy. This potential energy is more strongly negative than the total potential energy of the system of bodies as such since it also i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23703 |
101,502 | A sonar target is small relative to the sphere, centred around the emitter, on which it is located. Therefore, the power of the reflected signal is very low, several orders of magnitude less than the original signal. Even if the reflected signal was of the same power, the following example (using hypothetical values) s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29438 |
102,969 | Volkswagen's Rudolf Krebs said in 2013 that "no matter how excellent you make the cars themselves, the laws of physics hinder their overall efficiency. The most efficient way to convert energy to mobility is electricity." He elaborated: "Hydrogen mobility only makes sense if you use green energy", but ... you need to c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188545 |
106,590 | If one used Planck's energy quanta, and demanded that electromagnetic radiation at a given frequency could only transfer energy to matter in integer multiples of an energy quantum "hf", then the photoelectric effect could be explained very simply. Low-frequency light only ejects low-energy electrons because each electr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33426 |
106,615 | Wave–particle duality is deeply embedded into the foundations of quantum mechanics. In the formalism of the theory, all the information about a particle is encoded in its wave function, a complex-valued function roughly analogous to the amplitude of a wave at each point in space. This function evolves according to Schr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33426 |
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