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all at once this introduction to
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object-oriented programming but it might
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come as quite a surprise that even
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though we might have identified oop by
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name in weeks past we've all been using
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classes and objects for weeks now in
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this class in fact if you think back on
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one of the very first things we did in
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this class we used integers and just got
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integers from the user but if you
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haven't already if you go and dig into
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the documentation for integers which
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again lives at this URL here you would
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actually find that int itself is and has
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been for weeks a class and in fact this
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is the signature of the Constructor call
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for an INT whereby you pass in X like a
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number quote unquote 50 or quote unquote
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something else you pass in optionally
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the base 10 for decimal two for binary
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or anything else and that int function
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will actually return to you all this
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time an object of type int that is to
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say int is a class it is a template a
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blueprint for creating integers in
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memory and anytime you and I have
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converted a string for instance to an
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INT you and I have been creating an
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object of type int that was calling
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apparently the underscore uncore init
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underscore underscore method that
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someone else the authors of python wrote
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to give us back that proper integer
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besides that if you can believe it stirs
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strings in Python have been classes
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since the first week of this class as
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well if you look up the documentation
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for a stir which lives at a similar URL
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there you will find that when you
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instantiate that is create a stir it
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takes optionally a parameter called
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object here the default value of which
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is just quote unquote which allows you
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to create in effect an empty string a
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blank string if you will but anytime you
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and I have created stirs or even used
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explicitly this stir function you are
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getting back an object of type stir
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anytime you and I have forced a string
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to lowercase per the documentation using
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syntax like this you and I have been
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taking an object of type stir and
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forcing it all to lowercase by calling a
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method called Lower a method that the
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authors of python built into the stir
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class but it's been there from the gecko
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so this notion of methods is not even
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new today you would have been doing it
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for this long if you've ever called
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strip to remove the leading and the
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trailing Whit space from a string in
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Python you are calling another method
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that came with with python written by
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the authors of python and even though we
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didn't call it a class at the time a
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stir all this time has been a class and
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instances of strings are themselves
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objects and those objects come therefore
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with these functions built in AKA
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methods that allow us to do things like
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force to lowercase and strip Whit space
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from the beginning and end let's do
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another list anytime you've created a
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list either uh either syntactically with
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square brackets or literally with l l i
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s open parenthesis close parenthesis
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which is also possible you have been
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using a class if you go to the
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documentation for list at this similar
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URL here or more specifically the
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tutorial on lists here in Python you
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will see that a list is and has been
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since the early weeks of this class A
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Class itself and that list class takes
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as part of its uh initialization an
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optional iterable something that can be
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iterated over like one comma 2 comma 3
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or some list of values and you can then
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get back a list containing those same
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iterable values if you've ever appended
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something to a list in this class as I
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have myself in the past you've been
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using a method called aend that comes
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with the list class that per the X here
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takes an argument that allows you to
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append something to the current list AKA
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self in the context of that method we
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can do this all day long if you've used
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a dictionary or a dict in Python I've
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actually all this time been calling them
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