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But all of your data is passing through those machines
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in the middle, so to speak.
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If any of them are malicious and are maybe storing your data,
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looking at your data, it's possible that you might not
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be having secure communications with the other end
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unless you are using certain defenses.
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And in our focus in this class on data, we'll
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talk about cryptography and encryption and building blocks
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via which we can mitigate attacks like these.
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But it's worth knowing about this general idea
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that even though it feels like it's only you and amazon.com,
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it's only you and paypal.com, it's only you and WhatsApp,
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there are many other machines in the middle.
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And if you're not using the best practices,
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and if you're not keeping an eye out for those things, suspicious
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those machines in the middle might actually be there to attack you,
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to take your data, to access your accounts or something more as well.
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So there's a lot of attacks out there.
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And at this point, you might be feeling a bit defeated.
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But hopefully, we've presented at least enough defenses thus far,
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and there are still a few more to come.
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But let's consider now kind of the source of a lot of these problems.
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Unfortunately, it's you, and it's me.
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Like, the whole story here today started with you
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and I are not very good at choosing passwords.
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And we generally meet the minimal requirements, not necessarily
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the best practices.
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But again, there's these sociological side effects
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of certain corporate policies or technical policies
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that do induce this trade off between security and usability.
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And it's one thing for me to preach here, so to speak,
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and say, yes, you should use long, complicated passwords that are really
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hard to guess with letters and digits and punctuation still, maybe even 64
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characters if you want to be really secure, even if it's a longer phrase.
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But honestly, there are also these pressures on me not doing that.
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It's annoying to type in 64 characters.
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It's annoying to type in eight characters if a lot of them
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require uppercase, lowercase, punctuation, and the like.
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And honestly, I have dozens, I have hundreds, maybe thousands of accounts
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nowadays on the internet that have accumulated over time.
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What am I going to do if it just gets difficult to remember these things?
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Well, like you yourself might in your company, you might walk by their desk
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and see on their monitor, the familiar yellow post-it note with one or more
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of their passwords actually on it.
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Maybe worse, you open their desk drawer, and there's a whole printout
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of all of their username and passwords.
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Or even beyond that, maybe they actually have a text file or an Excel file,
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a CSV file on their computer thinking, well, at least it's all digital.
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But it's just sitting there on their desktop.
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And worse maybe it's called passwords.txt or the like.
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But that's a very real side effect of having
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policies and technical constraints that make it harder to use systems.
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So what are some other defenses that either you can use
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or maybe companies can use or offer to make things better?
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Well, a solution to some of these problems
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might be this, Single Sign On, or SSO.
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So single sign on refers to an ability to sign up for,
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to log in to one's website using an account that you already
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have on another website.
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And very often the account that you use is one of the big ones,
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one of the popular websites or applications out there.
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So for instance, if you log in to this representative website
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here, what you might see is, yes, a form field
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via which you can type in your own email address and your password to log in.
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Or if you prefer, you can just log in with Google,
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or you can just log in with Facebook, or you can just
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log in with any number of other services if this website or application supports
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it.
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Now, what's the motivation here?
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Well, one, it's still backwards compatible,
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so to speak, with the very familiar approach of just let
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me register with my own email address.
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Let me come up with my own password and be
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done with it, especially if I don't use Google or Facebook as a customer.
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But the upside of offering these solutions, especially
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for popular websites like Google and Facebook and others,
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is that if I already have an account with Google or Facebook,
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and hopefully I already have a good password for both
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of those because those are important to me,
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and better yet, I ideally have two-factor authentication enabled
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on one or both of those, because again they're important accounts to me,
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wouldn't it be nice for this new website to let me, one,
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just log in with my existing account so that I
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don't have to waste time signing up for yet another internet account?
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Two, I don't have to remember a new password that's
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going to be difficult to remember and so forth.
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And so it decreases friction.
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It increases usability of the system.
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And ideally, it increases the security of the system in this case as well.
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Why?
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Because if you're doing a good job protecting at least these most
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important personal accounts, then this website
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stands to benefit from those same best practices on your part.
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Now, what is actually happening here?
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When you click Log in with Google, Log in with Facebook,
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you should see the Google login screen or the Facebook login screen
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respectively.
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You should literally be redirected in your browser to google.com
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or facebook.com or one of their international domain names instead.
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There, you'll type in your same username and password
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