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as usual for Google or Facebook.
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But that password is not given to this new website or this third-party website
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you're visiting, rather using a technique
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known as cryptography and encryption and some fancy math, essentially.
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The username with which you log in is sent back
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to this third-party website, but not your password, just
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a confirmation that yes, David's successfully logged into Google,
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or David successfully logged into Facebook.
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Therefore you can trust that his username is malan@harvard.edu,
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or whatever it is I typed in, to log in there.
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So using single sign on benefits not only you
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potentially but also the website or application
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by making it easier for you to register and/or log in subsequently as well.
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Now, where does this leave us ultimately?
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Some of you might already be thinking, well,
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what about using a password manager?
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And some of you might be thinking, what is a password manager?
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So let's emphasize this one perhaps the most.
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Increasingly, best practice is to use a piece of software
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that manages your passwords for you.
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Thankfully, there's going to be an even better solution than this
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on the horizon.
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But for now, minimally, if you're not using a password manager,
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you probably should be.
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If you're using the same password on multiple sites or applications,
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and thus you're vulnerable to credential stuffing,
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you should probably be using a password manager
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instead so that you can change all of those accounts
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to have unique passwords.
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But this piece of software known as a password manager
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can remember those passwords for you.
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If you are in the habit of choosing very easy passwords because it's
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just better for you to remember, you should probably
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start using a password manager because beyond remembering your passwords,
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these password managers also make it easy to generate new passwords.
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You click a button, and essentially it will
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generate a password that's however short or long that you
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want with some uppercase, lowercase, symbols, numbers,
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whatever it is a website requires.
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It will just generate it for you.
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And better yet, it will then save that generated password for you.
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So you the human do not need to memorize it,
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and you the human certainly don't need to write it
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down on a post-it note or any the other file somewhere else.
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So password managers literally do just that.
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And they have even more features than that.
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Generally, if you're using a password manager
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and you go visit a website for the second time or the third time,
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you can typically hit an automatic keystroke that
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will just automatically log you in.
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It will fill in your username and your password.
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But better yet, it will only do so if you're
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on the real gmail.com or the real facebook.com or the real paypal.com.
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These password managers also remember the URL at which you created or last
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used that username and password so that if you are somehow subject
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to a phishing attack-- you've been tricked into clicking a link and going
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to a website that looks like Google looks, like Facebook,
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but actually isn't-- the password manager will ignore your keystrokes
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and not actually log you in, pasting into that form your actual username
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and password because it doesn't recognize that same URL.
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So there are a lot of upsides of these password managers.
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The one catch is that the onus is on you to remember one primary password that
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protects your password manager itself.
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That is to say, if this is a piece of software that
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stores all of the dozens, hundreds, thousands of usernames and passwords
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that you have, you are putting proverbially all of your eggs
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in one basket, so to speak.
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That is you want to protect this password manager with probably the best
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password you've ever come up with.
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This should probably be long.
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It should have some complexity.
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It should be a little annoying perhaps to type
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in because you don't want an adversary to get in and get access
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to everything else.
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But it's just one password that we're really
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asking you to pick really well and reasonably long
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so that you're protecting everything else.
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Now, these password managers are a little different
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than what you're probably familiar with in your own browser.
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It's been common for years for browsers to remember your username and password
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by just showing you, like, bullets like, dot, dot, dot, in the form field.
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So you can just hit Enter.
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That's fine.
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But that information is often associated only with that one browser.
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It doesn't propagate to your phone or another device that you're logged into.
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It's not easy to share it with someone else
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if you have a family account, for instance, or something like that.
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So password managers often offer additional features beyond that
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and really protect all of the things that you're using,
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and also help you generate those same passwords.
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Fortunately, thankfully nowadays, these are increasingly standard.
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There are third-party options that you can find online or even purchase.
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But they're increasingly built into our own operating systems, which
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if I had to choose, especially for a less-technical audience,
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using what comes with your computer from the major manufacturers
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is probably a good thing as opposed to going
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third party unless third parties offer you additional features
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that might be especially beneficial in companies and families or the like.
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So Apple has what they call their iCloud Keychain via which you can not only
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save passwords on one device, they can propagate securely
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