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What is (are) What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance ? | Lactose
*
intestine
lactase
,
enzyme
*See the Pronunciation Guide for tips on how to say the words in bold type. | What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance |
What is (are) What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance ? | Lactose intolerance means you have symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas after you have milk or milk products.
If your small intestine does not produce much lactase, you cannot break down much lactose. Lactose that does not break down goes to your colon. The colon is an organ that absorbs water ... | What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance |
What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance ? | Common symptoms of lactose intolerance include
- bloating, a feeling of fullness or swelling, in your belly - pain in your belly - diarrhea - gas - nausea
You may feel symptoms 30 minutes to 2 hours after you have milk or milk products. You may have mild or severe symptoms. | What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance |
What to do for What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance ? | Talk with your doctor about your dietary plan. A dietary plan can help you manage the symptoms of lactose intolerance and get enough nutrients. If you have a child with lactose intolerance, follow the diet plan that your childs doctor recommends.
Milk and milk products. You may be able to have milk and... | What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance |
What to do for What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance ? | - Lactose is a sugar found in milk and milk products. - Lactose intolerance means you have symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas after you have milk or milk products. - Your doctor will try to find out if you have lactose intolerance with a medical, family, and diet history; a physical exam; and medical tests.... | What I need to know about Lactose Intolerance |
What is (are) Peyronie's Disease ? | Peyronies disease is a disorder in which scar tissue, called a plaque, forms in the penisthe male organ used for urination and sex. The plaque builds up inside the tissues of a thick, elastic membrane called the tunica albuginea. The most common area for the plaque is on the top or bottom of the penis. As the plaque bu... | Peyronie's Disease |
What causes Peyronie's Disease ? | Medical experts do not know the exact cause of Peyronies disease. Many believe that Peyronies disease may be the result of
- acute injury to the penis - chronic, or repeated, injury to the penis - autoimmune diseasea disorder in which the bodys immune system attacks the bodys own cells and organs
... | Peyronie's Disease |
How many people are affected by Peyronie's Disease ? | Researchers estimate that Peyronies disease may affect 1 to 23 percent of men between 40 and 70 years of age.1 However, the actual occurrence of Peyronies disease may be higher due to mens embarrassment and health care providers limited reporting.1 The disease is rare in young men, although it has been reported in men ... | Peyronie's Disease |
What are the symptoms of Peyronie's Disease ? | The signs and symptoms of Peyronies disease may include
- hard lumps on one or more sides of the penis - pain during sexual intercourse or during an erection - a curve in the penis either with or without an erection - narrowing or shortening of the penis - ED
Symptoms of Peyronies ... | Peyronie's Disease |
What are the complications of Peyronie's Disease ? | Complications of Peyronies disease may include
- the inability to have sexual intercourse - ED - anxiety, or stress, about sexual abilities or the appearance of the penis - stress on a relationship with a sexual partner - problems fathering a child because intercourse is difficult | Peyronie's Disease |
How to diagnose Peyronie's Disease ? | A urologist diagnoses Peyronies disease based on
- a medical and family history - a physical exam - imaging tests
Medical and Family History
Taking a medical and family history is one of the first things a urologist may do to help diagnose Peyronies disease. He or sh... | Peyronie's Disease |
What are the treatments for Peyronie's Disease ? | A urologist may treat Peyronies disease with nonsurgical treatments or surgery.
The goal of treatment is to reduce pain and restore and maintain the ability to have intercourse. Men with small plaques, minimal penile curvature, no pain, and satisfactory sexual function may not need treatment until symp... | Peyronie's Disease |
How to prevent Peyronie's Disease ? | Researchers do not know how to prevent Peyronies disease. | Peyronie's Disease |
What to do for Peyronie's Disease ? | Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing Peyronies disease. | Peyronie's Disease |
What to do for Peyronie's Disease ? | - Peyronies disease is a disorder in which scar tissue, called a plaque, forms in the penisthe male organ used for urination and sex. - Medical experts do not know the exact cause of Peyronies disease. Many believe that Peyronies disease may be the result of - acute injury to the penis - chronic, or repeated, ... | Peyronie's Disease |
What is (are) Acromegaly ? | Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that results from too much growth hormone (GH) in the body. The pituitary, a small gland in the brain, makes GH. In acromegaly, the pituitary produces excessive amounts of GH. Usually the excess GH comes from benign, or noncancerous, tumors on the pituitary. These benign tumors are cal... | Acromegaly |
What are the symptoms of Acromegaly ? | The name acromegaly comes from the Greek words for "extremities" and "enlargement," reflecting one of its most common symptomsthe abnormal growth of the hands and feet. Swelling of the hands and feet is often an early feature, with patients noticing a change in ring or shoe size, particularly shoe width. Gradually, bon... | Acromegaly |
What causes Acromegaly ? | Acromegaly is caused by prolonged overproduction of GH by the pituitary gland. The pituitary produces several important hormones that control body functions such as growth and development, reproduction, and metabolism. But hormones never seem to act simply and directly. They usually "cascade" or flow in a series, affec... | Acromegaly |
How many people are affected by Acromegaly ? | Small pituitary adenomas are common, affecting about 17 percent of the population.1 However, research suggests most of these tumors do not cause symptoms and rarely produce excess GH.2 Scientists estimate that three to four out of every million people develop acromegaly each year and about 60 out of every million peopl... | Acromegaly |
How to diagnose Acromegaly ? | Blood tests
If acromegaly is suspected, a doctor must measure the GH level in a persons blood to determine if it is elevated. However, a single measurement of an elevated blood GH level is not enough to diagnose acromegaly: Because GH is secreted by the pituitary in impulses, or spurts, its concentrati... | Acromegaly |
What are the treatments for Acromegaly ? | Currently, treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, medical therapy, and radiation therapy of the pituitary.
Goals of treatment are to
- reduce excess hormone production to normal levels - relieve the pressure that the growing pituitary tumor may be exerting on the sur... | Acromegaly |
What are the treatments for Acromegaly ? | Currently, treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, medical therapy, and radiation therapy of the pituitary.
Goals of treatment are to
- reduce excess hormone production to normal levels - relieve the pressure that the growing pituitary tumor may be exerting on the sur... | Acromegaly |
What are the treatments for Acromegaly ? | No single treatment is effective for all patients. Treatment should be individualized, and often combined, depending on patient characteristics such as age and tumor size.
If the tumor has not yet invaded surrounding nonpituitary tissues, removal of the pituitary adenoma by an experienced neurosurgeon ... | Acromegaly |
What to do for Acromegaly ? | - Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that results from too much growth hormone (GH) in the body. - In most people with acromegaly, a benign tumor of the pituitary gland produces excess GH. - Common features of acromegaly include abnormal growth of the hands and feet; bone growth in the face that leads to a protruding ... | Acromegaly |
What is (are) Gastroparesis ? | Gastroparesis, also called delayed gastric emptying, is a disorder that slows or stops the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine. Normally, the muscles of the stomach, which are controlled by the vagus nerve, contract to break up food and move it through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract ... | Gastroparesis |
What causes Gastroparesis ? | Most people diagnosed with gastroparesis have idiopathic gastroparesis, which means a health care provider cannot identify the cause, even with medical tests. Diabetes is the most common known cause of gastroparesis. People with diabetes have high levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar. Over time, high blood ... | Gastroparesis |
What are the symptoms of Gastroparesis ? | The most common symptoms of gastroparesis are nausea, a feeling of fullness after eating only a small amount of food, and vomiting undigested foodsometimes several hours after a meal. Other symptoms of gastroparesis include
- gastroesophageal reflux (GER), also called acid reflux or acid regurgitationa... | Gastroparesis |
How to diagnose Gastroparesis ? | Gastroparesis is diagnosed through a physical exam, medical history, blood tests, tests to rule out blockage or structural problems in the GI tract, and gastric emptying tests. Tests may also identify a nutritional disorder or underlying disease. To rule out any blockage or other structural problems, the health care pr... | Gastroparesis |
What are the treatments for Gastroparesis ? | Treatment of gastroparesis depends on the severity of the persons symptoms. In most cases, treatment does not cure gastroparesis, which is usually a chronic, or long-lasting, condition. Gastroparesis is also a relapsing conditionthe symptoms can come and go for periods of time. Treatment helps people manage the conditi... | Gastroparesis |
What to do for Gastroparesis ? | Changing eating habits can sometimes help control the severity of gastroparesis symptoms. A health care provider may suggest eating six small meals a day instead of three large ones. If less food enters the stomach each time a person eats, the stomach may not become overly full, allowing it to empty more easily. Chewin... | Gastroparesis |
What are the treatments for Gastroparesis ? | An elevated blood glucose level directly interferes with normal stomach emptying, so good blood glucose control in people with diabetes is important. However, gastroparesis can make blood glucose control difficult. When food that has been delayed in the stomach finally enters the small intestine and is absorbed, blood ... | Gastroparesis |
What is (are) Gastroparesis ? | The problems of gastroparesis can include
- severe dehydration due to persistent vomiting - gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is GER that occurs more than twice a week for a few weeks; GERD can lead to esophagitis irritation of the esophagus - bezoars, which can cause nausea, vomiting, ob... | Gastroparesis |
What to do for Gastroparesis ? | #NAME? | Gastroparesis |
What is (are) Alagille Syndrome ? | Alagille syndrome is a genetic condition that results in various symptoms in different parts of the body, including the liver. A person with Alagille syndrome has fewer than the normal number of small bile ducts inside the liver. The liver is the organ in the abdomenthe area between the chest and hipsthat makes blood p... | Alagille Syndrome |
What is (are) Alagille Syndrome ? | The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tractalso called the digestive tractand the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, ... | Alagille Syndrome |
What causes Alagille Syndrome ? | Alagille syndrome is caused by a gene mutation, or defect. Genes provide instructions for making proteins in the body. A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the material inside cells that carries genetic information and passes genes from parent... | Alagille Syndrome |
How many people are affected by Alagille Syndrome ? | Alagille syndrome occurs in about one of every 30,000 live births.3 The disorder affects both sexes equally and shows no geographical, racial, or ethnic preferences.
JAG1 and NOTCH2 gene mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant way, which means a child can get Alagille syndrome by inheriting ei... | Alagille Syndrome |
What are the symptoms of Alagille Syndrome ? | The signs and symptoms of Alagille syndrome and their severity vary, even among people in the same family sharing the same gene mutation.
Liver
In some people, problems in the liver may be the first signs and symptoms of the disorder. These signs and symptoms can occur in children and ... | Alagille Syndrome |
What are the complications of Alagille Syndrome ? | The complications of Alagille syndrome include liver failure, portal hypertension, and growth problems. People with Alagille syndrome usually have a combination of complications, and may not have every complication listed below.
Liver failure. Over time, the decreased number of bile ducts may lead to c... | Alagille Syndrome |
How to diagnose Alagille Syndrome ? | A health care provider diagnoses Alagille syndrome by performing a thorough physical exam and ordering one or more of the following tests and exams:
- blood test - urinalysis - x ray - abdominal ultrasound - cardiology exam - slit-lamp exam - liver biopsy - genetic testing
Alagi... | Alagille Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Alagille Syndrome ? | Treatment for Alagille syndrome includes medications and therapies that increase the flow of bile from the liver, promote growth and development in infants' and children's bodies, correct nutritional deficiencies, and reduce the person's discomfort. Ursodiol (Actigall, Urso) is a medication that increases bile flow. Ot... | Alagille Syndrome |
How to prevent Alagille Syndrome ? | Scientists have not yet found a way to prevent Alagille syndrome. However, complications of the disorder can be managed with the help of health care providers. Routine visits with a health care team are needed to prevent complications from becoming worse. | Alagille Syndrome |
What to do for Alagille Syndrome ? | Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing Alagille syndrome. However, these factors are important for people with Alagille syndrome, particularly children, who are malnourished, growing poorly, or have delayed puberty. Caregivers and parents of children with Alagil... | Alagille Syndrome |
What to do for Alagille Syndrome ? | - Alagille syndrome is a genetic condition that results in various symptoms in different parts of the body, including the liver. - A person with Alagille syndrome has fewer than the normal number of small bile ducts inside the liver. - In people with Alagille syndrome, the decreased number of bile ducts causes bile t... | Alagille Syndrome |
What is (are) IgA Nephropathy ? | IgA nephropathy, also known as Bergers disease, is a kidney disease that occurs when IgA deposits build up in the kidneys, causing inflammation that damages kidney tissues. IgA is an antibodya protein made by the immune system to protect the body from foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses. Most people with IgA... | IgA Nephropathy |
What causes IgA Nephropathy ? | Scientists think that IgA nephropathy is an autoimmune kidney disease, meaning that the disease is due to the bodys immune system harming the kidneys.
People with IgA nephropathy have an increased blood level of IgA that contains less of a special sugar, galactose, than normal. This galactose-deficient... | IgA Nephropathy |
How many people are affected by IgA Nephropathy ? | IgA nephropathy is one of the most common kidney diseases, other than those caused by diabetes or high blood pressure.1
IgA nephropathy can occur at any age, although the first evidence of kidney disease most frequently appears when people are in their teens to late 30s.2 IgA nephropathy in the United ... | IgA Nephropathy |
What are the symptoms of IgA Nephropathy ? | In its early stages, IgA nephropathy may have no symptoms; it can be silent for years or even decades. Once symptoms appear, the most common one is hematuria, or blood in the urine. Hematuria can be a sign of damaged glomeruli. Blood in the urine may appear during or soon after a cold, sore throat, or other respiratory... | IgA Nephropathy |
What are the complications of IgA Nephropathy ? | Complications of IgA nephropathy include
- high blood pressure - acute kidney failuresudden and temporary loss of kidney function - chronic kidney failurereduced kidney function over a period of time - nephrotic syndromea collection of symptoms that indicate kidney damage; symptoms include albuminur... | IgA Nephropathy |
How to diagnose IgA Nephropathy ? | A health care provider diagnoses kidney disease with
- a medical and family history - a physical exam - urine tests - a blood test
Medical and Family History
Taking a medical and family history may help a health care provider diagnose kidney disease.
... | IgA Nephropathy |
How to diagnose IgA Nephropathy ? | Currently, health care providers do not use blood or urine tests as reliable ways to diagnose IgA nephropathy; therefore, the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy requires a kidney biopsy.
A kidney biopsy is a procedure that involves taking a small piece of kidney tissue for examination with a microscope. A he... | IgA Nephropathy |
What are the treatments for IgA Nephropathy ? | Researchers have not yet found a specific cure for IgA nephropathy. Once the kidneys are scarred, they cannot be repaired. Therefore, the ultimate goal of IgA nephropathy treatment is to prevent or delay end-stage kidney disease. A health care provider may prescribe medications to
- control a persons b... | IgA Nephropathy |
How to prevent IgA Nephropathy ? | Researchers have not found a way to prevent IgA nephropathy. People with a family history of IgA nephropathy should talk with their health care provider to find out what steps they can take to keep their kidneys healthy, such as controlling their blood pressure and keeping their blood cholesterol at healthy levels. | IgA Nephropathy |
What to do for IgA Nephropathy ? | Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing IgA nephropathy. Health care providers may recommend that people with kidney disease, such as IgA nephropathy, make dietary changes such as
- limiting dietary sodium, often from salt, to help reduce edema a... | IgA Nephropathy |
What to do for IgA Nephropathy ? | - Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, also known as Bergers disease, is a kidney disease that occurs when IgA deposits build up in the kidneys, causing inflammation that damages kidney tissues. - Scientists think that IgA nephropathy is an autoimmune kidney disease, meaning that the disease is due to the bodys immune ... | IgA Nephropathy |
What is (are) Hemorrhoids ? | Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins around the anus or in the lower rectum. The rectum is the last part of the large intestine leading to the anus. The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract where bowel contents leave the body.
External hemorrhoids are located under the skin aroun... | Hemorrhoids |
What are the symptoms of Hemorrhoids ? | The most common symptom of internal hemorrhoids is bright red blood on stool, on toilet paper, or in the toilet bowl after a bowel movement. Internal hemorrhoids that are not prolapsed are usually not painful. Prolapsed hemorrhoids often cause pain, discomfort, and anal itching.
Blood clots may form in... | Hemorrhoids |
How many people are affected by Hemorrhoids ? | About 75 percent of people will have hemorrhoids at some point in their lives.1 Hemorrhoids are most common among adults ages 45 to 65.2 Hemorrhoids are also common in pregnant women. | Hemorrhoids |
What causes Hemorrhoids ? | Swelling in the anal or rectal veins causes hemorrhoids. Several factors may cause this swelling, including
- chronic constipation or diarrhea - straining during bowel movements - sitting on the toilet for long periods of time - a lack of fiber in the diet
Another cause of hemorrhoi... | Hemorrhoids |
How to diagnose Hemorrhoids ? | The doctor will examine the anus and rectum to determine whether a person has hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoid symptoms are similar to the symptoms of other anorectal problems, such as fissures, abscesses, warts, and polyps.
The doctor will perform a physical exam to look for visible hemorrhoids. A digital rect... | Hemorrhoids |
What are the treatments for Hemorrhoids ? | At-home Treatments
Simple diet and lifestyle changes often reduce the swelling of hemorrhoids and relieve hemorrhoid symptoms. Eating a high-fiber diet can make stools softer and easier to pass, reducing the pressure on hemorrhoids caused by straining.
Fiber is a substance found in pla... | Hemorrhoids |
What to do for Hemorrhoids ? | #NAME? | Hemorrhoids |
What is (are) Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease ? | Anemia is a condition in which a person has a lower than normal number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells drops below normal, which prevents the bodys cells from getting enough oxygen. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color and lets red blood cells transport... | Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease |
What is (are) Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease ? | Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease is a type of anemia that commonly occurs with chronic, or long term, illnesses or infections. Cancer and inflammatory disorders, in which abnormal activation of the immune system occurs, can also cause AI/ACD.
AI/ACD is easily confused with iron-deficiency ane... | Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease |
Who is at risk for Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease? ? | While AI/ACD can affect people at any age, older adults are especially at risk because they have the highest rates of chronic disease. AI/ACD is also common among hospitalized patients, particularly those with chronic illnesses.
More than 130 million Americans live with at least one chronic illness.2 A... | Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease |
What causes Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease ? | Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease is caused by red blood cells not functioning normally, so they cannot absorb and use iron efficiently. In addition, the body cannot respond normally to erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Over time, this a... | Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease |
What are the symptoms of Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease ? | Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease typically develops slowly and, because it is usually mild, may cause few or no symptoms. Symptoms of anemia may also be masked by the symptoms of the underlying disease. Sometimes, AI/ACD can cause or contribute to
- fatigue - weakness - pale skin - a fast ... | Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease |
How to diagnose Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease ? | To diagnose AI/ACD, a health care provider orders a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC). A blood test involves drawing a persons blood at a health care providers office or commercial facility and sending the sample to a lab for analysis. The CBC includes a measurement of a persons hematocrit, the percentage ... | Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease |
What are the treatments for Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease ? | Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease often is not treated separately from the condition with which it occurs. In general, health care providers focus on treating the underlying illness. If this treatment is successful, the anemia usually resolves. For example, antibiotics prescribed for infection and anti-inflamm... | Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease |
What to do for Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease ? | People with anemia caused by iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid deficiencies are usually advised to include sources of these nutrients in their diets.
Dietary sources of iron include
- beans - breakfast cereals - chicken - enriched bread - spinach - turkey
Dietary s... | Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease |
What to do for Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease ? | - Anemia is a condition in which a person has a lower than normal number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells drops below normal, which prevents the bodys cells from getting enough oxygen. - Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease (AI/ACD) is a type of anemia that commonly occurs wi... | Anemia of Inflammation and Chronic Disease |
What is (are) Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen, or belly, to filter your blood inside your body. Doctors call this lining the peritoneum. A doctor will place a soft tube, called a catheter, in your belly a few weeks before you start treatment.
When you start ... | Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis |
What is (are) Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | The two types of peritoneal dialysis are continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysisalso called CAPDand automated peritoneal dialysiswhich doctors sometimes call APD or continuous cycler-assisted peritoneal dialysis. After learning about the types of peritoneal dialysis, you can choose the type that best fits your schedu... | Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis |
What are the treatments for Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | Your health care team will perform several tests to tell if your dialysis exchanges are removing enough wastes. These tests are especially important during the first weeks of treatment to determine whether your schedule is adequate.
Peritoneal Equilibration Test
For a peritoneal equili... | Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis |
What to do for Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | Eating the right foods can help you feel better while on peritoneal dialysis. Talk with your dialysis centers dietitian to find a meal plan that works for you. Your dietary needs will depend on your treatment and other factors such as your weight and activity level. Staying healthy with CKD requires watching what is in... | Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis |
What to do for Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | #NAME? | Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis |
What is (are) Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of the parathyroid glands, also called parathyroids. Primary means this disorder originates in the parathyroid glands. In primary hyperparathyroidism, one or more of the parathyroid glands are overactive. As a result, the gland releases too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). The d... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
What is (are) Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | The parathyroid glands are four pea-sized glands located on or near the thyroid gland in the neck. Occasionally, a person is born with one or more of the parathyroid glands in another location. For example, a gland may be embedded in the thyroid, in the thymusan immune system organ located in the chestor elsewhere arou... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
What is (are) Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | High PTH levels trigger the bones to release increased amounts of calcium into the blood, causing blood calcium levels to rise above normal. The loss of calcium from bones may weaken the bones. Also, the small intestine may absorb more calcium from food, adding to the excess calcium in the blood. In response to high bl... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
What causes Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | In about 80 percent of people with primary hyperparathyroidism, a benign, or noncancerous, tumor called an adenoma has formed in one of the parathyroid glands.2 The tumor causes the gland to become overactive. In most other cases, the excess hormone comes from two or more overactive parathyroid glands, a condition call... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
What are the symptoms of Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | Most people with primary hyperparathyroidism have no symptoms. When symptoms appear, they are often mild and nonspecific, such as
- muscle weakness - fatigue and an increased need for sleep - feelings of depression - aches and pains in bones and joints
People with more severe diseas... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
How to diagnose Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | Health care providers diagnose primary hyperparathyroidism when a person has high blood calcium and PTH levels. High blood calcium is usually the first sign that leads health care providers to suspect parathyroid gland overactivity. Other diseases can cause high blood calcium levels, but only in primary hyperparathyroi... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
How to diagnose Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | Once the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is established, other tests may be done to assess complications:
- Bone mineral density test. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, sometimes called a DXA or DEXA scan, uses low-dose x rays to measure bone density. During the test, a person lies on a padded... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
What are the treatments for Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | Surgery
Surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland or glands is the only definitive treatment for the disorder, particularly if the patient has a very high blood calcium level or has had a fracture or a kidney stone. In patients without any symptoms, guidelines are used to identify who might be... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
What to do for Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | Eating, diet, and nutrition have not been shown to play a role in causing or preventing primary hyperparathyroidism.
Vitamin D. Experts suggest correcting vitamin D deficiency in people with primary hyperparathyroidism to achieve a serum level of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D greater than 20 nanograms per decil... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
What to do for Primary Hyperparathyroidism ? | - Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of the parathyroid glands, in which one or more of the parathyroid glands are overactive. As a result, the gland releases too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). - High PTH levels trigger the bones to release increased calcium into the blood, causing blood calcium levels to rise... | Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
What is (are) Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children ? | Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, meaning it is a problem caused by changes in how the GI tract works. Children with a functional GI disorder have frequent symptoms, but the GI tract does not become damaged. IBS is not a disease; it is a group of symptoms that occur together. The ... | Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children |
What is (are) Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children ? | The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The movement of muscles in the GI tract, along with the release of hormones and enzymes, allows for the digestion of food. Organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large inte... | Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children |
How many people are affected by Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children ? | Limited information is available about the number of children with IBS. Older studies have reported prevalence rates for recurrent abdominal pain in children of 10 to 20 percent.1 However, these studies did not differentiate IBS from functional abdominal pain, indigestion, and abdominal migraine. One study of children ... | Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children |
What are the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children ? | The symptoms of IBS include abdominal pain or discomfort and changes in bowel habits. To meet the definition of IBS, the pain or discomfort should be associated with two of the following three symptoms:
- start with bowel movements that occur more or less often than usual - start with stool that appea... | Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children |
What causes Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children ? | The causes of IBS are not well understood. Researchers believe a combination of physical and mental health problems can lead to IBS. The possible causes of IBS in children include the following:
- Brain-gut signal problems. Signals between the brain and nerves of the small and large intestines, also ca... | Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children |
How to diagnose Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children ? | To diagnose IBS, a health care provider will conduct a physical exam and take a complete medical history. The medical history will include questions about the childs symptoms, family members with GI disorders, recent infections, medications, and stressful events related to the onset of symptoms. IBS is diagnosed when t... | Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children |
What are the treatments for Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children ? | Though there is no cure for IBS, the symptoms can be treated with a combination of the following:
- changes in eating, diet, and nutrition - medications - probiotics - therapies for mental health problems | Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children |
What to do for Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children ? | Large meals can cause cramping and diarrhea, so eating smaller meals more often, or eating smaller portions, may help IBS symptoms. Eating meals that are low in fat and high in carbohydrates, such as pasta, rice, whole-grain breads and cereals, fruits, and vegetables may help.
Certain foods and drinks ... | Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children |
What to do for Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children ? | - Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, meaning it is a problem caused by changes in how the GI tract works. Children with a functional GI disorder have frequent symptoms, but the GI tract does not become damaged. - IBS is not a disease; it is a group of symptoms that occur tog... | Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children |
What is (are) Cirrhosis ? | Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver slowly deteriorates and is unable to function normally due to chronic, or long lasting, injury. Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and partially blocks the flow of blood through the liver.
The liver is the bodys largest internal organ. The liver is cal... | Cirrhosis |
What causes Cirrhosis ? | Cirrhosis has various causes. Many people with cirrhosis have more than one cause of liver damage.
The list below shows common causes of cirrhosis in the United States.2 While chronic hepatitis C and alcohol-related liver disease are the most common causes of cirrhosis, the incidence of cirrhosis cause... | Cirrhosis |
What are the symptoms of Cirrhosis ? | Many people with cirrhosis have no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. However, as the disease progresses, a person may experience the following symptoms:
- fatigue, or feeling tired - weakness - itching - loss of appetite - weight loss - nausea - bloating of the abdomen from ascitesa bu... | Cirrhosis |
What are the complications of Cirrhosis ? | As the liver fails, complications may develop. In some people, complications may be the first signs of the disease. Complications of cirrhosis may include the following:
Portal hypertension. The portal vein carries blood from the stomach, intestines, spleen, gallbladder, and pancreas to the liver. In c... | Cirrhosis |
How to diagnose Cirrhosis ? | A health care provider usually diagnoses cirrhosis based on the presence of conditions that increase its likelihood, such as heavy alcohol use or obesity, and symptoms. A health care provider may test for cirrhosis based on the presence of these conditions alone because many people do not have symptoms in the early sta... | Cirrhosis |
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