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What is the outlook for Orthostatic Hypotension ? | The prognosis for individuals with orthostatic hypotension depends on the underlying cause of the condition. | Orthostatic Hypotension |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Orthostatic Hypotension ? | The NINDS supports research on conditions such as neurogenic orthostatic hypotension aimed at increasing scientific understanding of the condition and finding ways to treat and prevent it. | Orthostatic Hypotension |
What is (are) Sotos Syndrome ? | Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutation in the NSD1 gene on chromosome 5. It is characterized by excessive physical growth during the first few years of life. Children with Sotos syndrome tend to be large at birth and are often taller, heavier, and have larger heads (macrocrani... | Sotos Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Sotos Syndrome ? | There is no standard course of treatment for Sotos syndrome. Treatment is symptomatic. | Sotos Syndrome |
What is the outlook for Sotos Syndrome ? | Sotos syndrome is not a life-threatening disorder and patients may have a normal life expectancy. The initial abnormalities of Sotos syndrome usually resolve as the growth rate becomes normal after the first few years of life. Developmental delays may improve in the school-age years, and adults with Sotos syndrome are ... | Sotos Syndrome |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Sotos Syndrome ? | The NINDS supports and conducts a wide range of studies which focus on identifying and learning more about the genes involved in normal brain development. The knowledge gained from these fundamental studies provides the foundation for understanding how this process can go awry and, thus, may eventually give clues to un... | Sotos Syndrome |
What is (are) Spinal Cord Infarction ? | Spinal cord infarction is a stroke either within the spinal cord or the arteries that supply it. It is caused by arteriosclerosis or a thickening or closing of the major arteries to the spinal cord. Frequently spinal cord infarction is caused by a specific form of arteriosclerosis called atheromatosis, in which a depos... | Spinal Cord Infarction |
What are the treatments for Spinal Cord Infarction ? | Treatment is symptomatic. Physical and occupational therapy may help individuals recover from weakness or paralysis. A catheter may be necessary for patients with urinary incontinence. | Spinal Cord Infarction |
What is the outlook for Spinal Cord Infarction ? | Recovery depends upon how quickly treatment is received and how severely the body is compromised. Paralysis may persist for many weeks or be permanent. Most individuals have a good chance of recovery. | Spinal Cord Infarction |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Spinal Cord Infarction ? | NINDS conducts and supports research on disorders of the spinal cord such as spinal cord infarction, aimed at learning more about these disorders and finding ways to prevent and treat them. | Spinal Cord Infarction |
What is (are) Acid Lipase Disease ? | Acid lipase disease or deficiency occurs when the enzyme needed to break down certain fats that are normally digested by the body is lacking or missing, resulting in the toxic buildup of these fats in the bodys cells and tissues. These fatty substances, called lipids, include fatty acids, oils, and cholesterol. Two rar... | Acid Lipase Disease |
What are the treatments for Acid Lipase Disease ? | Enzyme replacement therapy for both Wolman's and cholesteryl ester storage disease is currently under investigation. Certain drugs may be given to help with adrenal gland production, and children may need to be fed intravenously. Individuals with CESD may benefit from a low cholesterol diet. | Acid Lipase Disease |
What is the outlook for Acid Lipase Disease ? | Wolmans disease is usually fatal by age 1. The onset and course of cholesteryl ester storage disease varies, and individuals may live into adulthood. | Acid Lipase Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Acid Lipase Disease ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge abut the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological diseaset. The NINDS conducts and supports research to understand lipid storage diseases such as acid lipas... | Acid Lipase Disease |
What is (are) Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies ? | The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries are caused by damage to those nerves. Erb-Duchenne (Erb's) palsy refers to paralysis of the upper brachial plexus. Dejerine-Klumpke (Klumpke's) palsy refers to paralysis of the lower ... | Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies |
What are the treatments for Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies ? | Some brachial plexus injuries may heal without treatment. Many children who are injured during birth improve or recover by 3 to 4 months of age. Treatment for brachial plexus injuries includes physical therapy and, in some cases, surgery. | Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies |
What is the outlook for Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies ? | The site and type of brachial plexus injury determines the prognosis. For avulsion and rupture injuries, there is no potential for recovery unless surgical reconnection is made in a timely manner. The potential for recovery varies for neuroma and neuropraxia injuries. Most individuals with neuropraxia injuries recover ... | Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies ? | The NINDS conducts and supports research on injuries to the nervous system such as brachial plexus injuries. Much of this research is aimed at finding ways to prevent and treat these disorders. | Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies |
What is (are) Cerebral Palsy ? | The term cerebral palsy refers to a group of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement, muscle coordination, and balance.CP affects the part of the brain that controls muscle movements. The majority of children with cerebral palsy are born with it, although it... | Cerebral Palsy |
What are the treatments for Cerebral Palsy ? | Cerebral palsy cant be cured, but treatment will often improve a child's capabilities. In general, the earlier treatment begins the better chance children have of overcoming developmental disabilities or learning new ways to accomplish the tasks that challenge them.Early intervention, supportive treatments, medications... | Cerebral Palsy |
What is the outlook for Cerebral Palsy ? | Cerebral palsy doesnt always cause profound disabilities and for most people with CP the disorder does not affect life expectancy. Many children with CP have average to above average intelligence and attend the same schools as other children their age. Supportive treatments, medications, and surgery can help many indiv... | Cerebral Palsy |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cerebral Palsy ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health, the leading supporter of biomedical re... | Cerebral Palsy |
What is (are) Canavan Disease ? | Canavan disease is a gene-linked neurological disorder in which the brain degenerates into spongy tissue riddled with microscopic fluid-filled spaces. Canavan disease has been classified as one of a group of genetic disorders known as the leukodystrophies. Recent research has indicated that the cells in the brain respo... | Canavan Disease |
What are the treatments for Canavan Disease ? | Canavan disease causes progressive brain atrophy. There is no cure, nor is there a standard course of treatment. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. | Canavan Disease |
What is the outlook for Canavan Disease ? | The prognosis for Canavan disease is poor. Death usually occurs before age 10, although some children may survive into their teens and twenties. | Canavan Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Canavan Disease ? | The gene for Canavan disease has been located. Many laboratories offer prenatal screening for this disorder to populations at risk. Scientists have developed animal models for this disease and are using the models to test potential therapeutic strategies. Three strategies are currently under investigation: gene transfe... | Canavan Disease |
What is (are) Craniosynostosis ? | Craniosynostosis is a birth defect of the skull characterized by the premature closure of one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull (called the cranial sutures) before brain growth is complete. Closure of a single suture is most common. Normally the skull expands uniformly to accommodate the grow... | Craniosynostosis |
What are the treatments for Craniosynostosis ? | Treatment for craniosynostosis generally consists of surgery to improve the symmetry and appearance of the head and to relieve pressure on the brain and the cranial nerves. For some children with less severe problems, cranial molds can reshape the skull to accommodate brain growth and improve the appearance of the head... | Craniosynostosis |
What is the outlook for Craniosynostosis ? | The prognosis for craniosynostosis varies depending on whether single or multiple cranial sutures are involved or other abnormalities are present. The prognosis is better for those with single suture involvement and no associated abnormalities. | Craniosynostosis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Craniosynostosis ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex mechanisms of b... | Craniosynostosis |
What is (are) Wallenberg's Syndrome ? | Wallenbergs syndrome is a neurological condition caused by a stroke in the vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar artery of the brain stem. Symptoms include difficulties with swallowing, hoarseness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, rapid involuntary movements of the eyes (nystagmus), and problems with balance and ga... | Wallenberg's Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Wallenberg's Syndrome ? | Treatment for Wallenberg's syndrome is symptomatic. A feeding tube may be necessary if swallowing is very difficult. Speech/swallowing therapy may be beneficial. In some cases, medication may be used to reduce or eliminate pain. Some doctors report that the anti-epileptic drug gabapentin appears to be an effective medi... | Wallenberg's Syndrome |
What is the outlook for Wallenberg's Syndrome ? | The outlook for someone with Wallenbergs syndrome depends upon the size and location of the area of the brain stem damaged by the stroke. Some individuals may see a decrease in their symptoms within weeks or months. Others may be left with significant neurological disabilities for years after the initial symptoms appea... | Wallenberg's Syndrome |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Wallenberg's Syndrome ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to Wallenbergs syndrome in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on fi... | Wallenberg's Syndrome |
What is (are) Spina Bifida ? | Spina bifida (SB) is a neural tube defect (a disorder involving incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and/or their protective coverings) caused by the failure of the fetus's spine to close properly during the first month of pregnancy. Infants born with SB sometimes have an open lesion on their spine where s... | Spina Bifida |
What are the treatments for Spina Bifida ? | There is no cure for SB because the nerve tissue cannot be replaced or repaired. Treatment for the variety of effects of SB may include surgery, medication, and physiotherapy. Many individuals with SB will need assistive devices such as braces, crutches, or wheelchairs. Ongoing therapy, medical care, and/or surgical tr... | Spina Bifida |
What is the outlook for Spina Bifida ? | The prognosis for individuals with SB depends on the number and severity of abnormalities. Prognosis is poorest for those with complete paralysis, hydrocephalus, and other congenital defects. With proper care, most children with SB live well into adulthood. | Spina Bifida |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Spina Bifida ? | The NINDS supports a broad range of research on neural tube defects such as SB aimed at finding ways to treat, prevent, and, ultimately, cure these disorders. Recent studies have shown that the addition of folic acid to the diet of women of child-bearing age may significantly reduce the incidence of neural tube defects... | Spina Bifida |
What is (are) Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ? | Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is characterized by a brief but widespread attack of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord that damages myelin the protective covering of nerve fibers. ADEM often follows viral or bacterial infections, or less often, vaccination for measles, mumps, or rubella. The sympto... | Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis |
What are the treatments for Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ? | Treatment for ADEM is targeted at suppressing inflammation in the brain using anti-inflammatory drugs. Most individuals respond to several days of intravenous corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone, followed by oral corticosteroid treatment. When corticosteroids fail to work, plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglo... | Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis |
What is the outlook for Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ? | Corticosteroid therapy typically helps hasten recovery from most ADEM symptoms. The long-term prognosis for individuals with ADEM is generally favorable. For most individuals, recovery begins within days, and within six months the majority of ADEM patients will have total or near total recoveries. Others may have mild ... | Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to ADEM in laboratories at the NIH, and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research foc... | Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis |
What is (are) Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension ? | Multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension is the current classification for a neurological disorder that was once called Shy-Drager syndrome. A progressive disorder of the central and autonomic nervous systems, it is characterized by orthostatic hypotension (an excessive drop in blood pressure when standing ... | Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension |
What are the treatments for Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension ? | There is no cure for multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms. Anti-Parkinson medication such as Sinemet may improve the general sense of well-being. Medications to elevate blood pressure while standing are often used, but may cause high blood pressure when lying ... | Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension |
What is the outlook for Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension ? | Most individuals with multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension die within 7 to 10 years after the onset of symptoms. A problem with the respiratory system is the most common cause of death. | Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension ? | The NINDS supports research on disorders of the autonomic nervous system, including multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension. This research is aimed at developing techniques to diagnose, treat, and prevent these disorders. Currently there are ongoing treatment trials of drugs to treat MSA. | Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension |
What is (are) Spasticity ? | Spasticity is a condition in which there is an abnormal increase in muscle tone or stiffness of muscle, which might interfere with movement, speech, or be associated with discomfort or pain. Spasticity is usually caused by damage to nerve pathways within the brain or spinal cord that control muscle movement. It may occ... | Spasticity |
What are the treatments for Spasticity ? | Treatment may include such medications as baclofen, diazepam, tizanidine or clonazepam. Physical therapy regimens may include muscle stretching and range of motion exercises to help prevent shrinkage or shortening of muscles and to reduce the severity of symptoms. Targeted injection of botulinum toxin into muscles with... | Spasticity |
What is the outlook for Spasticity ? | The prognosis for those with spasticity depends on the severity of the spasticity and the associated disorder(s). | Spasticity |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Spasticity ? | The NINDS supports research on brain and spinal cord disorders that can cause spasticity. The goals of this research are to increase scientific understanding about these disorders and to find ways to prevent, treat, and cure them. | Spasticity |
What is (are) Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis ? | Paroxysmal choreoathetosis is a movement disorder characterized by episodes or attacks of involuntary movements of the limbs, trunk, and facial muscles. The disorder may occur in several members of a family, or in only a single family member. Prior to an attack some individuals experience tightening of muscles or other... | Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis |
What are the treatments for Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis ? | Drug therapy, particularly carbamazepine, has been very successful in reducing or eliminating attacks of paroxysmal choreoathetosis. While carbamazepine is not effective in every case, other drugs have been substituted with good effect. | Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis |
What is the outlook for Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis ? | Generally, paroxysmal choreoathetosis lessens with age, and many adults have a complete remission. Because drug therapy is so effective, the prognosis for the disorder is good. | Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis ? | NINDS supports and conducts research on movement disorders such as paroxysmal choreoathetosis. Much of this research is aimed at finding ways to prevent and treat these disorders. | Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis |
What is (are) Refsum Disease ? | Adult Refsum disease (ARD) is a rare genetic disease that causes weakness or numbness of the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy). Due to a genetic abnormality, people with ARD disease lack the enzyme in peroxisomes that break down phytanic acid, a type of fat found in certain foods. As a result, toxic levels of phyt... | Refsum Disease |
What are the treatments for Refsum Disease ? | The primary treatment for ARD is to restrict or avoid foods that contain phytanic acid, including dairy products; beef and lamb; and fatty fish such as tuna, cod, and haddock. Some individuals may also require plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) in which blood is drawn, filtered, and reinfused back into the body, to contr... | Refsum Disease |
What is the outlook for Refsum Disease ? | ARD is treatable because phytanic acid is not produced by the body, but is only found in foods. With treatment, muscle weakness, numbness, and dry and scaly skin generally disappear. However, vision and hearing problems may persist and the sense of smell may not return. Untreated, ARD can lead to sudden death caused by... | Refsum Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Refsum Disease ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports research related to Adult Refsum Disease through grants to major research institutions across the country. Research is focused on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure ARD and other peroxisomal disorders. | Refsum Disease |
What is (are) Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ? | Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders, affecting approximately 1 in 2,500 people in theUnited States. CMT, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) or peroneal muscular atrophy, comprises a group of disorders caused by mutations in genes that af... | Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease |
What are the treatments for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ? | There is no cure for CMT, but physical therapy, occupational therapy, braces and other orthopedic devices, and orthopedic surgery can help people cope with the disabling symptoms of the disease. In addition, pain-killing drugs can be prescribed for patients who have severe pain. | Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease |
What is the outlook for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ? | Onset of symptoms of CMT is most often in adolescence or early adulthood, however presentation may be delayed until mid-adulthood. Progression of symptoms is very gradual. The degeneration of motor nerves results in muscle weakness and atrophy in the extremities (arms, legs, hands, or feet), and the degeneration of sen... | Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts CMT research in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports CMT research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Ongoing research includes efforts to identify more of the mutant genes ... | Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease |
What is (are) Foot Drop ? | Foot drop describes the inability to raise the front part of the foot due to weakness or paralysis of the muscles that lift the foot. As a result, individuals with foot drop scuff their toes along the ground or bend their knees to lift their foot higher than usual to avoid the scuffing, which causes what is called a st... | Foot Drop |
What are the treatments for Foot Drop ? | Treatment depends on the specific cause of foot drop. The most common treatment is to support the foot with light-weight leg braces and shoe inserts, called ankle-foot orthotics. Exercise therapy to strengthen the muscles and maintain joint motion also helps to improve gait. Devices that electrically stimulate the pero... | Foot Drop |
What is the outlook for Foot Drop ? | The prognosis for foot drop depends on the cause. Foot drop caused by trauma or nerve damage usually shows partial or even complete recovery. For progressive neurological disorders, foot drop will be a symptom that is likely to continue as a lifelong disability, but it will not shorten life expectancy. | Foot Drop |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Foot Drop ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to the neurological conditions that cause foot drop in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of... | Foot Drop |
What is (are) Cushing's Syndrome ? | Cushing's syndrome, also called hypercortisolism, is a rare endocrine disorder caused by chronic exposure of the body's tissues to excess levels of cortisol - a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal gland. Exposure to too much cortisol can occur from long-term use of synthetic glucocorticoid hormones to treat infla... | Cushing's Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Cushing's Syndrome ? | Treatment of Cushing's syndrome depends on the cause of excess cortisol. If the cause is long-term use of a medication being used to treat another disorder, the physician may reduce the dosage until symptoms are under control. Surgery or radiotherapy may be used to treat pituitary adenomas. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemo... | Cushing's Syndrome |
What is the outlook for Cushing's Syndrome ? | The prognosis for those with Cushing's syndrome varies depending on the cause of the disease. Most cases of Cushing's syndrome can be cured. Many individuals with Cushing's syndrome show significant improvement with treatment, although some may find recovery complicated by various aspects of the causative illness. Some... | Cushing's Syndrome |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cushing's Syndrome ? | NINDS supports research on Cushing's syndrome aimed at finding new ways to diagnose, treat, and cure the disorder. | Cushing's Syndrome |
What is (are) Alpers' Disease ? | Alpers' disease is a progressive, neurodevelopmental, mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome characterized by three co-occurring clinical symptoms: psychomotor regression (dementia); seizures; and liver disease. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation in the gene for the mitochondrial DNA polymerase POLG.... | Alpers' Disease |
What are the treatments for Alpers' Disease ? | There is no cure for Alpers' disease and no way to slow its progression. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Anticonvulsants may be used to treat the seizures, but at times the seizures do not respond well to therapy, even at high doses. Therefore, the benefit of seizure control should be weights against what coul... | Alpers' Disease |
What is the outlook for Alpers' Disease ? | The prognosis for individuals with Alpers' disease is poor. Those with the disease usually die within their first decade of life. Continuous, unrelenting seizures often lead to death. Liver failure and cardiorespiratory failure due to brain, spinal cord, and nerve involvement may also occur. | Alpers' Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Alpers' Disease ? | The NINDS supports research on gene-linked neurodegenerative disorders such as Alpers' disease. The goals of this research are to increase scientific understanding of these disorders, and to find ways to prevent, treat, and cure them. | Alpers' Disease |
What is (are) Binswanger's Disease ? | Binswanger's disease (BD), also called subcortical vascular dementia, is a type of dementia caused by widespread, microscopic areas of damage to the deep layers of white matter in the brain. The damage is the result of the thickening and narrowing (atherosclerosis) of arteries that feed the subcortical areas of the bra... | Binswanger's Disease |
What are the treatments for Binswanger's Disease ? | There is no specific course of treatment for BD. Treatment is symptomatic. People with depression or anxiety may require antidepressant medications such as the serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) sertraline or citalopram. Atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone and olanzapine, can be useful in indiv... | Binswanger's Disease |
What is the outlook for Binswanger's Disease ? | BD is a progressive disease; there is no cure. Changes may be sudden or gradual and then progress in a stepwise manner. BD can often coexist with Alzheimer's disease. Behaviors that slow the progression of high blood pressure, diabetes, and atherosclerosis -- such as eating a healthy diet and keeping healthy wake/sleep... | Binswanger's Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Binswanger's Disease ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to BD in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways ... | Binswanger's Disease |
What is (are) Swallowing Disorders ? | Having trouble swallowing (dysphagia) is a symptom that accompanies a number of neurological disorders. The problem can occur at any stage of the normal swallowing process as food and liquid move from the mouth, down the back of the throat, through the esophagus and into the stomach. Difficulties can range from a total... | Swallowing Disorders |
What are the treatments for Swallowing Disorders ? | Changing a person's diet by adding thickeners helps many people, as does learning different ways to eat and chew that reduce the risk for aspiration. Occasionally drug therapy that helps the neurological disorder can also help dysphagia. In a few persons, botulinum toxin injections can help when food or liquid cannot e... | Swallowing Disorders |
What is the outlook for Swallowing Disorders ? | The prognosis depends upon the type of swallowing problem and the course of the neurological disorder that produces it. In some cases, dysphagia can be partially or completely corrected using diet manipulation or non-invasive methods. In others, especially when the dysphagia is causing aspiration and preventing adequat... | Swallowing Disorders |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Swallowing Disorders ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes at the National Institutes of Health conduct research related to dysphagia in their clinics and laboratories and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research foc... | Swallowing Disorders |
What is (are) Pseudotumor Cerebri ? | Pseudotumor cerebri literally means "false brain tumor." It is likely due to high pressure within the skull caused by the buildup or poor absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The disorder is most common in women between the ages of 20 and 50. Symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri, which include headache, nausea, vomiting... | Pseudotumor Cerebri |
What are the treatments for Pseudotumor Cerebri ? | Obesity, other treatable diseases, and some medications can cause raised intracranial pressure and symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri. A thorough medical history and physical examination is needed to evaluate these factors. If a diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri is confirmed, close, repeated ophthalmologic exams are requir... | Pseudotumor Cerebri |
What is the outlook for Pseudotumor Cerebri ? | The disorder may cause progressive, permanent visual loss in some patients. In some cases, pseudotumor cerebri recurs. | Pseudotumor Cerebri |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Pseudotumor Cerebri ? | The NINDS conducts and supports research on disorders of the brain and nervous system, including pseudotumor cerebri. This research focuses primarily on increasing scientific understanding of these disorders and finding ways to prevent, treat, and cure them. | Pseudotumor Cerebri |
What is (are) Occipital Neuralgia ? | Occipital neuralgia is a distinct type of headache characterized by piercing, throbbing, or electric-shock-like chronic pain in the upper neck, back of the head, and behind the ears, usually on one side of the head. Typically, the pain of occipital neuralgia begins in the neck and then spreads upwards. Some individuals... | Occipital Neuralgia |
What are the treatments for Occipital Neuralgia ? | Treatment is generally symptomatic and includes massage and rest. In some cases, antidepressants may be used when the pain is particularly severe. Other treatments may include local nerve blocks and injections of steroids directly into the affected area. | Occipital Neuralgia |
What is the outlook for Occipital Neuralgia ? | Occipital neuralgia is not a life-threatening condition. Many individuals will improve with therapy involving heat, rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and muscle relaxants. Recovery is usually complete after the bout of pain has ended and the nerve damage repaired or lessened. | Occipital Neuralgia |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Occipital Neuralgia ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes at the National Institutes of Health conduct research related to pain and occipital neuralgia in their clinics and laboratories and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much o... | Occipital Neuralgia |
What is (are) Neurofibromatosis ? | The neurofibromatoses are genetic disorders that cause tumors to grow in the nervous system. The tumors begin in the supporting cells that make up the nerves and the myelin sheath--the thin membrane that envelops and protects the nerves. These disorders cause tumors to grow on nerves and, less frequently, in the brain ... | Neurofibromatosis |
What are the treatments for Neurofibromatosis ? | Treatment may include surgery, focused radiation, or chemotherapy. Surgery to remove NF2 tumors completely is one option. Surgery for vestibular schwannomas does not restore hearing and usually reduces hearing. Sometimes surgery is not performed until functional hearing is lost completely. Surgery may result in damage ... | Neurofibromatosis |
What is the outlook for Neurofibromatosis ? | In most cases, symptoms of NF1 are mild, and individuals live normal and productive lives. In some cases, however, NF1 can be severely debilitating and may cause cosmetic and psychological issues. The course of NF2 varies greatly among individuals. Loss of hearing in both ears develops in most individuals with NF2. In ... | Neurofibromatosis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neurofibromatosis ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. NINDS researchers are working to identify signaling pathways in the nervous system, with the hope... | Neurofibromatosis |
What is (are) Febrile Seizures ? | Febrile seizures are convulsions or seizures in infants or small children that are brought on by a fever. Most often during a febrile seizure, a child loses consciousness and shakes uncontrollably. Less commonly, a child becomes rigid or has twitches in only a portion of the body. Most febrile seizures last a minute or... | Febrile Seizures |
What are the treatments for Febrile Seizures ? | A child who has a febrile seizure usually doesn't need to be hospitalized. If the seizure is prolonged or is accompanied by a serious infection, or if the source of the infection cannot be determined, a doctor may recommend that the child be hospitalized for observation. Prolonged daily use of anti-seizure medicines is... | Febrile Seizures |
What is the outlook for Febrile Seizures ? | The vast majority of febrile seizures are short and harmless. There is no evidence that short febrile seizures cause brain damage. Multiple or prolonged seizures are a risk factor for epilepsy but most children who experience febrile seizures do not go on to develop the reoccurring seizures that re characteristic of ep... | Febrile Seizures |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Febrile Seizures ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research on seizures at its research center in Bethesda, Maryland, and through grants to major medical institutions across the country. NINDS-supported scientists are exploring environmental, biological, and genetic risk factors that might mak... | Febrile Seizures |
What is (are) Chorea ? | Chorea is an abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias, which are caused by overactivity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the areas of the brain that control movement. Chorea is characterized by brief, irregular contractions that are not repetitive or rhythmi... | Chorea |
What are the treatments for Chorea ? | There is no standard course of treatment for chorea. Treatment depends on the type of chorea and the associated disease. Treatment for Huntington's disease is supportive, while treatment for Syndenham's chorea usually involves antibiotic drugs to treat the infection, followed by drug therapy to prevent recurrence. Adju... | Chorea |
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