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What is the outlook for Back Pain ? | Most patients with back pain recover without residual functional loss, but individuals should contact a doctor if there is not a noticeable reduction in pain and inflammation after 72 hours of self-care. Recurring back pain resulting from improper body mechanics or other nontraumatic causes is often preventable. Engagi... | Back Pain |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Back Pain ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct pain research in laboratories at the NIH and also support pain research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Currently, researchers are examining the us... | Back Pain |
What is (are) Coma ? | A coma, sometimes also called persistent vegetative state, is a profound or deep state of unconsciousness. Persistent vegetative state is not brain-death. An individual in a state of coma is alive but unable to move or respond to his or her environment. Coma may occur as a complication of an underlying illness, or as a... | Coma |
What are the treatments for Coma ? | Once an individual is out of immediate danger, the medical care team focuses on preventing infections and maintaining a healthy physical state. This will often include preventing pneumonia and bedsores and providing balanced nutrition. Physical therapy may also be used to prevent contractures (permanent muscular contra... | Coma |
What is the outlook for Coma ? | The outcome for coma and persistent vegetative state depends on the cause, severity, and site of neurological damage. Individuals may emerge from coma with a combination of physical, intellectual, and psychological difficulties that need special attention. Recovery usually occurs gradually, with some acquiring more and... | Coma |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Coma ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to coma in their laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this researc... | Coma |
What is (are) Neuronal Migration Disorders ? | Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of birth defects caused by the abnormal migration of neurons in the developing brain and nervous system. In the developing brain, neurons must migrate from the areas where they are born to the areas where they will settle into their proper neural circuits. Neuronal migrat... | Neuronal Migration Disorders |
What are the treatments for Neuronal Migration Disorders ? | Treatment is symptomatic, and may include anti-seizure medication and special or supplemental education consisting of physical, occupational, and speech therapies. | Neuronal Migration Disorders |
What is the outlook for Neuronal Migration Disorders ? | The prognosis for children with NMDs varies depending on the specific disorder and the degree of brain abnormality and subsequent neurological signs and symptoms. | Neuronal Migration Disorders |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neuronal Migration Disorders ? | The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex systems of brain development. These studies include the identification of the mechanism of action of the known causes of NMD as well as studies to identify further causes of disease. NIH-funded researchers work closely with parental suppor... | Neuronal Migration Disorders |
What are the complications of Neurological Complications of AIDS ? | AIDS is primarily an immune system disorder caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but it can also affect the nervous system. HIV does not appear to directly invade nerve cells but it jeopardizes their health and function, causing symptoms such as confusion, forgetfulness, behavioral changes, headaches, prog... | Neurological Complications of AIDS |
What are the treatments for Neurological Complications of AIDS ? | No single treatment can cure the neurological complications of AIDS. Some disorders require aggressive therapy while others are treated symptomatically.
Medicines range from analgesics sold over the counter to antiepileptic drugs, opiates, corticosteroids, and some classes of antidepressants. Other tre... | Neurological Complications of AIDS |
What is the outlook for Neurological Complications of AIDS ? | The overall prognosis for individuals with AIDS in recent years has improved significantly because of new drugs and treatments. AIDS clinicians often fail to recognize neurological complications of AIDS. Those who suspect they are having neurological complications should be sure to discuss these with their doctor. | Neurological Complications of AIDS |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neurological Complications of AIDS ? | Within the Federal government, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), one part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), supports research on the neurological consequences of AIDS. The NINDS works closely with its sister agency, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (... | Neurological Complications of AIDS |
What is (are) Familial Periodic Paralyses ? | Familial periodic paralyses are a group of inherited neurological disorders caused by mutations in genes that regulate sodium and calcium channels in nerve cells. They are characterized by episodes in which the affected muscles become slack, weak, and unable to contract. Between attacks, the affected muscles usually wo... | Familial Periodic Paralyses |
What are the treatments for Familial Periodic Paralyses ? | Treatment of the periodic paralyses focuses on preventing further attacks and relieving acute symptoms. Avoiding carbohydrate-rich meals and strenuous exercise, and taking acetazolamide daily may prevent hypokalemic attacks. Attacks can be managed by drinking a potassium chloride oral solution. Eating carbohydrate-rich... | Familial Periodic Paralyses |
What is the outlook for Familial Periodic Paralyses ? | The prognosis for the familial periodic paralyses varies. Chronic attacks may result in progressive weakness that persists between attacks. Some cases respond well to treatment, which can prevent or reverse progressive muscle weakness. | Familial Periodic Paralyses |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Familial Periodic Paralyses ? | The NINDS conducts and supports research on neuromuscular disorders such as the familial periodic paralyses. These studies are aimed at increasing knowledge about these disorders and finding ways to prevent, treat, and cure them. | Familial Periodic Paralyses |
What is (are) Central Pain Syndrome ? | Central pain syndrome is a neurological condition caused by damage to or dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. This syndrome can be caused by stroke, multiple sclerosis, tumors, epilepsy, brain or spinal cord trauma, or Parkinson's disease. The character ... | Central Pain Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Central Pain Syndrome ? | Pain medications often provide some reduction of pain, but not complete relief of pain, for those affected by central pain syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants such as nortriptyline or anticonvulsants such as neurontin (gabapentin) can be useful. Lowering stress levels appears to reduce pain. | Central Pain Syndrome |
What is the outlook for Central Pain Syndrome ? | Central pain syndrome is not a fatal disorder, but the syndrome causes disabling chronic pain and suffering among the majority of individuals who have it. | Central Pain Syndrome |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Central Pain Syndrome ? | The NINDS vigorously pursues a research program seeking new treatments for chronic pain and nervous system damage. The goals of this research are to develop ways to more effectively treat and potentially reverse debilitating conditions such as central pain syndrome. | Central Pain Syndrome |
What is (are) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ? | Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a disease of the white matter of the brain, caused by a virus infection that targets cells that make myelin--the material that insulates nerve cells (neurons). Polyomavirus JC (often called JC virus) is carried by a majority of people and is harmless except among thos... | Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy |
What are the treatments for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ? | Currently, the best available therapy is reversal of the immune-deficient state, since there are no effective drugs that block virus infection without toxicity. Reversal may be achieved by using plasma exchange to accelerate the removal of the therapeutic agents that put patients at risk for PML. In the case of HIV-ass... | Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy |
What is the outlook for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ? | In general, PML has a mortality rate of 30-50 percent in the first few months following diagnosis but depends on the severity of the underlying disease and treatment received. Those who survive PML can be left with severe neurological disabilities. | Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to PML in laboratories at the NIH, and support additional research through grants to majorresearch institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses o... | Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy |
What is (are) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ? | Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative,fatal brain disorder. Typically, onset of symptoms occurs at about age 60. There are three major categories of CJD: sporadic (the most common form, in which people do not have any risk factors for the disease); hereditary (in which the person has a family member w... | Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
What are the treatments for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ? | There is no treatment that can cure or control CJD, although studies of a variety of drugs are now in progress. Current treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and making the person as comfortable as possible. Opiate drugs can help relieve pain, and the drugs clonazepam and sodium valproate may help relieve involunt... | Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
What is the outlook for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ? | About 70 percent of individuals die within one year. In the early stages of disease, people may have failing memory, behavioral changes, lack of coordination and visual disturbances. As the illness progresses, mental deterioration becomes pronounced and involuntary movements, blindness, weakness of extremities, and com... | Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The leading scientific theory at this time maintains that CJD is caused by a type of protein cal... | Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
What is (are) Giant Axonal Neuropathy ? | Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a rare inherited genetic disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The majority of children with GAN will begin to show symptoms of the disease sometime before five years of age. Signs of GAN usually begin in the peripheral nervous system, which controls mov... | Giant Axonal Neuropathy |
What are the treatments for Giant Axonal Neuropathy ? | Treatment is symptomatic. Children with GAN and their families usually work with a medical team that includes a pediatric neurologist, orthopedic surgeon, physiotherapist, psychologist, and speech and occupational therapists. The major goals of treatment are to maximize intellectual and physical development and minimiz... | Giant Axonal Neuropathy |
What is the outlook for Giant Axonal Neuropathy ? | GAN generally progresses slowly as neurons degenerate and die. Most children have problems with walking in the early stages of the disorder. Later they may lose sensation, coordination, strength, and reflexes in their arms and legs. As time goes on, the brain and spinal cord may become involved, causing a gradual decli... | Giant Axonal Neuropathy |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Giant Axonal Neuropathy ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports research related to GAN through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure inherited neurological disorders such as GAN. | Giant Axonal Neuropathy |
What is (are) SUNCT Headache ? | SUNCT-Short-lasting, Unilateral, Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing-is a rare form of headache that is most common in men after age 50. The disorder is marked by bursts of moderate to severe burning, piercing, or throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head and around the eye or te... | SUNCT Headache |
What are the treatments for SUNCT Headache ? | These headaches are generally non-responsive to usual treatment for other short-lasting headaches. Corticosteroids and the anti-epileptic drugs gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine may help relieve some symptoms in some patients. Studies have shown that injections of glycerol to block nerve signaling along the tr... | SUNCT Headache |
What is the outlook for SUNCT Headache ? | There is no cure for these headaches. The disorder is not fatal but can cause considerable discomfort. | SUNCT Headache |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for SUNCT Headache ? | The NINDS conducts a wide range of research on headache disorders. This research aims to discover ways to better diagnose, treat, and ultimately, prevent these disorders. | SUNCT Headache |
What is (are) Neurotoxicity ? | Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or manmade toxic substances (neurotoxicants) alters the normal activity of the nervous system. This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, key cells that transmit and process signals in the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Neurotoxicity can result from... | Neurotoxicity |
What are the treatments for Neurotoxicity ? | Treatment involves eliminating or reducing exposure to the toxic substance, followed by symptomatic and supportive therapy. | Neurotoxicity |
What is the outlook for Neurotoxicity ? | The prognosis depends upon the length and degree of exposure and the severity of neurological injury. In some instances, exposure to neurotoxicants can be fatal. In others, patients may survive but not fully recover. In other situations, many individuals recover completely after treatment. | Neurotoxicity |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neurotoxicity ? | The NINDS supports research on disorders of the brain and nervous system such as neurotoxicity, aimed at learning more about these disorders and finding ways to prevent and treat them. Scientists are investigating the role occupational or environmental toxicants have on progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as P... | Neurotoxicity |
What is (are) Spinal Cord Injury ? | A spinal cord injury usually begins with a sudden, traumatic blow to the spine that fractures or dislocates vertebrae. The damage begins at the moment of injury when displaced bone fragments, disc material, or ligaments bruise or tear into spinal cord tissue. Most injuries to the spinal cord don't completely sever it. ... | Spinal Cord Injury |
What are the treatments for Spinal Cord Injury ? | Improved emergency care for people with spinal cord injuries and aggressive treatment and rehabilitation can minimize damage to the nervous system and even restore limited abilities. Respiratory complications are often an indication of the severity of spinal cord injury About one-third of those with injury to the neck ... | Spinal Cord Injury |
What is the outlook for Spinal Cord Injury ? | Spinal cord injuries are classified as either complete or incomplete. An incomplete injury means that the ability of the spinal cord to convey messages to or from the brain is not completely lost. People with incomplete injuries retain some motor or sensory function below the injury. A complete injury is indicated by a... | Spinal Cord Injury |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Spinal Cord Injury ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts spinal cord research in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports additional research through grants to major research institutions across the country. Advances in research are giving doctors and patients ho... | Spinal Cord Injury |
What is (are) Ataxia Telangiectasia ? | Ataxia-telangiectasia is a rare, childhood neurological disorder that causes degeneration in the part of the brain that controls motor movements and speech. The first signs of the disease are unsteady walking and slurred speech, usually occurring during the first five years of life. Telangiectasias (tiny, red "spider" ... | Ataxia Telangiectasia |
What are the treatments for Ataxia Telangiectasia ? | There is no cure for A-T and, currently, no way to slow the progression of the disease. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Physical and occupational therapy help to maintain flexibility. Speech therapy is important, teaching children to control air flow to the vocal cords. Gamma-globulin injections may be useful ... | Ataxia Telangiectasia |
What is the outlook for Ataxia Telangiectasia ? | Average lifespan has been improving for years, for unknown reasons, and varies with the severity of the underlying mutations, ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) protein levels, and residual ATM kinase activity. Some individuals with later onset of disease and slower progression survive into their 50s. | Ataxia Telangiectasia |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Ataxia Telangiectasia ? | NINDS-supported researchers discovered the gene responsible for A-T, known as ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) in 1995. This gene makes a protein that activates many (probably more than 700) other proteins that control cell cycle, DNA repair, and cell death. Without it, cells are unable to activate the cellular chec... | Ataxia Telangiectasia |
What is (are) Central Pontine Myelinolysis ? | Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological disorder that most frequently occurs after too rapid medical correction of sodium deficiency (hyponatremia). The rapid rise in sodium concentration is accompanied by the movement of small molecules and pulls water from brain cells. Through a mechanism that is only pa... | Central Pontine Myelinolysis |
What are the treatments for Central Pontine Myelinolysis ? | The ideal treatment for myelinolysis is to prevent the disorder by identifying individuals at risk and following careful guidelines for evaluation and correction of hyponatremia. These guidelines aim to safely restore the serum sodium level, while protecting the brain. For those who have hyponatremia for at least 2 day... | Central Pontine Myelinolysis |
What is the outlook for Central Pontine Myelinolysis ? | The prognosis for myelinolysis varies. Some individuals die and others recover completely. Although the disorder was originally considered to have a mortality rate of 50 percent or more, improved imaging techniques and early diagnosis have led to a better prognosis for many people. Most individuals improve gradually, b... | Central Pontine Myelinolysis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Central Pontine Myelinolysis ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health, the leading supporter of biomedical r... | Central Pontine Myelinolysis |
What is (are) Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) ? | Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS) is a pediatric, genetic, degenerative disorder that involves the brain and the spinal cord. It is characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, severely reduced muscle tone, and impairment of reflexes. Symptoms may include large, low-set ears, small eyes, microce... | Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) |
What are the treatments for Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) ? | Treatment is supportive and symptomatic. Individuals with the disorder often require tube feeding. Because COFS is genetic, genetic counseling is available. | Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) |
What is the outlook for Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) ? | COFS is a fatal disease. Most children do not live beyond five years. | Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) ? | The NINDS supports research on genetic disorders such as COFS. The goals of this research include finding ways to prevent, treat, and cure these disorders. | Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) |
What is (are) Shingles ? | Shingles (herpes zoster) is an outbreak of rash or blisters on the skin that is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox the varicella-zoster virus. The first sign of shingles is often burning or tingling pain (which can be severe), or sometimes numbness or itch,generally on one side of the body. After several ... | Shingles |
What are the treatments for Shingles ? | The severity and duration of an attack of shingles can be significantly reduced by immediate treatment with antiviral drugs, which include acyclovir, valcyclovir, or famcyclovir. Antiviral drugs may also help stave off the painful after-effects of shingles known as postherpetic neuralgia. Other treatments for postherpe... | Shingles |
What is the outlook for Shingles ? | For most healthy people who receive treatment soon after the outbreak of blisters, the lesions heal, the pain subsides within 3 to 5 weeks, and the blisters often leave no scars. However, shingles is a serious threat in immunosuppressed individuals for example, those with HIV infection or who are receiving cancer trea... | Shingles |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Shingles ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS supports research on viral proteins and virus defense mechanisms in neurons to understand ... | Shingles |
What is (are) Prosopagnosia ? | Prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces. Prosopagnosia is also known as face blindness or facial agnosia. The term prosopagnosia comes from the Greek words for face and lack of knowledge. Depending upon the degree of impairment, some people with prosopagnosia may only ... | Prosopagnosia |
What are the treatments for Prosopagnosia ? | The focus of any treatment should be to help the individual with prosopagnosia develop compensatory strategies. Adults who have the condition as a result of stroke or brain trauma can be retrained to use other clues to identify individuals. | Prosopagnosia |
What is the outlook for Prosopagnosia ? | Prosopagnosia can be socially crippling. Individuals with the disorder often have difficulty recognizing family members and close friends. They often use other ways to identify people, such as relying on voice, clothing, or unique physical attributes, but these are not as effective as recognizing a face. Children with ... | Prosopagnosia |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Prosopagnosia ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to prosopagnosia in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding b... | Prosopagnosia |
What is (are) Shaken Baby Syndrome ? | Shaken baby syndrome is a type of inflicted traumatic brain injury that happens when a baby is violently shaken. A baby has weak neck muscles and a large, heavy head. Shaking makes the fragile brain bounce back and forth inside the skull and causes bruising, swelling, and bleeding, which can lead to permanent, severe b... | Shaken Baby Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Shaken Baby Syndrome ? | Emergency treatment for a baby who has been shaken usually includes life-sustaining measures such as respiratory support and surgery to stop internal bleeding and bleeding in the brain. Doctors may use brain scans, such as MRI and CT, to make a more definite diagnosis. | Shaken Baby Syndrome |
What is the outlook for Shaken Baby Syndrome ? | In comparison with accidental traumatic brain injury in infants, shaken baby injuries have a much worse prognosis. Damage to the retina of the eye can cause blindness. The majority of infants who survive severe shaking will have some form of neurological or mental disability, such as cerebral palsy or cognitive impairm... | Shaken Baby Syndrome |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Shaken Baby Syndrome ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conduct research related to shaken baby syndrome in laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of ... | Shaken Baby Syndrome |
What is (are) Gaucher Disease ? | Gaucher disease is one of the inherited metabolic disorders known as lipid storage diseases. Lipids are fatty materials that include oils, fatty acids, waxes, and steroids (such as cholesterol and estrogen). Gaucher disease is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Fatty materials can accumulate in th... | Gaucher Disease |
What are the treatments for Gaucher Disease ? | Enzyme replacement therapy is available for most people with types 1 and 3 Gaucher disease. Given intravenously every two weeks, this therapy decreases liver and spleen size, reduces skeletal abnormalities, and reverses other symptoms of the disorder. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved eligustat tartrat... | Gaucher Disease |
What is the outlook for Gaucher Disease ? | Enzyme replacement therapy is very beneficial for type 1 and most type 3 individuals with this condition. Successful bone marrow transplantation can reverse the non-neurological effects of the disease, but the procedure carries a high risk and is rarely performed in individuals with Gaucher disease. | Gaucher Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Gaucher Disease ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a part of the National Institutes of Health), is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS supports research to find ways to treat ... | Gaucher Disease |
What is (are) Moyamoya Disease ? | Moyamoya disease is a rare, progressive cerebrovascular disorder caused by blocked arteries at the base of the brain in an area called the basal ganglia. The name moyamoya means puff of smoke in Japanese and describes the look of the tangle of tiny vessels formed to compensate for the blockage. Moyamoya disease was fir... | Moyamoya Disease |
What are the treatments for Moyamoya Disease ? | There are several types of surgery that can restore blood flow (revascularization) to the brain by opening narrowed blood vessels or by bypassing blocked arteries. Children usually respond better to revascularization surgery than adults, but the majority of individuals have no further strokes or related problems after ... | Moyamoya Disease |
What is the outlook for Moyamoya Disease ? | Without surgery, the majority of individuals with Moyamoya disease will experience mental decline and multiple strokes because of the progressive narrowing of arteries.Without treatment,Moyamoya diseasecan be fatal as the result ofintracerebral hemorrhage (bleeding within the brain). | Moyamoya Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Moyamoya Disease ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS conducts and supports neurological research aimed at understanding why diseases develop... | Moyamoya Disease |
What is (are) Dyslexia ? | Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. These individuals typically read at levels significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslex... | Dyslexia |
What are the treatments for Dyslexia ? | The main focus of treatment should be on the specific learning problems of affected individuals. The usual course is to modify teaching methods and the educational environment to meet the specific needs of the individual with dyslexia. | Dyslexia |
What is the outlook for Dyslexia ? | For those with dyslexia, the prognosis is mixed. The disability affects such a wide range of people and produces such different symptoms and varying degrees of severity that predictions are hard to make. The prognosis is generally good, however, for individuals whose dyslexia is identified early, who have supportive fa... | Dyslexia |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dyslexia ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support dyslexia research through grants to major research institutions across the country. Current research avenues focus on developing techniques to diagnose and treat dyslexia and other... | Dyslexia |
What is (are) Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome ? | Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare, inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). LNS is an X-linked recessive disease-- the gene is carried by the mother and passed on to her son. LNS is present at birth in baby boys. The lack of HPRT causes a build-up... | Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome ? | Treatment for LNS is symptomatic. Gout can be treated with allopurinol to control excessive amounts of uric acid. Kidney stones may be treated with lithotripsy, a technique for breaking up kidney stones using shock waves or laser beams. There is no standard treatment for the neurological symptoms of LNS. Some may be re... | Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome |
What is the outlook for Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome ? | The prognosis for individuals with LNS is poor. Death is usually due to renal failure in the first or second decade of life. | Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome ? | The gene associated with LNS is known. The NINDS supports and conducts research on genetic disorders such as LNS in an effort to find ways to prevent and treat these disorders. | Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome |
What is (are) Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia ? | Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), also called familial spastic paraparesis (FSP), refers to a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity (stiffness) of the legs. Early in the disease course, there may be mild gait difficulties and stiffness. These symptoms typically sl... | Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia |
What are the treatments for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia ? | There are no specific treatments to prevent, slow, or reverse HSP. Symptomatic treatments used for spasticity, such as muscle relaxants, are sometimes helpful. Regular physical therapy is important for muscle strength and to preserve range of motion. | Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia |
What is the outlook for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia ? | The prognosis for individuals with HSP varies Some individuals are very disabled and others have only mild disability. The majority of individuals with uncomplicated HSP have a normal life expectancy. | Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia ? | The NINDS supports research on genetic disorders such as HSP. More than 30 genes that are responsible for several forms of HSP have been identified, and many more will likely be identified in the future. These genes generally encode proteins that normally help maintain the function of axons in the spinal cord. Understa... | Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia |
What is (are) Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome ? | Tethered spinal cord syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by tissue attachments that limit the movement of the spinal cord within the spinal column. Attachments may occur congenitally at the base of the spinal cord (conus medullaris) or they may develop near the site of an injury to the spinal cord. These attachm... | Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome ? | MRI imaging is often used to evaluate individuals with these symptoms, and can be used to diagnose the location of the tethering, lower than normal position of the conus medullaris, or presence of a tumor or fatty mass (lipoma). In children, early surgery is recommended to prevent further neurological deterioration. Re... | Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome |
What is the outlook for Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome ? | With treatment, individuals with tethered spinal cord syndrome have a normal life expectancy. However, some neurological and motor impairments may not be fully correctable. Surgery soon after symptoms emerge appears to improve chances for recovery and can prevent further functional decline. | Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome ? | The NINDS conducts and supports research on disorders of the spinal cord. The goals of this research are to find ways to prevent, treat, and cure these disorders. | Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome |
What is (are) Peripheral Neuropathy ? | Peripheral neuropathy describes damage to the peripheral nervous system, which transmits information from the brain and spinal cord to every other part of the body.
More than 100 types of peripheral neuropathy have been identified, each with its own characteristic set of symptoms, pattern of developmen... | Peripheral Neuropathy |
What are the treatments for Peripheral Neuropathy ? | No medical treatments exist that can cure inherited peripheral neuropathy. However, there are therapies for many other forms. In general, adopting healthy habits -- such as maintaining optimal weight, avoiding exposure to toxins, following a physician-supervised exercise program, eating a balanced diet, correcting vita... | Peripheral Neuropathy |
What is the outlook for Peripheral Neuropathy ? | In acute neuropathies, such as Guillain-Barr syndrome, symptoms appear suddenly, progress rapidly, and resolve slowly as damaged nerves heal. In chronic forms, symptoms begin subtly and progress slowly. Some people may have periods of relief followed by relapse. Others may reach a plateau stage where symptoms stay the ... | Peripheral Neuropathy |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Peripheral Neuropathy ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to peripheral neuropathies in laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Current... | Peripheral Neuropathy |
What is (are) Paroxysmal Hemicrania ? | Paroxysmal hemicrania is a rare form of headache that usually begins in adulthood. Patients experience severe throbbing, claw-like, or boring pain usually on one side of the face; in, around, or behind the eye; and occasionally reaching to the back of the neck. This pain may be accompanied by red and tearing eyes, a dr... | Paroxysmal Hemicrania |
What are the treatments for Paroxysmal Hemicrania ? | The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin often provides complete relief from symptoms. Other less effective NSAIDs, calcium-channel blocking drugs (such as verapamil), and corticosteroids may be used to treat the disorder. Patients with both paroxysmal hemicrania and trigeminal neuralgia (a conditio... | Paroxysmal Hemicrania |
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