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What is the outlook for Paroxysmal Hemicrania ? | Many patients experience complete to near-complete relief of symptoms following physician-supervised medical treatment. Paroxysmal hemicrania may last indefinitely but has been known to go into remission or stop spontaneously. | Paroxysmal Hemicrania |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Paroxysmal Hemicrania ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support research related to paroxysmal hemicrania through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat, a... | Paroxysmal Hemicrania |
What is (are) Motor Neuron Diseases ? | The motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy cells that control essential muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. Normally, messages from nerve cells in the brain (called upper motor neurons) are transmitted to nerve cells in the brain ste... | Motor Neuron Diseases |
What are the treatments for Motor Neuron Diseases ? | There is no cure or standard treatment for the MNDs. Symptomatic and supportive treatment can help patients be more comfortable while maintaining their quality of life. The drug riluzole (Rilutek), which as of this date is the only drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat ALS, prolongs life by 2-... | Motor Neuron Diseases |
What is the outlook for Motor Neuron Diseases ? | Prognosis varies depending on the type of MND and the age of onset. Some MNDs, such as primary lateral sclerosis and Kennedy disease, are not fatal and progress slowly. Patients with spinal muscular atrophy may appear to be stable for long periods, but improvement should not be expected. Some MNDs, such as ALS and some... | Motor Neuron Diseases |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Motor Neuron Diseases ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the leading supporter of biomed... | Motor Neuron Diseases |
What is (are) Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ? | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a disorder of the neuromuscular junction-the site where nerve cells meet muscle cells and help activate the muscles. It is caused by a disruption of electrical impulses between these nerve and muscle cells. LEMS is an autoimmune condition; in such disorders the immune system,... | Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ? | There is no cure for LEMS. Treatment is directed at decreasing the autoimmune response (through the use of steroids, plasmapheresis, or high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin) or improving the transmission of the disrupted electrical impulses by giving drugs such as di-amino pyridine or pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon).... | Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome |
What is the outlook for Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ? | The prognosis for individuals with LEMS varies. Those with LEMS not associated with malignancy have a benign overall prognosis. Generally the presence of cancer determines the prognosis. | Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ? | The NINDS supports research on neuromuscular disorders such as LEMS with the ultimate goal of finding ways to treat, prevent, and cure them. | Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome |
What is (are) Cerebellar Hypoplasia ? | Cerebellar hypoplasia is a neurological condition in which the cerebellum is smaller than usual or not completely developed. Cerebellar hypoplasia is a feature of a number of congenital (present at birth) malformation syndromes, such as Walker-Warburg syndrome (a form of muscular dystrophy. It is also associated with s... | Cerebellar Hypoplasia |
What are the treatments for Cerebellar Hypoplasia ? | There is no standard course of treatment for cerebellar hypoplasia. Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder and the severity of symptoms. Generally, treatment is symptomatic and supportive. | Cerebellar Hypoplasia |
What is the outlook for Cerebellar Hypoplasia ? | The prognosis is dependent upon the underlying disorder. Some of the disorders that are associated with cerebellar hypoplasia are progressive, which means the condition will worsen over time, and will most likely have a poor prognosis. Other disorders that feature cerebellar hypoplasia are not progressive, such as thos... | Cerebellar Hypoplasia |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cerebellar Hypoplasia ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports research related to cerebellar hypoplasia and its associated disorders through grants to major research institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure disorders that... | Cerebellar Hypoplasia |
What is (are) Cerebral Arteriosclerosis ? | Cerebral arteriosclerosis is the result of thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries in the brain. Symptoms of cerebral arteriosclerosis include headache, facial pain, and impaired vision.
Cerebral arteriosclerosis can cause serious health problems. If the walls of an artery are too thick, ... | Cerebral Arteriosclerosis |
What are the treatments for Cerebral Arteriosclerosis ? | Treatment for cerebral arteriosclerosis can include medications or surgery. Physicians also may recommend treatments to help people control high blood pressure, quit cigarette smoking, and reduce cholesterol levels, all of which are risk factors for cerebral arteriosclerosis. | Cerebral Arteriosclerosis |
What is the outlook for Cerebral Arteriosclerosis ? | Cerebral arteriosclerosis can lead to life threatening health events such as ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. People who survive stroke may have long-term neurological and motor impairments. | Cerebral Arteriosclerosis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cerebral Arteriosclerosis ? | The NINDS supports an extensive research program on stroke and conditions that can lead to stroke. Much of this research is aimed at finding ways to prevent and treat conditions such as cerebral arteriosclerosis. | Cerebral Arteriosclerosis |
What is (are) Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ? | Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is one of a group of genetic disorders called the leukodystrophies, which are characterized by the toxic buildup of lipids (fatty materials such as oils and waxes) and other storage materials in cells in the white matter of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. The buildup... | Metachromatic Leukodystrophy |
What are the treatments for Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ? | There is no cure for MLD. Bone marrow transplantation may delay progression of the disease in some infantile-onset cases. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Considerable progress has been made with regard to gene therapy in an animal model of MLD and in clinical trials. | Metachromatic Leukodystrophy |
What is the outlook for Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ? | The prognosis for MLD is poor. Most children within the infantile form die by age 5. Symptoms of the juvenile form progress with death occurring 10 to 20 years following onset. Those persons affected by the adult form typically die withing 6 to 14 years following onset of symptoms. | Metachromatic Leukodystrophy |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the leading supporter of biomedical ... | Metachromatic Leukodystrophy |
What is (are) Neuroacanthocytosis ? | Neuroacanthocytosis refers to a group of genetic conditions that are characterized by movement disorders and acanthocytosis (abnormal, spiculated red blood cells). Four syndromes are classified as neuroacanthocytosis: Chorea-acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome, Huntington's disease-like 2 (HDL2), and panthothenate kinase-a... | Neuroacanthocytosis |
What are the treatments for Neuroacanthocytosis ? | There are currently no treatments to prevent or slow the progression of neuroacanthocytosis and treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Medications that block dopamine, such as some of the antipsychotics, may decrease the involuntary movements. Botulinum toxin injections usually improve symptoms of dystonia. A feeding... | Neuroacanthocytosis |
What is the outlook for Neuroacanthocytosis ? | Neuroacanthocytosis is a progressive disease, and in some cases may be complicated by poor nutritional status, cardiac abnormalities, and pneumonia. | Neuroacanthocytosis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neuroacanthocytosis ? | The NINDS supports research on disorders such as neuroacanthocytosis, aimed at increasing scientific understanding of the disorders and finding ways to prevent and treat them. The genetic mutations responsible for some types of neuroacanthocytosis have recently been identified. Researchers are examining the role of the... | Neuroacanthocytosis |
What is (are) Arachnoiditis ? | Arachnoiditis describes a pain disorder caused by the inflammation of the arachnoid, one of the membranes that surround and protect the nerves of the spinal cord. The arachnoid can become inflamed because of an irritation from chemicals, infection from bacteria or viruses, as the result of direct injury to the spine, c... | Arachnoiditis |
What are the treatments for Arachnoiditis ? | Arachnoiditis remains a difficult condition to treat, and long-term outcomes are unpredictable. Most treatments for arachnoiditis are focused on pain relief and the improvement of symptoms that impair daily function. A regimen of pain management, physiotheraphy, exercise, and psychotheraphy is often recommended. Surgic... | Arachnoiditis |
What is the outlook for Arachnoiditis ? | Arachnoiditis is adisorder that causes chronic pain and neurological deficits and does not improve significantly with treatment.Surgery may only provide temporary relief. The outlook for someone witharachnoiditis iscomplicated by the fact that the disorder has no predictable pattern or severity of symptoms. | Arachnoiditis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Arachnoiditis ? | Within the NINDS research programs, arachnoiditis is addressed primarily through studies associated with pain research. NINDS vigorously pursues a research program seeking new treatments for pain and nerve damage with the ultimate goal of reversing debilitating conditions such as arachnoiditis. | Arachnoiditis |
What is (are) Pompe Disease ? | Pompe disease is a rare (estimated at 1 in every 40,000 births), inherited and often fatal disorder that disables the heart and skeletal muscles. It is caused by mutations in a gene that makes an enzyme called acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). Normally, the body uses GAA to break down glycogen, a stored form of sugar used ... | Pompe Disease |
What are the treatments for Pompe Disease ? | Individuals with Pompe disease are best treated by a team of specialists (such as cardiologist, neurologist, and respiratory therapist) knowledgeable about the disease, who can offer supportive and symptomatic care. The discovery of the GAA gene has led to rapid progress in understanding the biological mechanisms and p... | Pompe Disease |
What is the outlook for Pompe Disease ? | Without enzyme replacement therapy, the hearts of babies with infantile onset Pompe disease progressively thicken and enlarge. These babies die before the age of one year from either cardiorespiratory failure or respiratory infection. For individuals with late onset Pompe disease, the prognosis is dependent upon the ag... | Pompe Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Pompe Disease ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports Pompe research through grants to major research institutions across the country. Research related to Pompe disease is conducted in one of the laboratories of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) at ... | Pompe Disease |
What is (are) Machado-Joseph Disease ? | Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), which is also called spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, is a rare hereditary ataxia (ataxia is a medical term meaning lack of muscle control). The disease is characterized by slowly progressive clumsiness and weakness in the arms and legs, spasticity, a staggering lurching gait easily mistaken... | Machado-Joseph Disease |
What are the treatments for Machado-Joseph Disease ? | MJD is incurable, but some symptoms of the disease can be treated. For those individuals who show parkinsonian features, levodopa therapy can help for many years. Treatment with antispasmodic drugs, such as baclofen, can help reduce spasticity. Botulinum toxin can also treat severe spasticity as well as some symptoms o... | Machado-Joseph Disease |
What is the outlook for Machado-Joseph Disease ? | The severity of the disease is related to the age of onset, with earlier onset associated with more severe forms of the disease. Symptoms can begin any time between early adolescence and about 70 years of age. MJD is a progressive disease, meaning that symptoms get worse with time. Life expectancy ranges from the mid-t... | Machado-Joseph Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Machado-Joseph Disease ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts MJD research in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports MJD research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Ongoing research includes studies to better understand the genetic, mol... | Machado-Joseph Disease |
What is (are) Colpocephaly ? | Colpocephaly is a congenital brain abnormality in which the occipital horns - the posterior or rear portion of the lateral ventricles (cavities) of the brain -- are larger than normal because white matter in the posterior cerebrum has failed to develop or thicken. Colpocephaly, one of a group of structural brain disord... | Colpocephaly |
What are the treatments for Colpocephaly ? | There is no definitive treatment for colpocephaly. Anticonvulsant medications are often prescribed to prevent seizures, and doctors rely on exercise therapies and orthopedic appliances to reduce shrinkage or shortening of muscles. | Colpocephaly |
What is the outlook for Colpocephaly ? | The prognosis for individuals with colpocephaly depends on the severity of the associated conditions and the degree of abnormal brain development. Some children benefit from special education. | Colpocephaly |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Colpocephaly ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conduct research related to colpocephaly and other cephalic disorders in laboratories at the NIH, and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across... | Colpocephaly |
What is (are) Alzheimer's Disease ? | Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related, non-reversible brain disorder that develops over a period of years. Initially, people experience memory loss and confusion, which may be mistaken for the kinds of memory changes that are sometimes associated with normal aging. However, the symptoms of AD gradually lead to beh... | Alzheimer's Disease |
What are the treatments for Alzheimer's Disease ? | Currently there are no medicines that can slow the progression of AD. However, four FDA-approved medications are used to treat AD symptoms. These drugs help individuals carry out the activities of daily living by maintaining thinking, memory, or speaking skills. They can also help with some of the behavioral and person... | Alzheimer's Disease |
What is the outlook for Alzheimer's Disease ? | In very few families, people develop AD in their 30s, 40s, and 50s. This is known as "early onset" AD. These individuals have a mutation in one of three different inherited genes that causes the disease to begin at an earlier age. More than 90 percent of AD develops in people older than 65. This form of AD is called "l... | Alzheimer's Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Alzheimer's Disease ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports basic and translational research related to AD through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Current studies are investigating how the development of beta amyloid plaques damages neurons, and how abnormalities in tau protein... | Alzheimer's Disease |
What is (are) Herpes Zoster Oticus ? | Herpes zoster oticus, also called Ramsay Hunt Syndrome or Ramsay Hunt Syndrome type II, is a common complication of shingles. Shingles is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the virus that causes chickenpox. Shingles occurs in people who have had chickenpox and represents a reactivation of the d... | Herpes Zoster Oticus |
What are the treatments for Herpes Zoster Oticus ? | Some cases of herpes zoster oticus do not require treatment. When treatment is needed, medications such as antiviral drugs or corticosteroids may be prescribed. Vertigo may be treated with the drug diazepam | Herpes Zoster Oticus |
What is the outlook for Herpes Zoster Oticus ? | Generally, the prognosis of herpes zoster oticus is good. However, in some cases, hearing loss may be permanent. Vertigo may last for days or weeks. Facial paralysis may be temporary or permanent. | Herpes Zoster Oticus |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Herpes Zoster Oticus ? | The NINDS supports research on shingles and shingles-related conditions. Current studies focus on the relationship between the persistence of neurotropic viruses and development of neurological diseases including herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses. | Herpes Zoster Oticus |
What is (are) Krabbe Disease ? | Krabbe disease is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder in which harmful amounts of lipids (fatty materials such as oils and waxes) build up in various cells and tissues in the body and destroys brain cells. Krabbe disease, also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy, ischaracterized by the presence of globoid cells (cell... | Krabbe Disease |
What are the treatments for Krabbe Disease ? | There is no cure for Krabbe disease. Results of a very small clinical trial of children with infantile Krabbe disease found that children who received umbilical cord blood stem cells from unrelated donors prior to symptom onset developed with little neurological impairment. Bone marrow transplantation may help some peo... | Krabbe Disease |
What is the outlook for Krabbe Disease ? | Krabbe disease in infants is generally fatal before age 2. Individuals with a later onset form of the disease generally have a milder course of the disease and live significantly longer. | Krabbe Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Krabbe Disease ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health, the largest supporter of biomedica... | Krabbe Disease |
What is (are) Meningitis and Encephalitis ? | Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain itself. Causes of encephalitis and meningitis include viruses, bacteria, fungus, and parasites. Anyone can get encephalitis or meningitis.Inflammation from encephalitis and mening... | Meningitis and Encephalitis |
What are the treatments for Meningitis and Encephalitis ? | Anyone experiencing symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis should see a doctor immediately. Antibiotics for most types of meningitis can greatly reduce the risk of dying from the disease. Antiviral medications may be prescribed for viral encephalitis or other severe viral infections.Anticonvulsants are used to prevent ... | Meningitis and Encephalitis |
What is the outlook for Meningitis and Encephalitis ? | The prognosis for for people with encephalitis or meningitis varies. Some cases are mild, short and relatively benign and individuals have full recovery, although the process may be slow. Individuals who experience mild symptoms may recover in 2-4 weeks. Other cases are severe, and permanent impairment or death is poss... | Meningitis and Encephalitis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Meningitis and Encephalitis ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health, the leading supporter of biomedica... | Meningitis and Encephalitis |
What is (are) Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease ? | Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure used to treat several disabling neurological symptomsmost commonly the debilitating motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease (PD), such as tremor, rigidity, stiffness, slowed movement, and walking problems. The procedure is also used to treat essential tremor and dystoni... | Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease |
What are the treatments for Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease ? | Unlike previous surgeries for PD, DBS involves minimal permanent surgical changes to the brain. Instead, the procedure uses electrical stimulation to regulate electrical signals in neural circuits to and from identified areas in the brain to improve PD symptoms. Thus, if DBS causes unwanted side effects or newer, more ... | Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease |
What is the outlook for Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease ? | Although most individuals still need to take medication after undergoing DBS, many people with Parkinsons disease experience considerable reduction of their motor symptoms and are able to reduce their medications. The amount of reduction varies but can be considerably reduced in most individuals, and can lead to a sign... | Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a part of the National institutes of Health (NIH), supports research on DBS to determine its safety, reliability, and effectiveness as a treatment for PD. NINDS supported research on brain circuitry was critical to the development of DBS.
... | Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease |
What is (are) Tarlov Cysts ? | Tarlov cysts are sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid that most often affect nerve roots in the sacrum, the group of bones at the base of the spine. These cysts (also known as meningeal or perineural cysts) can compress nerve roots, causing lower back pain, sciatica (shock-like or burning pain in the lower back, buttoc... | Tarlov Cysts |
What are the treatments for Tarlov Cysts ? | Tarlov cysts may be drained and shunted to relieve pressure and pain, but relief is often only temporary and fluid build-up in the cysts will recur. Corticosteroid injections may also temporarily relieve pain. Other drugs may be prescribed to treat chronic pain and depression. Injecting the cysts with fibrin glue (a co... | Tarlov Cysts |
What is the outlook for Tarlov Cysts ? | In some instances Tarlov cysts can cause nerve pain and other pain, weakness, or nerve root compression. Acute and chronic pain may require changes in lifestyle. If left untreated, nerve root compression can cause permanent neurological damage. | Tarlov Cysts |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Tarlov Cysts ? | The NINDS, a component of the National Institutes of Health within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, vigorously pursues a research program seeking new treatments to reduce and prevent pain and nerve damage. | Tarlov Cysts |
What is (are) Transverse Myelitis ? | Transverse myelitis is a neurological disorder caused by inflammation across both sides of one level, or segment, of the spinal cord. The segment of the spinal cord at which the damage occurs determines which parts of the body are affected. Damage at one segment will affect function at that segment and segments below i... | Transverse Myelitis |
What are the treatments for Transverse Myelitis ? | No effective cure currently exists for people with transverse myelitis. Physicians often prescribe corticosteroid therapy during the first few weeks of illness to decrease inflammation. Following initial therapy, the most critical part of the treatment for this disorder consists of keeping the patients body functioning... | Transverse Myelitis |
What is the outlook for Transverse Myelitis ? | Most individuals will have only one episode of transverse myelitis. Recovery usually begins within 2 to 12 weeks of the onset of symptoms and may continue for up to 2 years and in some cases longer--requiring aggressive physical therapy and rehabilitation. However, if there is no improvement within the first 3 to 6 mon... | Transverse Myelitis |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Transverse Myelitis ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to transverse myelitis in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional transverse myelitis research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Some studies foc... | Transverse Myelitis |
What is (are) Encephalitis Lethargica ? | Encephalitis lethargica is a disease characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. In acute cases, patients may enter coma. Patients may also experience abnormal eye movements, upper body weakness, muscular pains, tremors, neck rigidity, and behavioral changes... | Encephalitis Lethargica |
What are the treatments for Encephalitis Lethargica ? | Treatment for encephalitis lethargica is symptomatic. Levodopa and other antiparkinson drugs often produce dramatic responses. | Encephalitis Lethargica |
What is the outlook for Encephalitis Lethargica ? | The course of encephalitis lethargica varies depending upon complications or accompanying disorders. | Encephalitis Lethargica |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Encephalitis Lethargica ? | The NINDS supports research on disorders that affect the brain, such as encephalitis lethargica, with the goal of finding ways to prevent and treat them. (The disease was the subject of the book and film, "Awakenings.") | Encephalitis Lethargica |
What is (are) Dystonias ? | The dystonias are movement disorders in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. The movements, which are involuntary and sometimes painful, may affect a single muscle; a group of muscles such as those in the arms, legs, or neck; or the entire body. Early symptom... | Dystonias |
What are the treatments for Dystonias ? | No one treatment has been found to be universally effective. Instead, doctors use a variety of therapies (medications, surgery, and other treatments such as physical therapy, splinting, stress management, and biofeedback) aimed at reducing or eliminating muscle spasms and pain. Since response to drugs varies among indi... | Dystonias |
What is the outlook for Dystonias ? | The initial symptoms can be very mild and may be noticeable only after prolonged exertion, stress, or fatigue. Dystonias often progress through various stages. Initially, dystonic movements are intermittent and appear only during voluntary movements or stress. Later, individuals may show dystonic postures and movements... | Dystonias |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dystonias ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to dystonia in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports additional dystonia research through grants to major research institutions across the country. Scientists at other NIH Institutes (Na... | Dystonias |
What is (are) Dandy-Walker Syndrome ? | Dandy-Walker Syndrome is a congenital brain malformation involving the cerebellum (an area of the back of the brain that coordinates movement) and the fluid-filled spaces around it. The key features of this syndrome are an enlargement of the fourth ventricle (a small channel that allows fluid to flow freely between the... | Dandy-Walker Syndrome |
What are the treatments for Dandy-Walker Syndrome ? | Treatment for individuals with Dandy-Walker Syndrome generally consists of treating the associated problems, if needed. A surgical procedure called a shunt may be required to drain off excess fluid within the brain, which will reduce pressure inside the skull and improve symptoms. Treatment may also include various for... | Dandy-Walker Syndrome |
What is the outlook for Dandy-Walker Syndrome ? | The effect of Dandy-Walker Syndrome on intellectual development is variable, with some children having normal cognition and others never achieving normal intellectual development even when the excess fluid buildup is treated early and correctly. Longevity depends on the severity of the syndrome and associated malformat... | Dandy-Walker Syndrome |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dandy-Walker Syndrome ? | The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex mechanisms of n... | Dandy-Walker Syndrome |
What is (are) Chiari Malformation ? | Chiari malformations (CMs) are structural defects in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance. When the indented bony space at the lower rear of the skull is smaller than normal, the cerebellum and brain stem can be pushed downward. The resulting pressure on the cerebellum can block the flow of cereb... | Chiari Malformation |
What are the treatments for Chiari Malformation ? | Medications may ease certain symptoms, such as pain. Surgery is the only treatment available to correct functional disturbances or halt the progression of damage to the central nervous system. More than one surgery may be needed to treat the condition. Some CMs have no noticeable symptoms and do not interfere with the ... | Chiari Malformation |
What is the outlook for Chiari Malformation ? | Many people with Type I CM are asymptomatic and do not know they have the condition. Many individuals with the more severe types of CM and have surgery see a reduction in their symptoms and/or prolonged periods of relative stability, although paralysis is generally permanent. | Chiari Malformation |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Chiari Malformation ? | The NINDS supports research on disorders of the brain and nervous system such as Chiari malformations. The goals of this research are to increase scientific understanding of these disorders and to find ways to prevent, treat, and, ultimately, cure them. Current NINDS-funded research includes studies to better understan... | Chiari Malformation |
What is (are) Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke ? | Atrial fibrillation (AF) describes the rapid, irregular beating of the left atrium (upper chamber) of the heart. These rapid contractions of the heart are weaker than normal contractions, resulting in slow flow of blood in the atrium. The blood pools and becomes sluggish and can result in the formation of blood clots. ... | Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke |
What are the treatments for Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke ? | Within a few hours after onset of a stroke, treatment with drugs or devices that dissolve or break up the clot can restore blood flow to the brain and lead to a better recovery. To prevent strokes related to AF, doctors often prescribe medications to prevent formation of clots in the heart, which can travel to the brai... | Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke |
What is the outlook for Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke ? | AF, which affects as many as 2.2 million Americans, increases an individuals risk of stroke by 4 to 6 times on average. The risk increases with age. In people over 80 years old, AF is the direct cause of 1 in 4 strokes. Treating individuals with warfarin or new blood thinners reduces the rate of stroke for those who ha... | Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke |
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke ? | The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is the leading Federal agency directing and funding research relevant to AF and stroke prevention. The NINDS conducts basic and clinical research in its laboratories and clinics at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional r... | Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke |
What is (are) X-linked congenital stationary night blindness ? | X-linked congenital stationary night blindness is a disorder of the retina, which is the specialized tissue at the back of the eye that detects light and color. People with this condition typically have difficulty seeing in low light (night blindness). They also have other vision problems, including loss of sharpness (... | X-linked congenital stationary night blindness |
How many people are affected by X-linked congenital stationary night blindness ? | The prevalence of this condition is unknown. It appears to be more common in people of Dutch-German Mennonite descent. However, this disorder has been reported in families with many different ethnic backgrounds. The incomplete form is more common than the complete form. | X-linked congenital stationary night blindness |
What are the genetic changes related to X-linked congenital stationary night blindness ? | Mutations in the NYX and CACNA1F genes cause the complete and incomplete forms of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness, respectively. The proteins produced from these genes play critical roles in the retina. Within the retina, the NYX and CACNA1F proteins are located on the surface of light-detecting cells c... | X-linked congenital stationary night blindness |
Is X-linked congenital stationary night blindness inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. The NYX and CACNA1F genes are located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females (who have two X chromoso... | X-linked congenital stationary night blindness |
What are the treatments for X-linked congenital stationary night blindness ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness: - American Optometric Association: Infant Vision - Gene Review: Gene Review: X-Linked Congenital Stationary Night Blindness - Genetic Testing Registry: Congenital stationary night blindness - Genetic Testing Regis... | X-linked congenital stationary night blindness |
What is (are) Brugada syndrome ? | Brugada syndrome is a condition that causes a disruption of the heart's normal rhythm. Specifically, this disorder can lead to irregular heartbeats in the heart's lower chambers (ventricles), which is an abnormality called ventricular arrhythmia. If untreated, the irregular heartbeats can cause fainting (syncope), seiz... | Brugada syndrome |
How many people are affected by Brugada syndrome ? | The exact prevalence of Brugada syndrome is unknown, although it is estimated to affect 5 in 10,000 people worldwide. This condition occurs much more frequently in people of Asian ancestry, particularly in Japanese and Southeast Asian populations. Although Brugada syndrome affects both men and women, the condition app... | Brugada syndrome |
What are the genetic changes related to Brugada syndrome ? | Brugada syndrome can be caused by mutations in one of several genes. The most commonly mutated gene in this condition is SCN5A, which is altered in approximately 30 percent of affected individuals. This gene provides instructions for making a sodium channel, which normally transports positively charged sodium atoms (io... | Brugada syndrome |
Is Brugada syndrome inherited ? | This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In most cases, an affected person has one parent with the condition. Other cases may result from new mutations in the gene. These cases occur in people with no history... | Brugada syndrome |
What are the treatments for Brugada syndrome ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of Brugada syndrome: - Gene Review: Gene Review: Brugada Syndrome - Genetic Testing Registry: Brugada syndrome - Genetic Testing Registry: Brugada syndrome 1 - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Arrhythmias These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the dia... | Brugada syndrome |
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