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2008.03226 | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Photoswitches \cite{Crespi2019} are molecules that can change their structure and properties in response to light as illustrated in \autoref{fig:photo}. Photoswitches have found increasing use in molecular, \cite{Eisenreich2018,Dorel2019,Neilson2013,Fuchter2020} supramolecular,\ci... |
2210.15531 | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Motivation and prior work}
A classical first-order approach for the minimization of an additive composite problem is the celebrated proximal gradient algorithm. In particular, if the gradient mapping of the smooth part of the cost function is Lipschitz continuous the algorithm converg... |
0904.1014 | \section{#1
\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\newtheorem{hypothesis}{Hypothesis}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark} ... |
0904.0525 | \section{Introduction}
Let $\mathbb{F}_{q^m}$ be a finite field with $q^m$ elements, which
contains a subfield $\mathbb{F}_q$ with $q$ elements. Let
$\mathcal{S}=(s_0,s_1,\ldots,s_n,\ldots)$ be a linear recurring
sequence over $\mathbb{F}_{q^m}$. The monic polynomial
$f(x)=a_0+a_1x+\cdots+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+x^n \in \mathb... |
1301.3266 | \section{Introduction}
Platinum (Pt) is a suitable material to be used as a spin-current to charge-current converter due to its strong spin-orbit coupling.\citep{AndoIEEE2010} A spin current injected into a Pt film will generate a transverse charge current by the Inverse Spin-Hall Effect (ISHE), which can then be elect... |
1301.3275 | \section{Background and overview}
The \fbp, that is, the problem of classifying \sgps\ according to the finite basability of their identities, has been intensively explored
since the 1960s. Since the 1970s, the same problem has become investigated for \sgps\ endowed with an additional unary operation $x\mapsto
x^*... |
1312.4260 | \section{Introduction}
In July 2012, both the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the LHC
announced the discovery of a new boson with mass around
125 GeV \cite{1207atlas,1207cms}. The combined data
at the LHC indicate that its properties are quite compatible
with those of the Higgs boson in the Standard Model (SM) \ci... |
2109.09845 | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{T}{he} investigation of complexity of real world signals we have witnessed a boom in the last decades. Now recognized to have the same importance as the properties in the time and frequency domain, the complexity of a data set is a unique feature that can be utilized to understand a... |
math/0504208 | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Regular projectively Anosov flows}
In \cite{Mi}, Mitsumatsu introduced {\it a bi-contact structure}
on a three-dimensional manifold, {\it i.e.},
a pair of mutually transverse positive and negative contact structures.
He observed that a three-dimensional Anosov flow naturally induces... |
2301.07282 | \section{Introduction}
Social media has become an important tool in election campaigns.
Political actors receive a variety of benefits from using social media; for example, causing voting behavior~\cite{kovic2020brute}, attracting new party members~\cite{gibson2018friend}, and provoking political debate~\cite{paul2017c... |
1502.01345 | \section{Introduction \& Background}
When a star orbits close to a massive black hole ($M_{\rm BH} \ga 10^{4}$\,M$_{\odot}$) such
that its periastron distance is $\lesssim R_{\ast}(M_{\rm BH}/m_{\ast})^{1/3}$ (where $R_{\ast}$ and $m_{\ast}$ are the radius and the mass of the star, respectively), it
will be disrup... |
2212.09480 | \section{Introduction: file preparation and submission}
The \verb"iopart" \LaTeXe\ article class file is provided to help authors prepare articles for submission to IOP Publishing journals.
This document gives advice on preparing your submission, and specific instructions on how to use \verb"iopart.cls" to follow t... |
2111.00030 | \section{Introduction}
Sound source localization (SSL) has been one of the most classic and consistently researched topics of microphone array signal processing \cite{brandstein2001microphone}, with wide ranging applications from acoustic scene analysis \cite{politis2020overview} and acoustic monitoring \cite{vale... |
1609.04338 | \section{Introduction}
\qquad Socio-economic problems have been the targets of several studies in last years \cite{econ_book,pmco_book}. Those interdisciplinary topics are usually treated by means of computer simulations of agent-based models, which allow us to understand the emergence of collective phenomena in thos... |
2111.12660 | \section{Squarefree polynomials and the geometry of numbers}
\label{sec:GON}
The main intermediate result on our way to Theorem \ref{thm:main} is the following theorem on squarefree integer polynomials.
\begin{thm}
\label{thm:squarefree}
Choose a compact subset $\Sigma$ of $\R$, and choose a H\"{o}lder probability mea... |
2205.10966 | \section{Introduction}\label{S:recIntroduction}
In 2006, we started studying planar semimodular lattices
in my papers with E.~Knapp \cite{GKn07}--\cite{GKn10}.
More than four dozen publications have been devoted to this topic
since; see G. Cz\'edli's list\\
\verb+http://www.math.u-szeged.hu/~czedli/m/listak/publ-psml... |
2211.08329 | \section{Introduction}
Electron transfer reactions are determinant in many different fields, ranging from biophysical processes to artificial
compounds with potential applications.
Ever since the synthesis of the emblematic Creutz-Taube compound~\cite{creutz1969direct}, molecular chemistry has produced a wealth of... |
2208.02720 | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Young stars form in dense clouds that collapse under their own gravity. The angular momentum that is present at the beginning of this process forces the material to clump together into a disk around the young star. Planets form inside these disks either through instabilities in the disk that caus... |
2208.02717 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The discovery of a Higgs boson with a mass of around 125\GeV, \ensuremath{\mathrm{\PH(125)}}\xspace, at the
LHC in 2012~\cite{Aad:2012tfa,Chatrchyan:2012xdj,Chatrchyan:2013lba} has turned
the standard model (SM) of particle physics into a theory that could be valid up... |
2011.06602 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Post-starburst galaxies (PSBs), also referred to as E+A or k+a galaxies based on spectral properties \citep{1999ApJS..122...51D, 1999ApJ...527...54B}, are characterised by a recent starburst and subsequent fast quenching \citep{1983ApJ...270....7D, 1999AJ....117..140C}.
As suc... |
2011.06654 | \section*{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported in part by Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) funding from Argonne National Laboratory, provided by the Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357; in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of ... |
0911.3763 | \section{Introduction}
Radial metallicity gradients are observed in the disks of many galaxies, including the Milky Way,
galaxies of the Local Group and other objects. Current research topics include the determination
of (i) the magnitude of the gradients, (ii) any space variations along the disk and (iii) possible... |
1808.00473 | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Abell 2597 is a cool core cluster of galaxies at redshift $z=0.0821$
(\autoref{fig:overview}). The galaxies inhabit a megaparsec-scale bath of X-ray
bright, $\sim 10^{7-8}$ K plasma whose central particle density is sharply
peaked about a giant elliptical brightest cluster gala... |
1808.00460 | \section{Introduction}
Rapid experimental advancements have spawned an international race towards the first experimental {\it quantum supremacy} demonstration---in which a quantum computer outperforms a classical one at some task \cite{ bremner2010classical, aaronson2011computational,preskill2012quantum, farhi2016qua... |
1105.3747 | \section{\textbf{Introduction}}
In studying the sequence spaces, especially, to obtain new sequence spaces,
in general, the matrix domain $\mu _{A}$ of an infinite matrix $A$ defined
by $\mu _{A}=\{x=(x_{k})\in w:Ax\in \mu \}$ is used. In the most cases, the
new sequence space $\mu _{A}$ generated by a sequence s... |
1105.3922 | \section{Introduction}
Binary black holes (BBHs) are important sources of gravitational waves for
the current and future gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO,
Virgo, LCGT~\cite{Barish:1999,Sigg:2008, Acernese:2008,Kuroda:2010}
and LISA~\cite{lisa_revised:2009, Jennrich:2009}. Data-analysis of these
gravitational... |
1105.3709 | \section{Introduction}
During the years after the discovery of $D+1=3+1$ Supergravity by Freedman, Ferrara, and van Nieuwenhuizen in 1976 \cite{FreedmanProgressTowardsA}, there has been a lot of activity in the newly formed field of Supergravity, driven by the hope to construct a theory of quantum gravity without th... |
1105.4067 | \section{Introduction and summary}
For classical mechanics (field theory in $0{+}1$ dimensions) there exists
a rich landscape of ${\cal N}{=}\,8$ supersymmetric models, distinguished by
the number~$b$ of propagating bosonic degrees of freedom and by the nature of
the supersymmetry transformations (linear or nonlinear)... |
1105.4054 | \section{Introduction.}
A particle moving in the Newtonian gravitational field is known as
the Kepler problem. The equations of motion are
$$\ddot{x}=-\frac{x}{\parallel x\parallel^3},$$ where $x \in
\mathbb{R}^3\setminus\{0\}$ is the position vector.
It is well known that the motions for the Kepler prob... |
1407.3394 | \subsection{Introduction}
The first few steps in all approaches to the semantics of dependent type theories remain insufficiently understood. The constructions which have been worked out in detail in the case of a few particular type systems by dedicated authors are being extended to the wide variety of type systems u... |
1407.3403 | \section{Introduction}
A map $f:W\to \mathbb R^2$ defined on a domain $W$ of ${\Bbb R}^2$ is called planar harmonic
if both components of $f$ are harmonic functions.
When $W$ is simply connected, identifying ${\Bbb R}^2$ with ${\Bbb C}$,
the map $f$ can also be written in the complex form $p(z)+\overline{q(z)... |
1601.06838 | \section{Stability of Dual Solution}
\label{appn:dual}
We first note that $D(\alpha)$ is the dual of a convex function and has a unique minimizer $\alpha^*$.
The function ${V(\alpha) = D(\alpha) - D(\alpha^*)}$, hence, is a non-negative function and equals zero only at $\alpha = \alpha^*$.
Differentiating $V(\alpha)$ w... |
1508.06787 | \section{Introduction}
In many `reasonable' cohomology theories, one expects that the relative cohomology of a `fibration' $f: X\rightarrow S$ behaves as nicely as possible, that is that the higher direct image sheaves should be locally constant, and their fibres should be the cohomology groups of the fibres of $f$. F... |
1508.06640 | \section{Introduction \label{sec:intro}}
Dark matter (DM) is a necessary component in the time evolution of our Universe, and its existence has been supported by a tremendous amount of astrophysical and cosmological evidence for which the relevant observations are made mostly based upon the gravitational interaction o... |
1706.00106 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\subsection{Observational Background}
Despite their diversity in mass, spatial extent, and stellar and gas content, disc galaxies both in the local and distant Universe show a striking range of regularities. Perhaps the most famous of these is the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation \c... |
2112.03803 | \section{Acknowledgement}
This work was supported partially by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61906218), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2020A1515011497) and Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (No. 202002030371).
\section{Introduction}
Recent top-performing appr... |
1409.7187 | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The estimation problem considered in this paper is the following.
Suppose we have independent observations of the (nonnegative) random variable $X$, but we are interested in estimating the distribution of the (nonnegative) random variable $Y$. The crucial element in our set up ... |
1002.1913 | \section{Introduction}
In relativistic cosmology, the
trichotomy of the Fried\-mann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) models
is of prime importance.
The spatial geometry
determines the evolution of the cosmological model:
In the hyper\-bo\-loidal ($k = {-1}$) or the
spatially flat ($k = 0$) case, the universe exhibits an initi... |
1211.0558 | \section{Introduction and Preliminaries}
The main theme of the paper will be to produce many disparate models
of an $\aleph_0$-stable theory, assuming some type of non-structure hypothesis.
In all cases, to show the complexity of a model $M$, we concentrate
on the regular types $p\in S(M)$ that have {\em finite dim... |
1206.4935 | \section{Appendix: overview of notation}
\label{s:appendix}
Since this paper features a multitude of categories, functors and natural
transformations, for the reader's convenience we list these in the tables
below.
\bigskip
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\begin{tabular}{|ll|}\hline
\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Categor... |
1206.4991 | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Single molecule electronic devices are being extensively studied because
they offer perspectives for further miniaturization of electronic circuits
with important potential applications \cite{nitzan,venk,galp,molen,cuevas},
and also due to its intrinsic interest in basic rese... |
2003.06608 | \section{Introduction\label{sec:intro}}
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have provided an exciting new frontier
for experimental and theoretical nanoscience in the fifteen years
since the first isolation of atomically thin layers of graphene by
mechanical exfoliation from graphite \cite{Novoselov_2004,Geim_2007}.
In add... |
1408.6329 | \section{Introduction}
Recently, the transport properties of hot and dense matter has attracted
lot of attention in the context of relativistic heavy ion
collisions\cite{heinzrev}
as well as cosmology\cite{berera}. Such properties enter in the hydrodynamical
evolution and therefore essential for studying the nea... |
0802.2036 | \section{INTRODUCTION} \label{sect:intro}
Massive stars play an important role in the evolution of the
interstellar medium (ISM) and galaxies; nevertheless their formation
process is still poorly understood from the observational
perspective because of their relatively short evolution periods,
complex ambient circumst... |
0802.0269 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sect-1}
The problem of variability of fundamental physical constants has a
long history starting 70 years ago with publications by
\citet{Mil35} and \citet{Dir37}. The review of its current status is
given in \cite{Uza03,GIK07}. Recent achievements in laboratory
studies of the time-variat... |
0802.1032 | \section{Introduction}
Present-day cosmological research hovers around the investigation
of {\it dark energy}, an exotic type of entity responsible for
generating acceleration in expanding Universe. In fact, various
recent observational results
\cite{Riess1998,Perlmutter1999,Knop2003,Spergel2003,Riess2004,Tegmark2004,... |
0802.1838 | \section{Introduction}
According to Thomas Wright mapping the Cosmos on the very largest
scales is about gaining {\it ``a partial View of Immensity, or without
much Impropriety perhaps, a finite View of Infinity''}\footnote{ {\it
An Original Theory of the Universe} (1750, 9th letter, Plate XXXI).}.
Unfortunately, char... |
0802.0510 | \section{Introduction} \label{introduction}
Let ${\mathcal T}$ and ${\mathcal S}$ be the categories of based spaces and spectra, localized at a fixed prime $p$, and $\Sigma^{\infty}: {\mathcal T} \rightarrow {\mathcal S}$ and $\Omega^{\infty}: {\mathcal T} \rightarrow {\mathcal S}$ the usual adjoint pair. For $n... |
1812.03371 | \section{Introduction}
In 1946 Erd\H{o}s \cite{E} proposed the \emph{distinct distances} problem asking for the minimum number of distinct distances that any set of $n$ points in the plane can determine. Upon posing the problem, Erd\H{o}s established that $f(n)=\Omega(n^{1/2})$; this being the number of distinct dista... |
1812.03450 | \section{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\newcommand{\Delta}%{\triangle}{\Delta
\newcommand{\laplace_p}{\Delta}%{\triangle_p}
\newcommand{\nabla}%{\bigtriangledown}{\nabla
\newcommand{\partial}{\partial}
\newcommand{\pd}{\partial}
\newcommand{\subset \subset}{\subset \subset}
\newcommand{\setminus}{\setminus}
\newcommand{... |
1409.2813 | \section{Introduction}
The \emph{random assignment problem} is a now classical problem in probabilistic combinatorial optimization. Given an $n\times n$ array $\{X_{i,j}\}_{1\leq i,j\leq n}$ of \textsc{iid} non-negative random variables, it asks about the statistics of
\begin{eqnarray*}
M_n & := &\min_{\sigma}\sum_{i=1... |
1409.2570 | \section{Methods}
\subsection{System geometry and forcefields}
Our simulation system consists of a slab of liquid in contact with a vapor layer above it in the $z$ direction, forming a vapor--liquid interface. The bottom layer of the liquid slab is anchored to a surface modeled by a potential, $U(z)$, acting uniformly... |
0903.3528 | \section{Introduction}
Let $G_n=(V_n,E_n)$ denote the complete graph with vertex set
$V_n=\{1,\dots,n\}$, and edge set $E_n=\{\,\{i,j\}\,,\;1\leq i,j\leq n\}$,
including loops $\{i,i\}$, $1\leq i\leq n$. Assign a non negative random
weight (or conductance) $U_{i,j}=U_{j,i}$ to each edge $\{i,j\}\in E_n$, and
assume tha... |
0903.3894 | \section{Introduction}
With the advent of quantum computing and quantum communication, it becomes
increasingly important to develop ways for protecting quantum information
against the adversarial effects of noise \cite{qecbook}. Researchers have
developed many theoretical techniques for the protection of quantum
infor... |
2206.04343 | \section{Introduction}
Matter, described by quantum fields in a continuous space, can spontaneously break space translation symmetry by self-organizing into a periodic structure.
This phenomenon of crystallization is one of the cornerstone concepts in physics.
Crystals realize various states of condensed matter, such a... |
1606.09284 | \section{Introduction}
Today, quantitative data of single dividing cells across generations
and lineages can be produced with high throughput and spatiotemporal
resolution. Such improved data have enabled renewed investigation of microbiological
phenomena, where, given the intrinsic stochasticity of
these systems, ap... |
1606.09225 | \section{Introduction}
Quantum computers can perform certain tasks more efficiently than classical computers \cite{Shor:1997:PAP:264393.264406,Bennett1997}. Furthermore, the results and limitations of realistic quantum computers gives us insight into the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. Quantum computation has thus a... |
1802.09128 | \section{Additional Experiments: Numerical Counterexample to Oja Convergence with Constant Step Size}
\label{sec:counter}
\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{Figs/counter2.pdf}
\vspace{-3.0cm}
\caption{Counterexample for the convergence of averaged SGD with constant step size.}
... |
2005.01950 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The nature of dark matter (DM) is an enduring mystery. In many theories, dark matter can interact with some of the particles of the Standard Model (SM), which provides both a DM production mechanism in the early Universe and a way of detecting DM in the Universe today. In many ... |
2204.07483 | \section*{Acknowledgements}
Thanks to everyone who helped! In particular, we would like to thank...
\section{Example Appendix}
\label{sec:appendix}
This is an appendix.
\section{Conclusions}
In this paper, we described a new method for polling online data sources that uses broad keywords (e.g. cuisine = "American", s... |
2208.14956 | \chapter[Glassy features and complex dynamics in ecological systems]{Glassy features and complex dynamics in ecological systems\\ \label{Ch 27}}
\author[A. Altieri]{A. Altieri\footnote{ada.altieri@u-paris.fr}}
\address{Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université Paris Cité\\
CNRS, 75013 Paris, France... |
1406.5138 | \section{Introduction}
For a non-zero Laurent polynomial $P(z) \in \mathbb{C}[z, z^{-1}],$
the $k$-higher Mahler measure of $P$ is defined \cite{R2} as
\[
m_k(P) = \int _{0}^{1} \log^k \left|P\left(e^{2\pi it}\right)\right| \,\mathrm{d} {t}.
\]
For $k=1$ this coincides with the classical (log) Mahler measure define... |
2302.04117 | \section{Introduction}
Polynomial programming is a class of mathematical programming that seeks to minimize a polynomial objective function subject to polynomial constraints.
These are optimization problems of the form
\begin{align}
\min_{x \in \mathbb{R}^n} \ f_0(x) \quad \text{subject to} \quad F(x) = 0, \tag{... |
1705.09437 | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}}
Robust fitting of geometric models to data contaminated with both noise and outliers is a well studied problem with many applications in computer vision \cite{Fischler1981, Delong2012, Elhamifar2013, Haifeng2003}. Visual data often contain multiple underlying structures a... |
hep-ph/9505349 | \section{Introduction}
Double-beta ($\beta\beta$) decay is an extremely rare process in which two nuclear
neutrons simultaneously convert into two protons and two electrons. Within the
Standard Electroweak Model (SM) this decay occurs at second order in the
charged-current weak interactions, and is accompanied by the ... |
hep-th/9505033 | \section{Introduction}
The relation between the two simple string theory models in two dimensions,
the critical $U(1)$ gauged WZW $SL(2,R)$ model $^{[1-4]}$, and the noncritical
string theory of a one dimensional matter field coupled to Liouville field,
has attracted considerable attention $^{[5-14]}$.
In Ref.[1] i... |
cond-mat/9505018 | \section{Introduction}
There are many naturally occurring examples of uniaxially modulated
structures. The ferrimagnetic states of the rare
earths [\onlinecite{JJ}] include several
phases where the wavevector lies along the $\hat{\rm c}$-axis and can be of a
long period commensurate or incommensurate with the underly... |
2207.02111 | \section{Coalescent theory in population genetics}
Population genetics is the study of the evolution of the genotypes in a population of living beings, under various evolutionary pressures such as mutation, selection or genetic drift. Initiated in the first half of the XX${}^{th}$ century with the work of the British ... |
0910.5025 | \section{Introduction}
The rich cluster RXJ1347-1145 ($z=0.45$) is the most X-ray luminous
galaxy cluster known \citep{schindler95,schindler97,allen02} and has
been the object of extensive study at radio, millimeter,
submillimeter, optical and X-ray wavelengths
\citep{kitayama04,komatsu01,Gitti07,allen02,schindler97,p... |
0910.4719 | \section{Introduction}
Let $\Sigma$ be a finite alphabet.
We use notation like
$$
x_{[i,k]} = {(x_j)}_{i\le j \le k}, \qquad
x \in \Sigma^{\Bbb Z},\, \, i,k \in {\Bbb Z},
\, \, i \le k,
$$
and we denote by
$
x_{[i,k]}
$
also the word that is carried by the block
$
x_{[i,k]}.
$
The length of a word $a$ is denoted by... |
2001.06496 | \section{Introduction}
Ordinary classical fluids only display one kind of sound waves that correspond to longitudinal compressional oscillations of the fluid~\cite{LLfluids}.
On the other hand classical solids display transverse waves as well, which originate from their finite restoring force to shear deformations~\ci... |
1108.2497 | \section{Introduction}
The most recent T2K\cite{Abe:2011ks} and MINOS \cite{MINOS} results have shown at 2.5 and 1.7 $\sigma$ respectively the evidence of a $\theta_{13}\neq 0$ in the lepton mixing matrix. The first global analysis\cite{Fogli:2011qn} have confirmed their results giving at $3\sigma$ level the... |
1908.04252 | \section{Introduction}
The cosmological constant problem is a notoriously difficult problem in particle physics and cosmology, because there is no working symmetry to protect the cosmological constant from being large. This had led to the early no-go theorem for the cosmological constant problem \cite{cc-review}.
... |
0710.1167 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
It is well known that many of the stars in the solar neighbourhood
exist in multiple systems. As the number of planetary surveys
increases, planets are regularly being found not only in single star
systems, but binaries and triples as well. For example, recently a hot
Jupiter h... |
0710.0904 | \section{Introduction}
\label{INTRO}
The idea that globular clusters (GCs) harbour important clues
in relation with the early stages of galaxy formation is a widely
accepted concept. One of the most compelling arguments in favour
of the existence of a connection between GCs and major star formation
episodes ... |
0710.1084 | \section{Introduction}
There have been several studies of the structure of QCD vacuum in high
magnetic fields
\cite{Shushpanov:1997sf,Kabat:2002er,Miransky:2002rp,Cohen:2007bt}.
The typical strength of a magnetic field which would
change the structure of the QCD
vacuum is very high and can be estimated as
\begin{eq... |
0710.2450 | \section{Introduction}
The puzzle associated with recent cosmic acceleration, triggered by $70\%$ of dark energy or more \cite{a1} is
far from being resolved uniquely. In the mean time, cosmologists are being confronted with yet another more
intriguing challenge to explain the crossing of the so called phantom divide l... |
0710.0090 | \section{Introduction \label{intro.sec}}
W3 (Westerhout 3) is perhaps the most active region of current star
formation in the nearby Galaxy. Extending 30~pc along the edge of a
$M \simeq 5 \times 10^4$~M$_\odot$ giant molecular cloud (GMC), the
star-forming complex has dozens of embedded young massive stars
producing... |
2210.13262 | \section{Introduction}
A graph zeta function is a formal power series associated with a finite graph.
It enumerates the closed paths of given length, expose the primes, or depicts the cycles
in a finite graph.
The prototype of the graph zeta functions was introduced by Y. Ihara \cite{ihara66} in 1966
from th... |
1512.08113 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
There is no doubt that quantum field theory and mathematics are deeply connected. There are many examples where field theory intuition helped formulate mathematical conjectures or even theorems (Seiberg-Witten theory in topology~\cite{Witten1994}, Wilson loops in Chern-... |
1512.07678 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Conventional Bayesian inference and other likelihood-based paradigms rest upon the existence of a statistical data-generating model that is both experimentally plausible and computationally tractable. Because this is challenging when the data is inherently complex, common pract... |
2003.10180 | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{T}{}he emerging paradigm of massive machine-type communications (mMTC) is identified as an indispensable component for enabling the massive access of machine-type devices (MTDs) in the emerging Internet-of-Things (IoT) \cite{overview1}. In stark contrast to conventional human-cen... |
1107.0699 | \section{Introduction}
Pattern formation in many systems is governed by competing interaction~\cite{Vedmedenko2007}.
Examples of such systems are: the pasta phase in neutron stars\cite{PhysRevC.69.045804},
ferrofluids\cite{PhysRevE.67.021402,PhysRevE.64.041506,Rosensweig1983127,Tsebers1980}, Langmuir
monolayers... |
1411.0684 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}
Black hole X-ray binaries (BHBs; $\hbox{$M_{\rmn{BH}}$} \sim 10 \hbox{$\thinspace M_{\odot}$}$) display both low frequency ($\sim 0.1 - 30$\,Hz) and high frequency ($\sim 40-450$\,Hz) quasi-periodic oscillations (LFQPOs; HFQPOs) in their X-ray power spectra (PSD; see e.g. \cit... |
1301.1552 | \section{Introduction}
Particle-based simulations are widely used, for example to study fluid flows or plasmas.
The physical particles of interest are often not simulated individually, but as groups of particles, called \emph{super-particles} or \emph{macro-particles}.
Most systems contain so many particles that simula... |
1804.07264 | \section{Introduction}
A black hole is the most strongly bound system.
If we can extract energy from a black hole, it would be much more efficient than nuclear energy.
However, because of
the black hole area theorem\cite{Hawking:1971}, we cannot extract energy
from a Schwarzschild black hole.
For a rotating black h... |
1804.07338 | \section{Introduction}
The first interpretation of nuclear fission was made about eight decades ago, though many features
of this process are still in the rudimentary stage. The discovery of nuclear fission \cite{hanh39}
was recognized as an evolution of the nuclear shape from a single compound nucleus split into two... |
1904.08629 | \section{Introduction}
Let $\mc G$ be a connected reductive group over a field $K$. It is well-known that
conjugacy classes of parabolic $K$-subgroups correspond bijectively to set of simple
roots (relative to $K$). Further, two parabolic $K$-subgroups are $\mc G (K)$-conjugate
if and only if they are conjugate ... |
1904.08835 | \section{Introduction}
Text-to-SQL generation is the task of translating a natural language question into the corresponding SQL. Recently, various deep learning approaches have been proposed based on the WikiSQL dataset \citep{wikisql}. However, because WikiSQL contains only very simple queries over just a single table... |
1007.0379 | \section{Introduction}
The intersymbol interefence (ISI) channel has been widely studied in communication theory. In optimal detection schemes for the ISI channel, input-output sequences, rather than individual symbols, have to be considered~\cite{Forney}. Sequence detectors such as the \emph{Viterbi} detector, only... |
1007.0886 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sect:Intro} The field of ultracold atomic gases has been rapidly
growing during the past decades. One of the main sources of growth is the
large degree of tunability to employ ultracold gases as model quantum
systems \cite{varenna08,blochdalibard08}. In particular the strength of the
two-... |
1007.0366 | \section{Introduction}
\end{center}
In recent years, there are many works on self-similar automorphism groups of the rooted tree $X^{*}$ (\cite{LGN}, \cite{Gri}, \cite{Nekrashevych}). The adding machine group is a typical example for self-similarity. We denote this group by $A$. $A$ is a cyclic group generated by
\b... |
1708.07264 | \section{introduction}
It has been essentially two years since a superconducting transition in the vicinity of $200$ K was first reported in
hydrogen sulfide.\cite{drozdov14} Since this time, however, experimental results concerning this system have been few,
and to our knowledge, only one as-yet unpublished report h... |
2212.01078 | \section{Introduction}
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime provides many important insights into the interaction of matter and gravity \cite{Birrell:1982ix,Parker:2009uva,Wald:1995yp}. An unavoidable consequence of the theory is the amplification of field and metric fluctuations during inflation \cite{Guth:1980z... |
2212.00970 | \section{Additional Plots for the Synthetic Dataset}
\label{sec:appendix}
\begin{figure}[!b]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=5.0in]{figures/syntheticSurface.pdf}
\caption{Surface plots of the PINN predictions of $u$.}
\label{fig:syntheticsurface}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!b]
\centering
\i... |
hep-ph/9711205 | \section{Introduction}
This year's lattice conference
attracted more than 300 physicists from all over the world.
Lattice QCD remains to be the dominant subject at these conferences,
but other topics are also being addressed, such
as the electroweak phase transition, quantum gravity and
supersymmetric Yang-Mills theo... |
astro-ph/9711333 | \section{Introduction}
\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{file=multispec.eps,width=14.8cm}}
\caption{Results of the \hi\ absorption experiment. The uniformly
weighted, 21~cm continuum image is displayed as contours over
greyscale. The white circle indicates the location of the AGN
according to the alignment of Capetti... |
quant-ph/9711068 | \section{Introduction. Classical and quantum characteristic exponents.}
A notion of {\it quantum characteristic exponent} has been introduced in Ref.%
\cite{Vilela2}, which has the same physical meaning as the corresponding
classical quantity (the Lyapunov exponent). The correspondence is
established by first rewritin... |
0808.0311 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Response function calculation of NaI based scintillators has many applications like process control tasks in manufacturing industry, in oil detection, in safety and alarm systems, in Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) and others (see for example \cite{hakimabad_ARI... |
0808.0245 | \section*{}
\section{Introduction}
The thin accretion disk model describes flows in which the viscous heating of the gas radiates out of the system immediately after generation (Shakura \& Sunyaev 1973). However, another kind of accretion has been studied during recent years where radiative energy losses are small so ... |
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