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At the time , tensions between the northern and the southern United States were growing , in a series of conflicts that eventually resulted in the American Civil War . There was little debate in the United States House of Representatives , but when Stephen A. Douglas introduced the bill in the United States Senate , i...
After the enabling act was passed , territorial legislators had a difficult time writing a state constitution . A constitutional convention was assembled in July 1857 , but Republicans and Democrats were deeply divided . In fact , they formed two separate constitutional conventions and drafted two separate constitutio...
The state constitution was sent to the United States Congress for ratification in December 1857 . The approval process was drawn out for several months while Congress debated over issues that had stemmed from the Kansas @-@ Nebraska Act . Southerners had been arguing that the next state should be pro @-@ slavery , so ...
= = Civil War era and Dakota War of 1862 = =
Minnesota strongly supported the Union war effort , with about 22 @,@ 000 Minnesotans serving . The 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry was particularly important to the Battle of Gettysburg . Governor Alexander Ramsey happened to be in Washington D.C. when Ft . Sumter was fired upon . He went immediately to the White Ho...
At the same time , the state faced another crisis as the Dakota War of 1862 broke out . The Dakota had signed the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and Treaty of Mendota in 1851 because they were concerned that without money from the United States government , they would starve , due to the loss of habitat of huntable game...
Episcopal Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple pleaded to President Abraham Lincoln for clemency , and the death sentences of all but 39 men were reduced to prison terms . On December 26 , 1862 , 38 men were hanged by the U.S. Army at Mankato — the largest mass execution in the United States . Many of the remaining Dakota Na...
A small number of Dakota Native Americans managed to return to Minnesota in the 1880s and establish communities near Granite Falls , Morton , Prior Lake , and Red Wing . However , after this time Dakota people were no longer allowed to reside in Minnesota with the exception of the meritorious Sioux called the Loyal Md...
= = Economic and social development = =
= = = Farming and railroad development = = =
After the Civil War , Minnesota became an attractive region for European immigration and settlement as farmland . Minnesota 's population in 1870 was 439 @,@ 000 ; this number tripled during the two subsequent decades . The Homestead Act in 1862 facilitated land claims by settlers , who regarded the land as being chea...
Oliver Hudson Kelley played an important role in farming as one of the founders of the National Grange , along with several other clerks in the United States Department of Agriculture . The movement grew out of his interest in cooperative farm associations following the end of the Civil War , and he established local ...
Saint Anthony Falls , the only waterfall of its height on the Mississippi , played an important part in the development of Minneapolis . The power of the waterfall first fueled sawmills , but later it was tapped to serve flour mills . In 1870 , only a small number of flour mills were in the Minneapolis area , but by 1...
= = = Industrial development = = =
At the end of the 19th century , several forms of industrial development shaped Minnesota . In 1882 , a hydroelectric power plant was built at Saint Anthony Falls , marking one of the first developments of hydroelectric power in the United States . Iron mining began in northern Minnesota with the opening of the Soudan...
= = = Mayo Clinic = = =
Dr. William Worrall Mayo , the founder of the Mayo Clinic , emigrated from Salford , United Kingdom to the United States in 1846 and became a medical doctor in 1850 . In 1863 , Mayo moved to Rochester , followed by his family the next year . In the summer of 1883 , an F5 tornado struck , dubbed the 1883 Rochester torn...
= = = Urbanization and government = = =
As a result of industrialization , the population became more concentrated into urban areas . By 1900 , the Twin Cities were becoming a center of commerce , led by the Minneapolis Grain Exchange and the foundation of the Federal Reserve Bank with its ninth district in Minneapolis . Many of the businessmen who had made...
The role of government also grew during the early 20th century . In the rural areas , most people obtained food and manufactured goods from neighbors and other people they knew personally . As industry and commerce grew , goods such as food , materials , and medicines were no longer made by neighbors , but by large co...
= = = Great Depression = = =
Wilbur Foshay , an owner of several utility companies , built the Foshay Tower in 1929 , just before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . The building was the tallest building in Minnesota at the time . It remained the tallest building in Minneapolis until 1973 , when the IDS Tower surpassed it . The tower was a symbol of ...
The Great Depression had several effects on Minnesota , with layoffs on the Iron Range and a drought in the Great Plains from 1931 through 1936 . While the Depression had several causes , one most relevant to Minnesota was that United States businesses in the 1920s had improved their efficiency through standardizing p...
Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota Farmer @-@ Labor Party was elected as the governor in the 1930 election . In his first term , he signed a bonding bill that authorized $ 15 million ( $ 210 million as of 2016 ) for highway construction , in an effort to provide work for the unemployed . He also signed an executive order...
Meanwhile , formerly quiet labor unions began asserting themselves rather forcefully . The Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 turned ugly , with the union demanding the right to speak for all trucking employees . As a result of this strike and many others across the nation , Congress passed the National Labor Relati...
= = Modern Minnesota = =
= = = Arts and culture = = =
The Minneapolis Institute of Arts was established in 1883 . The present building , a neoclassical structure , was opened in 1915 , with additions in 1974 by Kenzo Tange and in 2006 by Michael Graves .
The Minnesota Orchestra dates back to 1903 when it was founded as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra . It was renamed the Minnesota Orchestra in 1968 and moved into its own building , Orchestra Hall , in downtown Minneapolis in 1974 . The building has a modern look with a brick , glass , and steel exterior , in contra...
The Walker Art Center was established in 1927 as the first public art gallery in the Upper Midwest . In the 1940s , the museum shifted its focus toward modern art , after a gift from Mrs. Gilbert Walker made it possible to acquire works by Pablo Picasso , Henry Moore , Alberto Giacometti , and others . The museum cont...
The Guthrie Theater , opened in 1963 , was the brainchild of Sir Tyrone Guthrie , who wanted to found a regional theater without the commercial constraints of Broadway . The high cost of staging Broadway productions meant that shows had to be immediately successful and return a high amount of revenue . This discourage...
= = = Minnesota in World War II = = =
Like other U.S. States , Minnesota made its contributions to the effort of World War II in wartime manufacturing and other areas . The United States Navy contracted with Cargill to build ships after seeing their success in building ships and barges used to haul grain . Cargill built facilities in Savage , Minnesota on...
During the wartime years , Savage was also the home of Camp Savage , a school designed to improve the foreign language skills of Japanese @-@ American soldiers and to train them in military intelligence gathering . The school was originally established in San Francisco , but moved to Minnesota after the bombing of Pea...
= = = Modern economy = = =
Agriculture evolved from an individual occupation into a major industry after World War II . Technological developments increased productivity on farms , such as automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle , machine milking at dairy farms , and raising chickens in large buildings . Planting also became more specialized...
The Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company ( 3M ) was founded in 1902 in Two Harbors , Minnesota , and was later moved to Duluth , Saint Paul , and then Maplewood . The founders of 3M got their start by manufacturing sandpaper . Under the leadership of William L. McKnight , the company established product lines su...
Suburban development intensified after the war , fueled by the demand for new housing . In 1957 , the Legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area . This became the Metropolitan Council in 1967 .
Northwest Airlines , the dominant airline at Minneapolis @-@ Saint Paul International Airport , was founded in 1926 carrying mail from the Twin Cities to Chicago . The airline , long headquartered in Eagan , merged with Delta Air Lines in October 2008 . The company will keep the Delta name and will be headquartered in...
= = = The digital state = = =
More than any other Midwestern state , Minnesota attracted engineers , especially in the computer industry . Minnesota also became a center of technology after the war . Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the Navy . It later merged with Remington Rand , and later became Sperry ...
= = = Postwar politics = = =
Historian Annette Atkins has explored the changing long @-@ term pattern of Minnesota politics . In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century , the heavily rural state was hostile to business and railroads , with the Republicans dominant in the small towns , and the Democrats on the farms . Numerous left @-@ win...
What makes the North country valuable to conservationists is the seclusion , beauty , isolation , quiet , clear water , and absence of development . The preservationists have tried to limit or prohibit roads , hydroelectric generators , sawmills and lumbering , resorts , power boats , airplanes , and snowmobiles … . T...
Hubert Humphrey was a Minnesotan who became a nationally prominent politician . He first ran for mayor of Minneapolis in 1943 , but lost the election to the Republican candidate by just a few thousand votes . As a Democrat , Humphrey recognized that his best chance for political success was to obtain the support of th...
In the early 1960s , the topic of civil rights was coming to national prominence with sit @-@ ins and marches organized by Martin Luther King Jr. and other black leaders . In 1963 , President John F. Kennedy sent a comprehensive civil rights bill to Congress , based largely on the ideas that Humphrey had been placing ...
Eugene McCarthy ( DFL ) served in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 through 1959 and in the United States Senate from 1959 through 1971 . He gained a reputation as an intellectual with strong convictions and integrity . In 1967 , he challenged Lyndon B. Johnson for the presidential nomination , runn...
Democrat Walter Mondale also achieved national prominence as Vice President under Jimmy Carter . He served in the Senate from his appointment in 1964 until becoming Vice President in 1977 . In 1984 , he ran for President of the United States , choosing Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate . The election proved to be ...
In 1970 , Wendell Anderson ( DFL ) was elected as governor of Minnesota . He spent two years working with a split Minnesota Legislature to enact a tax and school finance reform package that shifted the source of public education funding from local property taxes to state sales taxes , as well as adding excise taxes to...
Paul Wellstone ( DFL ) was elected to the United States Senate in 1990 , defeating incumbent Rudy Boschwitz ( R ) in one of the biggest election upsets of the decade . In 1996 , he defeated Boschwitz again in a rematch of the 1990 election . Wellstone was known for being a liberal activist , as evidenced by his books ...
Jesse Ventura , elected governor in 1998 , had a colorful past as a Navy SEAL , a professional wrestler , an actor , mayor of Brooklyn Park , and a radio and TV broadcaster . He left office after one term . His election brought international attention to the Independence Party .
= The Fab Five ( film ) =
The Fab Five is a 2011 ESPN Films documentary about the 1990s Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball players known collectively as the Fab Five : Chris Webber , Jalen Rose , Juwan Howard , Jimmy King , and Ray Jackson . It chronicles the recruitment , glory years , notorious time @-@ out fiasco , cultural impact and th...
The film spawned critical commentary in a broad spectrum of media outlets which include leading newspapers such as The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post ; leading periodicals such as Forbes ; online forums such as Slate ; and leading news outlets such as MSNBC . In particular , the film ...
= = Story = =
Previously Mitch Albom had chronicled the Fab Five in a book entitled Fab Five : Basketball , Trash Talk , The American Dream , and Fox Sports had attempted to review the group . The press regarded this as the first complete recounting of the fabled group . Rose describes this film as " almost like the Bible of the Fa...
The film chronicles a group of athletes who influenced a nation of basketball fans – some of whom became professional basketball players . It includes commentaries from former Michigan coaches Steve Fisher , Brian Dutcher , and Perry Watson , and rap icons Ice Cube and Chuck D. It also extends to details such as : " H...
At first , only three of the freshmen started . Although they all played when the season opened on December 2 , 1991 against the University of Detroit , they did not all play at the same time until December 7 against Eastern Michigan and did not start regularly until February 9 , 1992 . In that first game starting tog...
The four members of the Fab Five who participated in the film have had a tense relationship with Chris Webber , the one player who was not in the film . There was speculation that Chris Webber did not participate to avoid questions about the timeout call in the 1993 NCAA tournament title game . Webber said he initiall...
= = Ratings = =
ESPN built up the film with nearly a month of previews and promos . The week before the initial broadcast , ESPN aired clips of the film during some of its other programming ; they featured the team 's feelings about Duke prior to the 1992 championship game . These clips started what would become a national controvers...
The film 's initial airing established a record as the ratings leader among all ESPN documentaries with a 2 @.@ 1 rating according to Nielsen Company , surpassing two of the 30 for 30 films , each of which posted a 1 @.@ 8 rating : Pony Exce $ $ ( aired December 11 , 2010 , focusing on SMU football of the 1980s , a de...
The Fab Five also garnered high TV ratings during their playing days ; they were one of the featured teams in both of the two highest rated NCAA Men 's Basketball Championship games ever played in terms of households ( although not viewers ) , The film aired almost precisely twenty years after the legendary group was ...
= = Critical review = =
The New York Times described the film as a " flashback to a time when baggy basketball shorts , hip @-@ hop music and black shoes were considered controversial and an affront to hoops purists " . Washington Post columnist Jason Reid noted that the film went out of its way to present the inappropriate racial commentary...