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During the decade of the 530s , it seemed to many that God had abandoned the Christian Roman Empire . There were noxious fumes in the air ; and the Sun , while still providing day , refused to give much heat . This caused famine unlike anything those of the time had seen before , weakening the people of Europe and the... |
The cause of these disasters aren 't precisely known , but the Rabaul caldera , Lake Ilopango and Krakatoa volcanoes or a collision with a swarm of meteors are all suspected . Scientists have spent decades on the mystery .
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Seven years later , in 542 , a devastating outbreak of Bubonic Plague , second only to that of the 14th century , laid siege to the world , killing tens of millions . As ruler of the Empire , Justinian , and members of his court , were physically unaffected by famine . However , the Imperial Court did prove susceptibl... |
In July 551 , the eastern Mediterranean was rocked by the 551 Beirut earthquake , which triggered a tsunami . The combined fatalities of both events probably exceeded 30 @,@ 000 , with tremors being felt from Antioch to Alexandria .
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= = Cultural depictions = =
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In the Paradiso section of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri , Justinian I is prominently featured as a spirit residing on the sphere of Mercury , which holds the ambitious souls of Heaven . His legacy is elaborated on , and he is portrayed as a defender of the Christian faith and the restorer of Rome to the Empire... |
= = Historical sources = =
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Procopius provides the primary source for the history of Justinian 's reign . The Syriac chronicle of John of Ephesus , which does not survive , was used as a source for later chronicles , contributing many additional details of value . Both historians became very bitter towards Justinian and his empress , Theodora . ... |
= Tricholoma pardinum =
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Tricholoma pardinum , commonly known as spotted tricholoma , tiger tricholoma , tigertop , leopard knight , or dirty trich , is a gilled mushroom widely distributed across North America and Europe , as well as parts of Asia . It is generally found in beech woodland in summer and autumn . Two subspecies have been descr... |
The fruit body of Tricholoma pardinum is an imposing mushroom with a pale grey cap up to 15 cm ( 6 in ) in diameter that is covered with dark brownish to greyish scales . The gills are whitish , and are not attached to the stout white to pale grey @-@ brown stalk . The spore print is white . One of the more toxic memb... |
= = Taxonomy = =
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Christiaan Hendrik Persoon described this species as Agaricus myomyces var. pardinus in 1801 , although he queried whether it was a distinct species . However , the German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer had in 1762 published Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones , in which he des... |
There has been confusion over which scientific name to use for over two hundred years . Tricholoma tigrinum has been used in some European field guides , but has been applied in error to this species . The uncertainty was such that Czech mycologists Josef Herink and František Kotlaba suggested in 1967 that both design... |
Tricholoma pardinum lies within the subgenus Pardinicutis of Tricholoma , a grouping of similar species characterised by greyish , brownish , or pallid caps that are woolly or covered in small scales , spores with a length between 8 and 11 micrometres , and abundant clamp connections in the hyphae . Molecular analyses... |
The specific epithet pardinum is derived from the Latin pardus " leopard " , referring to its mottled or spotted cap . The generic name derives from the Greek trichos / τριχος " hair " and loma / λωμα " hem " , " fringe " , or " border " . Common names include striped tricholoma , spotted tricholoma , tiger tricholoma... |
= = Description = =
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The fruit body is a medium @-@ sized mushroom , with a cap 6 – 10 cm ( 2 @.@ 5 – 4 in ) in diameter , though larger specimens occasionally reach 15 cm ( 6 in ) . The cap is initially hemispherical before flattening with maturity , and has a broad , shallow umbo . The cap margin is initially curled inwards but uncurls ... |
The stout stalk may be white , pale grey or pale brown , and is thicker at the base . The texture of the stalk surface ranges from fibrillose ( appearing to be made of coarse fibers arranged longitudinally ) to more or less smooth , and the stalk base will stain a dirty brown to yellow colour when bruised . It is 3 @.... |
The spore print is white , and the oval to oblong spores are 7 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 5 μm long by 5 @.@ 0 – 7 @.@ 0 μm wide . Spores are smooth , hyaline ( translucent ) , nonamyloid , and have a prominent hilum . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are cylindrical to club shaped , four spored , and measure 39 – 50 by 8 @... |
= = = Similar species = = =
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Tricholoma pardinum mushrooms may be confused with several edible grey @-@ capped members of the genus Tricholoma , and some authorities recommend leaving all grey @-@ capped Tricholoma mushrooms for experienced hunters . There are several superficially similar European species that could be mistaken for T. pardinum .... |
In North America , Tricholoma pardinum can be confused with T. nigrum and forms of T. virgatum that have more streaked rather than spotted caps . A form of T. pardinum in North America can be nearly white with pale scales , and may be confused with the whitish edible species T. resplendens . Microscopically , the pres... |
= = Distribution and habitat = =
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Tricholoma pardinum is found across Europe , where it is more common in the south . It is abundant in the Jura Mountains in eastern France . The species is found in Belgium and Germany , but has not been recorded from the Netherlands or the British Isles . A historical record from Estonia has been discarded because no... |
= = Toxicity = =
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Tricholoma pardinum is one of several poisonous members of the genus Tricholoma ; its large size , fleshy appearance , and pleasant smell and taste add to the risk of it being accidentally consumed . It was responsible for over 20 percent of cases of mushroom poisoning in Switzerland in the first half of the 20th cent... |
These symptoms may be severe enough to warrant hospitalisation . Treatment is supportive ; antispasmodic medicines may lessen colicky abdominal cramps , and activated charcoal may be administered early on to bind residual toxin . Intravenous fluids may be required if dehydration has been extensive , especially with ch... |
= HMS Swordfish ( 1916 ) =
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HMS Swordfish was an experimental submarine built for the Royal Navy before the First World War to meet the Navy 's goal of an " overseas " submarine capable of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) on the surface . Diesel engines of the period were unreliable and not very powerful so steam turbines were proposed instead to... |
= = Design = =
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HMS Swordfish was developed to meet a requirement of Royal Navy 's Submarine Committee for a large submarine capable of operating with the fleet at a surfaced speed of 20 knots . Most of the earlier British submarines had been single @-@ hulled vessels built by Vickers , and the Navy was interested in evaluating other... |
Fiat @-@ San Giorgio " was wary about using heavy oil Diesel engines and hesitated to guarantee the success of such engines of the power required . At the same time Laurenti prepared a design with geared steam turbines having a speed of 18 knots on a surface displacement of 856 tons . " His design was modified by Scot... |
= = Description = =
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Swordfish had an overall length of 231 ft 3 @.@ 5 in ( 70 @.@ 498 m ) , a beam of 22 ft 11 in ( 6 @.@ 99 m ) , and a draught of 14 feet 11 inches ( 4 @.@ 55 m ) . She displaced 932 long tons ( 947 t ) on the surface and 1 @,@ 105 long tons ( 1 @,@ 123 t ) submerged . She had a partial double hull , which extended over... |
Swordfish 's diving depth and time are not known because the records from her sea trials have not survived . Shutting down her boiler , retracting the funnel and sealing the boiler uptake required about a minute and a quarter , which included switching over to the electric motors . In marked contrast to contemporary V... |
= = = Propulsion = = =
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Swordfish had two Parsons geared impulse @-@ reaction steam turbine sets , each driving one of the two propeller shafts . The turbines were powered by a single Yarrow @-@ type boiler . They were designed to produce a total of 4 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 3 @,@ 000 kW ) at a working pressure of 250 psi ( 1 @,@ 700 kPa ... |
Swordfish could carry 102 long tons ( 104 t ) of fuel oil , which her builders estimated gave her an endurance of 3 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 600 km ; 3 @,@ 500 mi ) at a speed of 8 @.@ 5 knots ( 15 @.@ 7 km / h ; 9 @.@ 8 mph ) on the surface . On her batteries her submerged endurance was 60 nautical miles ( 110 ... |
= = = Armament = = =
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Swordfish had two tubes for 21 @-@ inch ( 530 mm ) torpedoes in her bow . They were stepped vertically and positioned well back from the stem in a notch from the keel to preserve the fine lines of the bow . Two 18 @-@ inch ( 460 mm ) torpedo tubes were positioned on each beam amidships . Each torpedo tube was provided... |
= = Construction and service = =
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Swordfish was ordered from Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company on 18 August 1913 although she was not laid down until 28 February 1914 . The start of the First World War six months later greatly hindered her completion , and she was not launched until 18 March 1916 . HMS Swordfish was commissioned on 28 April ... |
Captained by Commander Geoffrey Layton , her post @-@ completion trials lasted for five months as she was used to evaluate steam power for submarine use . Much was learned about the operation of steam submarines , which helped the subsequent design of the steam @-@ powered K @-@ class fleet submarines . She proved to ... |
In July 1917 S1 reverted to her original name and was converted to a surface patrol vessel between 27 June 1917 and 24 January 1918 . Her torpedo tubes and disappearing guns were removed . She was given a forecastle , a bridge and her funnel was fixed in place and extended . She was rearmed with a pair of 12 @-@ pound... |
Swordfish was paid off on 30 October 1918 and stricken from the Navy List by January 1919 . She was sold for scrapping to Pounds , of Portsmouth in July 1922 , but was reported to have been resold to Hayes , of Porthcawl in 1923 .
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= Winchester Model 1897 =
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The Winchester Model 1897 , also known as the Model 97 , M97 , or Trench Gun , was a pump @-@ action shotgun with an external hammer and tube magazine manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company . The Model 1897 was an evolution of the Winchester Model 1893 designed by John Browning . From 1897 until 1957 , ... |
= = History = =
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The Winchester Model 1897 was designed by the famous American firearms inventor John Moses Browning . The Model 1897 was first listed for sale in the November 1897 Winchester catalog as a 12 gauge solid frame . However , the 12 gauge takedown was added in October 1898 , and the 16 gauge takedown in February 1900 . Ori... |
= = = Improvements From the 1893 = = =
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In the new Model 1897 , many of the weaknesses that were present in the Model 93 were taken into account and remedied . These improvements included :
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The frame was strengthened and made longer to handle a 12 gauge 2 ¾ -inch shell , as well as the 2 ⅝ -inch shell .
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The frame at the top was covered so that the ejection of the fired shell was entirely from the side . This added a great amount of strength to the frame of the gun and it allowed the use of a 2 ¾ inch shell without the danger of the gun constantly jamming .
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The gun could not be opened until a slight forward movement of the slide handle released the action slide lock . In firing , the recoil of the gun gave a slight forward motion to the slide handle and released the action slide lock which enabled immediate opening of the gun . In the absence of any recoil , the slide ha... |
A movable cartridge guide was placed on the right side of the carrier block to prevent the escape of the shell when the gun was turned sideways in the act of loading .
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The stock was made longer and with less drop .
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Of the improvements , the slide lock is the one that really made the gun safer . This improved slide lock kept the gun locked until actual firing occurred which prevented the gun from jamming in the case of a misfire . The slide lock " stands in such a relation to the body of the firing pin as will prevent the firing ... |
= = Description = =
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The Winchester Model 1897 evolved from the Winchester Model 1893 . The Model 1897 and 1893 were both designed by John Browning . The Model 1897 is an external hammer shotgun lacking a trigger disconnector . This means that the user can hold the trigger down while cycling the shotgun and once the action is returned to ... |
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