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The ship then loaded refugees and left Swinemünde ; she successfully navigated the minefields on the way to Kiel , arriving on 18 March . Her stern turret had its guns replaced at the Deutsche Werke shipyard by early April . During the repair process , most of the ship 's crew went ashore . On the night of 9 April 194... |
= Barrhill , New Zealand =
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Barrhill is a lightly populated locality in the Canterbury region of New Zealand 's South Island . It is situated on the Canterbury Plains , on the right bank of the Rakaia River , about 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) inland from Rakaia . It was founded by Cathcart Wason in the mid @-@ 1870s and named by him after his old ho... |
Three of the original buildings of Barrhill plus the gatehouse at Wason 's homestead were constructed of concrete , and they still exist to this day . One of those buildings , St John 's Church , is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II heritage building , and the gatehouse is a museum that is open on re... |
= = Geography = =
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Barrhill is a small settlement between the Rakaia Barrhill Methven Road and the Rakaia River , located 210 metres ( 690 ft ) above sea level . It is about 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) from the town of Rakaia and 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from Methven . The four outer streets , one of which is the Rakaia Barrhill Methven Road... |
Apart from the main road , there are five avenues , each planted in its own species and named accordingly : oak , poplar , birch , lime , and sycamore . The tree @-@ lined avenues give Barrhill a charming appearance . Wason had trees planted in an unusual pattern around the market square . Residents only noticed in 19... |
= = History = =
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Wason emigrated from Scotland to New Zealand in late 1868 . In February 1869 or April 1870 ( sources vary ) , he bought the Lendon sheep run ( Run 116 ) in mid @-@ Canterbury . Lendon was a 20 @,@ 000 acres ( 81 km2 ) run on the south bank of the Rakaia River . The land had first been taken up by John Hall , but had c... |
His planting of pine trees and of oaks , walnuts and poplars extended over 600 acres ( 2 @.@ 4 km2 ) and allowed shelter from the prevailing north @-@ west winds to allow sheep farming and the growing of wheat , while water power was used for agricultural machinery . He bought and sold land , and by 1882 Corwar was co... |
On the estate , Wason built a model village called Barrhill , with avenues forming a grid layout and a central market square . Barrhill had 28 sections , including a post office , bakery , school , church , other facilities , and fifteen cottages were built . Wason named the village after his old home in South Ayrshir... |
However , Wason had expected the Methven Branch railway to be built near Barrhill , but when it was built on a more southerly route along Thompsons Track and what was later to become known as Lauriston , the village began to decline . Dwindling population forced the closure of the school in 1938 , although the Church ... |
Without the railway , Wason saw his project as doomed , and sold up in 1900 . A rural mail service was discussed for the Ashburton District in September 1924 and after the contracts were let in February 1925 , the Barrhill post office was closed . The school closed in 1938 .
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The Ashburton Branch of New Zealand Historic Places Trust , since renamed to Heritage New Zealand , unveiled an information panel on Anzac Day in 2012 in Barrhill 's market square . It was their last project as a branch committee before the pending disestablishment of branch committees through the Heritage New Zealand... |
= = = Population = = =
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Barrhill flourished until about 1885 , when population in the village itself peaked at 50 , and two effects caused a population decline . Firstly , a recession set in across New Zealand that made people move to where work opportunities presented themselves , and locally those opportunities were created near the statio... |
More recent population data can be obtained from Statistics New Zealand . The smallest unit for which data are available is a meshblock , and Barrhill is located within the meshblock with ID 2750400 . This meshblock has an area of 36 square kilometres ( 14 sq mi ) , i.e. a rural area much larger than just the village ... |
= = Notable places = =
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Three buildings in the township remain from the time of its founding . In addition , there is the historic gatehouse some 2 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 4 mi ) northwest of Barrhill . Those buildings remain partly because they were built in concrete , with some of the walls 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) thick . The cement was ... |
St John 's Church was mostly paid for by Wason , and construction started in 1876 , with the first service held on 8 July 1877 by the vicar of Ashburton , W. E. Paige . A vicarage was also envisaged , but it was never built . A lych gate was added as a centennial project . St John 's belongs to the Rakaia parish of th... |
After the land had been surveyed , the first buyer was the Education Board , securing land for a school in the market square , and a teacher 's house on the adjacent section . Both these buildings were also built in concrete and exist to this day . The school was built to a northern hemisphere design and has windows o... |
The other remaining 1870s concrete building is the gate house , located some distance away on the Rakaia Barrhill Methven Road . Wason 's homestead was at the end of a drive starting at this gate house , on a cliff top overlooking the Rakaia River . The homestead burnt down not long after Wason had left the country , ... |
Barrhill Cemetery is located 200 metres ( 660 ft ) south @-@ west of the village on Lauriston Barrhill Road . It is one of 11 open cemeteries in the Ashburton District . The oldest recorded burial was in 1881 .
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= = Notable people = =
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Barrhill 's founder , Cathcart Wason , was a member of parliament in two countries : first in New Zealand for a total of six years , and then in the United Kingdom for twenty years . New Zealand actress Tania Nolan , born in nearby Rakaia , lived in Barrhill for two years as a child .
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= 243 Ida =
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243 Ida ( / ˈaɪdə / ) is an asteroid in the Koronis family of the asteroid belt . It was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa and named after a nymph from Greek mythology . Later telescopic observations categorized Ida as an S @-@ type asteroid , the most numerous type in the inner aste... |
Like all main @-@ belt asteroids , Ida 's orbit lies between the planets Mars and Jupiter . Its orbital period is 4 @.@ 84 years , and its rotation period is 4 @.@ 63 hours . Ida has an average diameter of 31 @.@ 4 km ( 19 @.@ 5 mi ) . It is irregularly shaped and elongated , and apparently composed of two large objec... |
Ida 's moon , Dactyl , was discovered by mission member Ann Harch in images returned from Galileo . It was named after the Dactyls , creatures which inhabited Mount Ida in Greek mythology . Dactyl , being only 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 4 @,@ 600 ft ) in diameter , is about one @-@ twentieth the size of Ida . Its orbit arou... |
The images returned from Galileo , and the subsequent measurement of Ida 's mass , provided new insights into the geology of S @-@ type asteroids . Before the Galileo flyby , many different theories had been proposed to explain their mineral composition . Determining their composition permits a correlation between met... |
= = Discovery and observations = =
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Ida was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Vienna Observatory . It was his 45th asteroid discovery . Ida was named by Moriz von Kuffner , a Viennese brewer and amateur astronomer . In Greek mythology , Ida was a nymph of Crete who raised the god Zeus . Ida was recognized as a m... |
Ida 's reflection spectrum was measured on 16 September 1980 by astronomers David J. Tholen and Edward F. Tedesco as part of the eight @-@ color asteroid survey ( ECAS ) . Its spectrum matched those of the asteroids in the S @-@ type classification . Many observations of Ida were made in early 1993 by the US Naval Obs... |
= = Exploration = =
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= = = Galileo flyby = = =
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Ida was visited in 1993 by the Jupiter @-@ bound space probe Galileo . Its encounters of the asteroids Gaspra and Ida were secondary to the Jupiter mission . These were selected as targets in response to a new NASA policy directing mission planners to consider asteroid flybys for all spacecraft crossing the belt . No ... |
Galileo 's trajectory carried it into the asteroid belt twice on its way to Jupiter . During its second crossing , it flew by Ida on 28 August 1993 at a speed of 12 @,@ 400 m / s ( 41 @,@ 000 ft / s ) relative to the asteroid . The onboard imager observed Ida from a distance of 240 @,@ 350 km ( 149 @,@ 350 mi ) to its... |
Transmission of many Ida images was delayed due to a permanent failure in the spacecraft 's high @-@ gain antenna . The first five images were received in September 1993 . These comprised a high @-@ resolution mosaic of the asteroid at a resolution of 31 – 38 m / pixel . The remaining images were sent in February 1994... |
= = = Discoveries = = =
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The data returned from the Galileo flybys of Gaspra and Ida , and the later NEAR Shoemaker asteroid mission , permitted the first study of asteroid geology . Ida 's relatively large surface exhibited a diverse range of geological features . The discovery of Ida 's moon Dactyl , the first confirmed satellite of an aste... |
Ida is classified as an S @-@ type asteroid based on ground @-@ based spectroscopic measurements . The composition of S @-@ types was uncertain before the Galileo flybys , but was interpreted to be either of two minerals found in meteorites that had fallen to the Earth : ordinary chondrite ( OC ) and stony @-@ iron . ... |
The Galileo images also led to the discovery that space weathering was taking place on Ida , a process which causes older regions to become more red in color over time . The same process affects both Ida and its moon , although Dactyl shows a lesser change . The weathering of Ida 's surface revealed another detail abo... |
Both of these discoveries — the space weathering effects and the low density — led to a new understanding about the relationship between S @-@ type asteroids and OC meteorites . S @-@ types are the most numerous kind of asteroid in the inner part of the asteroid belt . OC meteorites are , likewise , the most common ty... |
= = Physical characteristics = =
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Ida 's mass is between 3 @.@ 65 and 4 @.@ 99 × 1016 kg . Its gravitational field produces an acceleration of about 0 @.@ 3 to 1 @.@ 1 cm / s2 over its surface . This field is so weak that an astronaut standing on its surface could leap from one end of Ida to the other , and an object moving in excess of 20 m / s ( 70 ... |
Ida is a distinctly elongated asteroid , with an irregular surface . Ida is 2 @.@ 35 times as long as it is wide , and a " waist " separates it into two geologically dissimilar halves . This constricted shape is consistent with Ida being made of two large , solid components , with loose debris filling the gap between ... |
= = Surface features = =
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Ida 's surface appears heavily cratered and mostly gray , although minor color variations mark newly formed or uncovered areas . Besides craters , other features are evident , such as grooves , ridges , and protrusions . Ida is covered by a thick layer of regolith , loose debris that obscures the solid rock beneath . ... |
= = = Regolith = = =
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The surface of Ida is covered in a blanket of pulverized rock , called regolith , about 50 – 100 m ( 160 – 330 ft ) thick . This material is produced in impact events and redistributed across Ida 's surface by geological processes . Galileo observed evidence of recent downslope regolith movement .
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Ida 's regolith is composed of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene . Its appearance changes over time through a process called space weathering . Because of this process , older regolith appears more red in color compared to freshly exposed material .
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About 20 large ( 40 – 150 m across ) ejecta blocks have been identified , embedded in Ida 's regolith . Ejecta blocks constitute the largest pieces of the regolith . Because ejecta blocks are expected to break down quickly by impact events , those present on the surface must have been either formed recently or uncover... |
= = = Structures = = =
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Several major structures mark Ida 's surface . The asteroid appears to be split into two halves , here referred to as region 1 and region 2 , connected by a " waist " . This feature may have been filled in by debris , or blasted out of the asteroid by impacts .
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Region 1 of Ida contains two major structures . One is a prominent 40 km ( 25 mi ) ridge named Townsend Dorsum that stretches 150 degrees around Ida 's surface . The other structure is a large indentation named Vienna Regio .
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Ida 's region 2 features several sets of grooves , most of which are 100 m ( 330 ft ) wide or less and up to 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) long . They are located near , but are not connected with , the craters Mammoth , Lascaux , and Kartchner . Some grooves are related to major impact events , for example a set opposite Vienn... |
= = = Craters = = =
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Ida is one of the most densely cratered bodies yet explored in the Solar System , and impacts have been the primary process shaping its surface . Cratering has reached the saturation point , meaning that new impacts erase evidence of old ones , leaving the total crater count roughly the same . It is covered with crate... |
Ida 's major craters are named after caves and lava tubes on Earth . The crater Azzurra , for example , is named after a submerged cave on the island of Capri , also known as the Blue Grotto . Azzurra seems to be the most recent major impact on Ida . The ejecta from this collision is distributed discontinuously over I... |
The craters are simple in structure : bowl @-@ shaped with no flat bottoms and no central peaks . They are distributed evenly around Ida , except for a protrusion north of crater Choukoutien which is smoother and less cratered . The ejecta excavated by impacts is deposited differently on Ida than on planets because of... |
= = Composition = =
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Ida was classified as an S @-@ type asteroid based on the similarity of its reflectance spectra with similar asteroids . S @-@ types may share their composition with stony @-@ iron or ordinary chondrite ( OC ) meteorites . The composition of the interior has not been directly analyzed , but is assumed to be similar to... |
Ida 's interior probably contains some amount of impact @-@ fractured rock , called megaregolith . The megaregolith layer of Ida extends between hundreds of meters below the surface to a few kilometers . Some rock in Ida 's core may have been fractured below the large craters Mammoth , Lascaux , and Undara .
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