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= = Orbit and rotation = =
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Ida is a member of the Koronis family of asteroid @-@ belt asteroids . Ida orbits the Sun at an average distance of 2 @.@ 862 AU ( 428 @.@ 1 Gm ) , between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . Ida takes 4 @.@ 84089 years to complete one orbit .
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Ida 's rotation period is 4 @.@ 63 hours , making it one of the fastest rotating asteroids yet discovered . The calculated maximum moment of inertia of a uniformly dense object the same shape as Ida coincides with the spin axis of the asteroid . This suggests that there are no major variations of density within the as... |
= = Origin = =
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Ida originated in the breakup of the roughly 120 km ( 75 mi ) diameter Koronis parent body . The progenitor asteroid had partially differentiated , with heavier metals migrating to the core . Ida carried away insignificant amounts of this core material . It is uncertain how long ago the disruption event occurred . Acc... |
= = Moon = =
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Ida has a moon named Dactyl , official designation ( 243 ) Ida I Dactyl ( / ˈdæktᵻl / DAK @-@ til ) . It was discovered in images taken by the Galileo spacecraft during its flyby in 1993 . These images provided the first direct confirmation of an asteroid moon . At the time , it was separated from Ida by a distance of... |
= = = Discovery = = =
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Dactyl was found on 17 February 1994 by Galileo mission member Ann Harch , while examining delayed image downloads from the spacecraft . Galileo recorded 47 images of Dactyl over an observation period of 5 @.@ 5 hours in August 1993 . The spacecraft was 10 @,@ 760 kilometres ( 6 @,@ 690 mi ) from Ida and 10 @,@ 870 ki... |
Dactyl was initially designated 1993 ( 243 ) 1 . It was named by the International Astronomical Union in 1994 , for the mythological dactyls who inhabited Mount Ida on the island of Crete .
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= = = Physical characteristics = = =
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Dactyl is an " egg @-@ shaped " but " remarkably spherical " object measuring 1 @.@ 6 by 1 @.@ 4 by 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 99 mi × 0 @.@ 87 mi × 0 @.@ 75 mi ) . It was oriented with its longest axis pointing towards Ida . Like Ida , Dactyl 's surface exhibits saturation cratering . It is marked by more than a doze... |
Dactyl shares many characteristics with Ida . Their albedos and reflection spectra are very similar . The small differences indicate that the space weathering process is less active on Dactyl . Its small size would make the formation of significant amounts of regolith impossible . This contrasts with Ida , which is co... |
The two largest imaged craters on Dactyl were named Acmon and Celmis , after two of the mythological dactyls . Acmon is the largest crater in the above image , and Celmis is near the bottom , mostly obscured in shadow . The craters are 300 and 200 meters in diameter , respectively .
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= = = Orbit = = =
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Dactyl 's orbit around Ida is not precisely known . Galileo was in the plane of Dactyl 's orbit when most of the images were taken , which made determining its exact orbit difficult . Dactyl orbits in the prograde direction and is inclined about 8 ° to Ida 's equator . Based on computer simulations , Dactyl 's pericen... |
If in a circular orbit at the distance at which it was seen , Dactyl 's orbital period is about 20 hours . Its orbital speed is roughly 10 m / s ( 33 ft / s ) , " about the speed of a fast run or a slowly thrown baseball " .
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= = = Age and origin = = =
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Dactyl may have originated at the same time as Ida , from the disruption of the Koronis parent body . However , it may have formed more recently , perhaps as ejecta from a large impact on Ida . It is extremely unlikely that it was captured by Ida . Dactyl may have suffered a major impact around 100 million years ago ,... |
= Trobairitz =
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The trobairitz ( Occitan pronunciation : [ tɾuβajˈɾits ] ) were Occitan female troubadours of the 12th and 13th centuries , active from around 1170 to approximately 1260 . The word trobairitz was first used in the 13th @-@ century romance Flamenca . It comes from the Provençal word trobar , the literal meaning of whic... |
= = Position in medieval society = =
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Throughout the 13th century , women of the court were expected to be able to sing , play instruments , and write jocs partis , or partimen ( a debate or dialogue in the form of a poem ) . The cultivation of these womanly skills may have led to the writings of the trobairitz .
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The trobairitz may also have arisen due the power women held in southern France during the 12th and 13th centuries . Women had far more control over land ownership , and Occitan society was far more accepting of women than were most other societies of the time . During the Crusades many men were away , which left wome... |
There is difficulty in labeling the trobairitz as either amateurs or professionals . The distinction between these two roles was complicated in the medieval era , since professionals were generally lower class , and amateurs had as much time as professionals to devote to their craft . Joglaresse were lower class , pro... |
Both troubadours and trobairitz wrote of fin ' amors , or courtly love . Women were generally the subject of the writings of troubadours , however : " No other group of poets give women so exalted a definition within so tightly circumscribed a context of female suppression . " The tension between the suppression of wo... |
= = Attribution = =
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The number of works attributed to the trobairitz is estimated at thirty @-@ two songs , but ranges anywhere from 23 to 46 . There are a number of reasons why an exact number is not known . In the courtly love tradition it was common for poems to be written as an exchange of letters , or a debate , as in a tenso . Some... |
Since poetry was highly stylized , it is difficult to determine when a poet speaking as a woman actually was a woman , or a man speaking as a woman . This adds to the difficulty of attribution , especially of anonymous writers . There is some debate as to whether or not the poems by the trobairitz represent genuine fe... |
There is one notable instance where clear attribution is given to a woman , Bieiris de Romans ( also given as Beatritz ) , but the subject of the poem is another woman , Na Maria . In the poem " Na Maria " Beatritz expresses her love for Maria in the traditional fin ' amors style , both in terms of physical longing an... |
= = List of trobairitz works = =
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= = = Anonymous = = =
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Bona domna , un conseill vos deman
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= = = Attributed = = =
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Alais Iselda and Carenza : Na Carenza al bel cors avinen
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Alamanda de Castelnau
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Almucs de Castelnau and Iseut de Capio : Domna n ’ Almucs , si @-@ us plages
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Azalais d 'Altier
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Azalais de Porcairagues
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Beatriz de Diá
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Beatritz de Romans : Na Maria , pretz e fina valors
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Castelloza
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Clara d 'Anduza
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Felipa
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Garsenda de Proença : Vos qe ’ m semblatz dels corals amadors
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Gaudairença : Coblas e dansas ( not extant )
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Gormonda de Monpeslier
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Guillelma de Rosers
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Domna H.
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Lambarda
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Maria de Ventadorn : Gui d 'Uisel , be.m pesa de vos
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Tibors de Sarenom
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Ysabella
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= Ny @-@ Ålesund Airport , Hamnerabben =
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Ny @-@ Ålesund Airport , Hamnerabben ( Norwegian : Ny @-@ Ålesund flyplass , Hamnerabben ; ICAO : ENAS ) is an airport serving the research community of Ny @-@ Ålesund in Svalbard , Norway . The airport is owned by Kings Bay , who also owns the company town . The only flights available are to Svalbard Airport , Longye... |
Between 1925 and 1928 , Ny @-@ Ålesund saw four air expeditions to the North Pole , two of which required the construction of an airship hangar and mast . The first proposal for an airport in Ny @-@ Ålesund was launched in 1956 by Norsk Polar Navigasjon , who proposed an airport at Kvadehuksletta . Soviet protests aga... |
= = History = =
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= = = Early aviation in Ny @-@ Ålesund = = =
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Ny @-@ Ålesund was established as a mining company town by Kings Bay in 1916 . Between 1925 and 1928 , four attempts were made to reach the North Pole by air from Ny @-@ Ålesund . In May 1925 , Roald Amundsen used Ny @-@ Ålesund as a base for two flying boats , but the expedition failed to come closer than 88 degrees ... |
The flying boats did not require any specific infrastructure , although they had to be brought by ship to Ny @-@ Ålesund , where they were assembled . They took off from a manually groomed air strip on snow . For the airship expeditions , a hangar and a mast were needed . Twenty @-@ two carpenters arrived in October 1... |
Mining ceased in Ny @-@ Ålesund in 1929 ; it was taken up again in 1941 , but because of the Second World War the town was evacuated the following year . From 1946 , the Royal Norwegian Air Force started serving Ny @-@ Ålesund with their Consolidated PBY Catalina amphibian aircraft . The aircraft were able to land if ... |
= = = Kvadehuksletta proposal = = =
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The first proposal for an airport serving Ny @-@ Ålesund was launched by the brothers Einar Sverre Pedersen and Gunnar Sverre Pedersen . Einar worked as chief navigator in the Scandinavian Airlines System ( SAS ) and was instrumental in developing the airline routes over the North Pole . He envisioned that the airport... |
The brothers went on an expedition to Spitsbergen in 1956 to conduct further surveys . Their initial observations concluded that Kvadehussletta , the outermost part of Brøggerhalvøya , was the best @-@ suited place for a major airport . They initially planned for a 1 @,@ 600 @-@ meter ( 5 @,@ 200 ft ) long runway , wh... |
The brothers presented the idea to the Government of Norway and SAS , but neither party was interested in investing in an airport . They contacted Kings Bay and asked the company to lease or purchase land to build the airport . The company was positive , but required that the airport remained under Norwegian ownership... |
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