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wiki_39879_chunk_38 | Smolensk air disaster | Initial reports
An initial report by CIS' Interstate Aviation Committee () revealed that all three engines were operating normally, and that there was no fire or explosion before the aircraft crashed. According to the newspaper Dziennik, Polish flight recorder ATM-QAR registered that precisely at 8:41:02.5 (Polish time... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_39 | Smolensk air disaster | The discrepancy among the time of the crash registered by MARS flight recorders (10:41:05.4), ATM-QAR recorder (10:41:04), and when electricity lines were cut by the crashing aircraft a second or two before the final crash (10:39:35) was never explained. | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_40 | Smolensk air disaster | On 19 May 2010, the preliminary report of the investigation into the crash was published. Alexei Morozov, the head of the technical commission of Russia's Interstate Aviation Committee, stated that the Tupolev Tu-154M had no mechanical faults, and that an air traffic control official at Smolensk North Airport had "warn... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_41 | Smolensk air disaster | According to the Interstate Aviation Committee report from 19 May 2010, the aircraft first hit an tree approximately from the runway. The aircraft was also off by from the extended middle line of the runway. The TAWS alarm "Pull up!" was first sounded at altitude and then repeated several times before the crash. I... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_42 | Smolensk air disaster | On 26 May 2010, it was reported that pilot error had been identified as the reason for the crash. Edmund Klich, the head of the Polish investigative commission, stated in an interview "Pretty much everything is clear right now and nearly all evidence has been gathered". "The pilots ignored the plane's automatic warning... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_43 | Smolensk air disaster | On 1 June 2010, Poland's Interior Ministry published a transcript from the cockpit voice recorder of the crashed Tu-154M. The transcript confirmed earlier reports that the aircraft had attempted to land in bad weather against the advice of air traffic control and the plane's terrain awareness warning system. At one poi... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_44 | Smolensk air disaster | Expert commentators have noted that the flight navigator, who was listing the altitude readings on the transcript, was referring to the radar altimeter (which gives height above ground) rather than the pressure altimeter (which would provide the height relative to the level of the runway). Because the terrain rises up ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_45 | Smolensk air disaster | The Russian report was published on 12 January 2011, and the Polish report was published on 29 July 2011. Both reports placed the majority of the blame for the accident on the pilots for descending too low without being able to see the ground. The Polish report also placed harsh criticism on the organization of Poland'... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_46 | Smolensk air disaster | Russian final accident report
The MAK completed their investigation on 20 October 2010. A copy of the report was sent to the Polish authorities, who had 60 days to comment, after which the report was published on 12 January 2011. After the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) report's publication, Poland stated that it ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_47 | Smolensk air disaster | The final report noticed that the captain's electronic altimeter was set higher than the actual position. This change was made after the aircraft began its final approach and soon after the first TAWS warning sounded. All other altimeters on board were set correctly. The investigation also determined that the control... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_48 | Smolensk air disaster | As part of their investigation, MAK conducted an experiment in a Tu-154M simulator to determine how late the crew could have gone around. "The experiment confirmed that during approaches in conditions similar to the flight conditions of the T-154M ... with a similar flight profile with vertical speed of descent of 7–8 ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_49 | Smolensk air disaster | Polish comments on the draft of the final report
On the same day that the final report was published by MAK, Poland published its comments on the draft of the final report sent to MAK before. Poland stated that their comments were not taken into consideration. MAK did not include them in the report, but published this ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_50 | Smolensk air disaster | The main points of Polish comments are:
A list of documents, evidence, and other information requested by Poland but not received from the Russian side (First table in document "Lista Wystapien Strony Polskiej o Dokumentacje", List of requests from Poland about documentation. Entry "Nie otrzymano" means "Not received"... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_51 | Smolensk air disaster | Polish publication of ATC tapes
At an 18 January 2011 press conference, the Polish investigation made public the information contained in ATC recordings, and their analysis of such. They concluded that the "on course, on glide path" calls given to the pilots were made when the aircraft was actually off course, and furt... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_52 | Smolensk air disaster | MAK publication of ATC tapes
In response to the Polish claims of publicity MAK published transcripts of ATC recordings on its website. The announcement made on MAK website states that the transcripts are based on a copy of recordings identical to the one which was given to the Polish side during the investigation. The ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_53 | Smolensk air disaster | MAK report
The MAK report found the "immediate cause" of the accident was the failure of the crew to make a timely decision to proceed to an alternate airport despite being warned multiple times of the poor weather conditions at Smolensk. Another immediate cause was the descent below minimums without visual contact wit... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_54 | Smolensk air disaster | A "contributing factor" to the accident was a long discussion with the Protocol director and the crew of the Yak-40 regarding the actual weather and the impossibility of landing at Smolensk in such weather conditions. The report found this discussion caused the Captain to experience "clash of motives." On one hand he k... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_55 | Smolensk air disaster | Other "contributing factors" were a lack of compliance with standard operating procedures, a lack of crew resource management, and a significant gap in bad weather flights by the PIC (he had not flown in weather conditions similar to Smolensk that day in four months). Additional "contributing factors" were the Navigato... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_56 | Smolensk air disaster | A "systemic cause" of the accident were "significant shortcomings in the organization of flight operations, flight crew preparation and arrangement of the VIP flight in the special air regiment." Official Polish government report
The Polish Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents (KBWLLP) published i... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_57 | Smolensk air disaster | Chief among these differences was a conclusion that the pilots were not placed under pressure forcing them to land at Smolensk, and that the crew decided to abort landing when they reached 100m altitude (measured by radio altimeter) and had decided to go around using the autopilot. However, it was impossible for the au... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_58 | Smolensk air disaster | Another major difference was a conclusion that Russian air traffic control played a part in the accident by passing incorrect information to the crew regarding the plane's position. ATC gave distance callouts on average in advance, and told the aircraft it was on the correct glidepath when it actually was not. Further... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_59 | Smolensk air disaster | The Polish report also found three deficiencies regarding the Smolensk airport which contributed to the crash. One was a large number of obstacles (mostly tall trees) in the area before the runway which should have been removed to keep the protected approach airspace clear of obstructions. The second deficiency was wit... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_60 | Smolensk air disaster | Due to numerous accusations raised by Law and Justice opposition party who rejected the official report's conclusions, a new commission was created in 2013, headed by Maciej Lasek. Its task was to publish and explain all the technical evidence used in the official report. Lasek commission's produced over a hundred very... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_61 | Smolensk air disaster | Cause of accident according to Polish report:
The immediate cause of the accident was the descent below the minimum descent altitude at an excessive rate of descent in weather conditions which prevented visual contact with the ground, as well as a delayed execution of the go-around procedure. Those circumstances led t... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_62 | Smolensk air disaster | Circumstances contributing to the accident:
Failure to monitor altitude by means of a pressure altimeter during a non-precision approach;
failure by the crew to respond to the PULL UP warning generated by the TAWS;
attempt to execute the go-around maneuver under the control of ABSU (automatic go-around);
Approach C... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_63 | Smolensk air disaster | Conducive circumstances:
incorrect coordination of the crew's work, which placed an excessive burden on the aircraft commander in the final phase of the flight;
insufficient flight preparation of the crew;
the crew's insufficient knowledge of the airplane's systems and their limitations;
inadequate cross-monitoring... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_64 | Smolensk air disaster | Notable passengers | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_65 | Smolensk air disaster | In addition to Kaczyński and his wife Maria, and Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last president of Poland in exile, on board were the military chiefs of staff (army, air force, navy), the national bank governor, a deputy foreign minister, head army chaplains of the Catholic and Orthodox churches, head of the National Security... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_66 | Smolensk air disaster | Political aftermath
In accordance with the Polish Constitution, on the president's death his duties were taken on by the marshal of the Sejm (speaker of the lower house of the parliament)—at the time Bronisław Komorowski, who thus became acting president. Within two weeks he was obliged to announce the date of the pres... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_67 | Smolensk air disaster | Despite the deaths of the president and numerous officials, the crash was not expected to impair the functions of the government, since no cabinet ministers were aboard the plane. The Polish Armed Forces were dealt a severe blow, however, since all of their senior commanding officers were killed; their duties were auto... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_68 | Smolensk air disaster | The commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre was split up because of the political conflict between the liberal-conservative government of Prime Minister Donald Tusk and national-conservative President Kaczyński.
On 7 April, Tusk, along with government officials and members of his Civic Platform part... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_69 | Smolensk air disaster | The president of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers and former CIA analyst, S. Eugene Poteat, has written that political violence should not be ruled out under the circumstances of the aircraft crash. The marshal of the Sejm, Bronisław Komorowski, had previously been announced as the Civic Platform's candi... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_70 | Smolensk air disaster | On 17 April, one week after the crash, a memorial service, including a two-minute silence, was held to honour the victims of the crash. It was reported that over 100,000 mourners attended the event, held in Piłsudski Square; however, up to 1.5 million had been expected. State funeral The funeral service for the preside... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_71 | Smolensk air disaster | The first round of the election to elect President Kaczyński's successor was held on 20 June 2010. Since no candidate obtained an absolute majority, a run-off was held on 4 July 2010, between the two highest-polling candidates: the acting president Bronisław Komorowski, and the late president's brother Jarosław Kaczyńs... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_72 | Smolensk air disaster | VIP flight reorganisation
Following the publication of the Polish Accident report, the 36th Special Aviation Regiment which operated the flight was disbanded, and 13 Polish military officers were dismissed. Most Polish officials were instructed to fly on regular civilian flights. Two Embraer 170s were retained for gove... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_73 | Smolensk air disaster | In Poland, the public reacted with shock and grief to the disaster. Almost immediately after the news broke, tens of thousands of Poles assembled at the Presidential Palace to lay tributes, including flowers, wreaths, and candles. A week of national mourning was declared in Poland. Poles around the world mourned Kaczyń... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_74 | Smolensk air disaster | On 11 April, Kaczyński's body was flown to Warsaw on a military plane; tens of thousands of Poles gathered at both the airport tarmac and the streets of the city to pay their respects to the late president as his casket was driven by hearse to the Presidential Palace. Afterwards, the casket was laid in state at the Pal... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_75 | Smolensk air disaster | On 15 April, Polish scouts put a wooden cross in front of the Presidential Palace in Warsaw, at Krakowskie Przedmieście, to commemorate the victims of the crash. The establishing of the cross provoked controversy in Poland, mainly related to questions concerning the separation of church and state. Polish Catholics want... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_76 | Smolensk air disaster | A public noon commemoration ceremony in Warsaw's Piłsudski Square was attended by more than 100,000 people on 17 April. Sirens sounded and bells tolled around the country. A three-gun salute was fired. People waved the flag of Poland, complete with black ribbons, as the names of the victims were read out from a white s... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_77 | Smolensk air disaster | On 18 April, the couple's caskets were driven at a slow pace through the streets of Warsaw, passing the city hall and a museum dedicated to the 1944 Warsaw Uprising which Kaczyński favoured. The funeral ceremony began at 2 pm local time (12:00 UTC) with a mass held at Kraków's St Mary's Basilica, with thousands attendi... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_78 | Smolensk air disaster | Former president Aleksander Kwaśniewski told TVN24 that, "It [Katyń] is a cursed place. It sends shivers down my spine. First the flower of the Second Polish Republic is murdered in the forests around Smolensk, now the elite of the Third Polish Republic die in this tragic aircraft crash when approaching Smolensk North ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_79 | Smolensk air disaster | Russia Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin expressed their condolences to the acting President and speaker of the parliament, Bronislaw Komorowski. President Medvedev also announced that 12 April 2010 would be a national day of mourning in Russia. Chairman of International Committee of t... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_80 | Smolensk air disaster | After the aircraft crash, the state owned Russia Channel broadcast the film Katyń for the second time in Russia. The film, which was not distributed in Russia, was first shown in Russia on another state-owned channel, the less popular Kultura Channel on 2 April 2010. The first showing of Katyń was a political event, wh... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_81 | Smolensk air disaster | While Polish commentators saw Putin's participation in the ceremony held on 7 April as a symbolic gesture, they were touched when Putin and Tusk paid tribute and laid flowers at the site of the crash. Tusk knelt and briefly hid his face in his hands, then stood up as Putin patted him on the shoulder. The two hugged, th... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_82 | Smolensk air disaster | On 11 April, holding a bouquet of red roses, Putin was reported to have appeared truly distressed as he escorted Kaczyński's body to a Warsaw-bound plane. Later Putin said in a Polish television interview: "This is of course first and foremost Poland's tragedy and that of the Polish people, but it is also our tragedy. ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_83 | Smolensk air disaster | The Russian response has been noted favourably by Poles, with talk of a thawing in the relationship between Russia and Poland. Witold Waszczykowski, deputy head of Poland's National Security Bureau, told Reuters, "We did not expect this gentle, kind approach, this personal involvement from Putin. Naturally it will have... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_84 | Smolensk air disaster | As part of this thawing of relations, on 28 April 18 days after the crash, Russia's state Archive publicly published a number of previously secret files on the Katyn massacre on their website. The files were declassified in the early 1990s, but before their publication they were only available to specialized researcher... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_85 | Smolensk air disaster | The strongest admission was yet to come. On 26 November 2010, the Russian State Duma passed a resolution admitting that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin personally approved the Katyn massacre. The Soviets had long claimed Nazi Germany were the ones responsible. Although this stance changed in 1990 when Mikhail Gorbachev adm... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_86 | Smolensk air disaster | In an interview with Rzeczpospolita, Andrei Illarionov, Vladimir Putin's former advisor, noted, "... contrary to the promises, the investigation of this crash is neither transparent nor dynamic." and added, "... the Polish side does not have full and free access to documents and evidence." Illarionov was also one of th... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_87 | Smolensk air disaster | International
At least 96 countries, 13 international organizations and several other entities expressed their reaction on behalf of the incident. An official mourning was proclaimed in 18 countries other than Poland. Condolence books were opened in many public locations such as the Polish centre in Hammersmith, where... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_88 | Smolensk air disaster | Twenty-three countries observed a varying number of days of official mourning; Brazil: 3, Bulgaria: 1, Canada: 1, Cape Verde: 1, Croatia: 1, Czech Republic: 2, Estonia: 1, Germany: 1, Georgia: 1, Hungary: 1, Latvia: 1, Lithuania: 4, Maldives: 2, Moldova: 1, Montenegro: 1, Poland: 9, Romania: 1, Russia: 1, Serbia: 1, Sl... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_89 | Smolensk air disaster | Victims of the airplane crash were also commemorated by minute of silence before several football matches throughout Europe, including El Clásico Real Madrid C.F. – FC Barcelona in Spain; or FC Baník Ostrava – 1. FC Slovácko and Prague derby AC Sparta Prague – SK Slavia Praha in the Czech Republic. | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_90 | Smolensk air disaster | Some concern arose that Kaczyński's funeral would have to be delayed as a consequence of volcanic ash emanating from Iceland and the resulting air travel disruption in Europe. Only one airport in the country was open, and several international dignitaries were unable to attend. The funeral nonetheless went ahead as sch... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_91 | Smolensk air disaster | In 2018 PACE issued resolution #2246 which calls Russian Federation to hand over the wreckage of the plane. | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_92 | Smolensk air disaster | Polish parliamentary committee investigation
In July 2010, a group of Polish MPs, mostly from the Law and Justice party, formed the "Parliamentary Committee for the investigation of the Tu-154M crash in Smolensk", chaired by the party's deputy leader Antoni Macierewicz. Later in November, Macierewicz called for the Un... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_93 | Smolensk air disaster | Every year since October 2012, an independent (financed by its participants) Smolensk Conference was organised in Warsaw and was attended by scientists and researchers from Polish and foreign universities to provide a forum intended to introduce and discuss independent studies related to the catastrophe. The last (four... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_94 | Smolensk air disaster | , Russia is still in possession of the wreckage and black boxes of the Tupolev, having refused various requests made by the Polish government to return the items. | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_95 | Smolensk air disaster | Claims of explosives traces
On 30 October 2012, Polish newspaper Rzeczpospolita reported that traces of explosives had been detected by investigators in the wreckage of the Tupolev, on the wings and in the cabin. The claims were denied by Polish prosecutors—who claimed that a number of common substances could as well ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_96 | Smolensk air disaster | The editor-in-chief of Rzeczpospolita published a video in which he explained that he decided to publish the article only after talking to the Public Prosecutor General, Andrzej Seremet. Seremet responded by claiming that he told the editor that the highly energetic particles detected can be of "various" origin. In Nov... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_97 | Smolensk air disaster | After the 2012 publication, there was some discussion about the trustworthiness of the handheld explosives detectors used. The Supreme Military Prosecutor's Office (NPW) announced that they examined the interior of the other Polish government Tu-154M (the one that did not crash), and during the examination the handheld... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_98 | Smolensk air disaster | A relative of one of the victims brought back remains of the victim's clothing and a piece of seatbelt (including the clip) from Smolensk, and sent them to the United States for private examination. The examiners did not find traces of explosives on the piece of clothing. They did, however, find traces of TNT on the se... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_99 | Smolensk air disaster | In 2017, it was announced that the British Ministry of Defence was engaged by the Polish Government to examine the wreckage of the aircraft for traces of explosives. The work will be done by scientists based at the Forensic Explosives Laboratory at Fort Halstead, Kent. In early 2019, Polish right-wing weekly Sieci repo... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_100 | Smolensk air disaster | According to Polish experts, trace amounts of high explosives could be present in the airplane due to frequent presence of military personnel onboard, or as result of contamination on the ground (Smolensk area was a battlefield during World War II). The fact that the traces were found on some parts of the airplane (e.g... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_101 | Smolensk air disaster | New Polish investigation
Following Law and Justice's victory at the 2015 Polish parliamentary elections, the new conservative government appointed the chair of the Polish Parliamentary Committee of Investigation, Antoni Macierewicz, as defence minister, and the question of the Smolensk crash was brought back into the g... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_102 | Smolensk air disaster | On 25 November 2015, government spokeswoman Elżbieta Witek called for former Prime Minister Donald Tusk to be put on trial for his handling of the 2010 air disaster. Adam Lipiński, from the Prime Minister's Chancellery, accused Tusk of negligence and weakness in handling the investigation and the restitution of the wre... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_103 | Smolensk air disaster | In November 2015, the government shut down the faktysmolensk.gov.pl website, which had been set up by state authorities under Tusk's cabinet to explain in simple terms the findings of the official investigations. No reason was given for the website closure. An independent mirror was created shortly after. | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_104 | Smolensk air disaster | Polish President Andrzej Duda, from the Law and Justice party, wrote a letter to the participants of the 4th Smolensk Conference that took place on 14 November 2015 in Warsaw, describing the official Russian and Polish accident reports as 'simply hypotheses' in contrast with evidence, and stating that the investigation... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_105 | Smolensk air disaster | As part of the renewed investigation, the remains of the deceased Polish president were exhumed on 14 November 2016. | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_106 | Smolensk air disaster | In January 2018, the Polish government subcommittee re-investigating the accident claimed that a number of explosions had occurred aboard the airliner. In February 2018, the commission presented their preliminary findings, repeating the earlier claims. The head of the previous commission, Maciej Lasek, dismissed the cl... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_107 | Smolensk air disaster | In 2021 a ruling has been delivered in a long trial where officials were accused of negligence in preparing of the flights. The judge stated that there were four parties directly involved in the flight preparation: President's Office (KP), Prime Minister's Office (KPRM), Government Protection Office (BOR) and 36th Spec... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_108 | Smolensk air disaster | As of September 2021 the Macierewicz report is still not published, and the date of publication has been repeatedly delayed since 2016, which generated significant amount of frustration and criticism even among the commission members. Glenn Jorgensen, Marek Dąbrowski, Wiesław Chrzanowski and Kazimierz Grono have been e... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_109 | Smolensk air disaster | Conspiracy theories
Soon after the crash, Artur Górski, a Polish MP from the Law and Justice party, claimed that the Smolensk air traffic controllers were ordered to prevent the plane from landing, so that the president could not attend the Katyń ceremony, resulting in the crash. Górski later apologized for his remark... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_110 | Smolensk air disaster | Conspiracy theories have been in circulation since the day of the accident, claiming in general that the crash was in fact a political assassination, an act of war against Poland or an elaborate coup attempt, possibly orchestrated by Russia. The range of such theories has been described by some international media as "... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_111 | Smolensk air disaster | Law and Justice's leader Jarosław Kaczyński and the head of the parliamentary committee of investigation Antoni Macierewicz have been described as long time supporters of the assassination theory, and have repeatedly accused the then prime minister Donald Tusk of being involved in a cover-up. Macierewicz repeated these... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_112 | Smolensk air disaster | All of the evidence allegedly supporting alternative theories is discussed in the 2013 report of Maciej Lasek commission. For example, the bomb explosion theory is not supported by the fact that the plane's debris is concentrated in a relatively small 160x50 m area, and no parts of the plane's interior were found befor... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_113 | Smolensk air disaster | In popular culture
The National Geographic TV series Mayday (also called Air Crash Investigation or Air Emergency) dramatized the accident in a 2013 episode titled Death of the President. | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_114 | Smolensk air disaster | Smolensk disaster in film, theater, music and literature
Documentary films
Solidarni 2010 (Solidarity 2010) – prod. Film Open Group, Poland, dir. Ewa Stankiewicz, Jan Pospieszalski, 2010
Катынский синдром (The Katyn Syndrome) – prod. Channel One, Russia, 2010
Brief uit Polen (Letter from Poland) – prod. VPRO, Neth... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_115 | Smolensk air disaster | Narrative films
Prosto z nieba (Straight off the Sky) – prod. Muflon Pictures, Poland, dir. Piotr Matwiejczyk, 2011
Smolensk'' – prod. Fundacja Smoleńsk 2010, Poland, dir. Antoni Krauze, 2016 See also | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_116 | Smolensk air disaster | Similar Polish aircraft accidents
1943 Aircraft crash of Polish Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski
2003 Polish Air Force Mi-8 crash of Polish Prime Minister Leszek Miller
2008 Mirosławiec air disaster
Similar non-Polish aircraft accidents
1940 Canberra air disaster
1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash
1981 air crash of E... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_117 | Smolensk air disaster | Notes References External links | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_118 | Smolensk air disaster | YouTube video from crash site
"Findings of the Interstate Aviation Committee Safety Investigation of the Accident involving Tu-154M aircraft tail number 101 of the Republic of Poland on April 2010 near Smolensk "Severny" aerodrome." (Archive) Interstate Aviation Committee – Comprehensive link with reports and update... | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_119 | Smolensk air disaster | Preliminary transcript of the record from the flight recorder from pilots' cockpit (Archive)
Photograph of the cockpit of the accident aircraft, showing modern avionics from May 2007
Satellite photo of the crash site Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript and accident summary | wikipedia |
wiki_39879_chunk_120 | Smolensk air disaster | Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2010
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Polish Air Force Tu-154 Crash, 2010
Aviation accidents and incidents involving state leaders
Poland–Russia relations
Polish Air Force
Smolensk
Accidents and incid... | wikipedia |
wiki_39880_chunk_0 | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior | The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior is a research institute of the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). It includes a number of centers, including the "Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics", which uses DNA sequencing, gene expression studies, bioinformatics, and the genetic manipulation of mo... | wikipedia |
wiki_39880_chunk_1 | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior | History
The UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital opened in 1961, consisting of The UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute (NPI) and the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Hospital (NPH). It was in charge of the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Neurology, and Neurosurgery and Neuropathology services. In 1973, NPI reso... | wikipedia |
wiki_39880_chunk_2 | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior | In 2004, the Institute was renamed the Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and the Stewart & Lynda Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital at UCLA was established. | wikipedia |
wiki_39880_chunk_3 | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior | Integrative Phenotyping Center for Neuropsychiatry
The institute plans to use a $14.9 million stimulus grant to create "The Integrative Phenotyping Center for Neuropsychiatry", a new interdisciplinary research center focused on the role of genetic and environmental factors in neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders. ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39880_chunk_4 | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior | See also
Mental disorder
Psychiatric genetics References External links Medical research institutes in the United States
University of California, Los Angeles
Medical and health organizations based in California
Neuroscience research centers in the United States | wikipedia |
wiki_39881_chunk_0 | Chakra (JavaScript engine) | Chakra is a free and open-source JavaScript engine developed by Microsoft for its Microsoft Edge Legacy web browser. It is a fork of the same-named JScript engine used in Internet Explorer. Like the EdgeHTML browser engine, the declared intention was that it would reflect the "Living Web". The core components of Chakra... | wikipedia |
wiki_39881_chunk_1 | Chakra (JavaScript engine) | Open sourcing
Following an initial announcement on December 5, 2015, Microsoft open sourced the Chakra engine as ChakraCore, including all the key components of the JavaScript engine powering Microsoft Edge on their GitHub page under the MIT License on January 13, 2016. ChakraCore is essentially the same as the Chakra ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39881_chunk_2 | Chakra (JavaScript engine) | Microsoft has also created a project on GitHub that allows Node.js to use ChakraCore as its JavaScript engine instead of V8. References External links JavaScript engines
Microsoft free software
Free software programmed in C++
Software using the MIT license | wikipedia |
wiki_39882_chunk_0 | Revolutionary Council of Islamic Unity of Afghanistan | The Revolutionary Council of Islamic Unity of Afghanistan (, Shura-i Engelab-i Ettefaq-i Islami Afghanistan, often called simply Shura) was a Hazara political movement which appeared in Afghanistan in 1979 in opposition to the increasingly leftist Kabul government. The movement was led by Sayyid Ali Beheshti. | wikipedia |
wiki_39882_chunk_1 | Revolutionary Council of Islamic Unity of Afghanistan | The Shura had both political and militant arms, and removed many Kabul-backed authorities within the Hazarajat (Hazara-populated region of Afghanistan), replacing them with their own functionaries. By the end of 1983 the Shura controlled 60% of the population of the Hazarajat. The Shura was the primary Hazara resistan... | wikipedia |
wiki_39882_chunk_2 | Revolutionary Council of Islamic Unity of Afghanistan | Anti-Soviet factions in the Soviet–Afghan War
Tehran Eight
Defunct political parties in Afghanistan
Rebel groups in Afghanistan
Shia Islamic political parties in Afghanistan
Hazara political parties
Political parties in Afghanistan | wikipedia |
wiki_39883_chunk_0 | Number Theory Library | NTL is a C++ library for doing number theory. NTL supports arbitrary length integer and arbitrary precision floating point arithmetic, finite fields, vectors, matrices, polynomials, lattice basis reduction and basic linear algebra. NTL is free software released under the GNU Lesser General Public License. The program i... | wikipedia |
wiki_39884_chunk_0 | Organorhenium chemistry | Organorhenium chemistry describes the compounds with Re−C bonds. Because rhenium is a rare element, relatively few applications exist, but the area has been a rich source of concepts and a few useful catalysts. General features
Re exists in ten known oxidation states from −3 to +7 except −2, and all but Re(−3) are rep... | wikipedia |
wiki_39884_chunk_1 | Organorhenium chemistry | A noteworthy feature of organorhenium chemistry is the coexistence of oxide and organic ligands in the same coordination sphere. | wikipedia |
wiki_39884_chunk_2 | Organorhenium chemistry | Carbonyl compounds
Dirhenium decacarbonyl is a common entry point to other rhenium carbonyls. The general patterns are similar to the related manganese carbonyls. It is possible to reduce this dimer with sodium amalgam to Na[Re(CO)5] with rhenium in the formal oxidation state −1. Bromination of dirhenium decacarbonyl... | wikipedia |
wiki_39884_chunk_3 | Organorhenium chemistry | Re2(CO)10 + Br2 → 2 Re(CO)5Br
Re(CO)5Br + Zn + HOAc → Re(CO)5H + ZnBr(OAc) Bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I) is readily decarbonylated. In refluxing water, it forms the triaquo cation:
Re(CO)5Br + 3 H2O → [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]Br + 2 CO | wikipedia |
wiki_39884_chunk_4 | Organorhenium chemistry | With tetraethylammonium bromide Re(CO)5Br reacts to give the anionic tribromide:
Re(CO)5Br + 2 NEt4Br → [NEt4]2[Re(CO)3Br3] + 2 CO | wikipedia |
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