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wiki_10100_chunk_0 | Ydc2 protein domain | In molecular biology, the protein domain, Ydc2 (also known as SpCce1), is a Holliday junction resolvase from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10101_chunk_0 | Dispanin | In molecular biology, the protein family Dispanin is another name for Interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM). This refers to a family of protein domains which have a specific formation, or in other words, topology containing two alpha helices in within the cell membrane which are called two transmembrane prot... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10102_chunk_0 | Dispanin | The function of this protein family is to inhibit cell invasion of many harmful, pathogenic viruses, such as HIV. Henceforth, they are being intensively studied in the hope of drug discovery. They mediate the immune response by interferons. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10103_chunk_0 | DNA glycosylases | In molecular biology, the protein family, Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) is an enzyme that reverts mutations in DNA. The most common mutation is the deamination of cytosine to uracil. UDG repairs these mutations. UDG is crucial in DNA repair, without it these mutations may lead to cancer.This entry represents various ura... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10104_chunk_0 | DNA glycosylases | The prototypical member of this family is E. coli UDG, which was among the first glycosylases discovered. Four different uracil-DNA glycosylase activities have been identified in mammalian cells, including UNG, SMUG1, TDG, and MBD4. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10105_chunk_0 | DNA glycosylases | They vary in substrate specificity and subcellular localization. SMUG1 prefers single-stranded DNA as substrate, but also removes U from double-stranded DNA. In addition to unmodified uracil, SMUG1 can excise 5-hydroxyuracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil and 5-formyluracil bearing an oxidized group at ring C5. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10106_chunk_0 | DNA glycosylases | TDG and MBD4 are strictly specific for double-stranded DNA. TDG can remove thymine glycol when present opposite guanine, as well as derivatives of U with modifications at carbon 5. Current evidence suggests that, in human cells, TDG and SMUG1 are the major enzymes responsible for the repair of the U:G mispairs caused b... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10107_chunk_0 | DNA glycosylases | MBD4 is thought to correct T:G mismatches that arise from deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine in CpG sites. MBD4 mutant mice develop normally and do not show increased cancer susceptibility or reduced survival. But they acquire more C T mutations at CpG sequences in epithelial cells of the small intestine.The st... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10108_chunk_0 | Red chlorophyll catabolite reductase | In molecular biology, the red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCC reductase) family of proteins consists of several red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCC reductase) proteins. Red chlorophyll catabolite (RCC) reductase (RCCR) and pheophorbide (Pheide) a oxygenase (PaO) catalyse the key reaction of chlorophyll cata... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10109_chunk_0 | Rma A small RNA | In molecular biology, the regulator of motility and amylovoran A (RmaA) gene is a bacterial non-coding RNA. It was discovered in genome-wide identification of Hfq binding sRNAs in plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Together with Hfq it positively controls motility and negatively controls the production of acidic exopoly... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10110_chunk_0 | Sea anemone cytotoxic protein | In molecular biology, the sea anemone cytotoxic proteins are lethal pore-forming proteins, known collectively as actinoporins, a sub-class of cytolysins. There are several different groups of cytolysins based on their structure and function. This entry represents the most numerous group, the 20kDa highly basic peptides... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10111_chunk_0 | Sea anemone cytotoxic protein | They often oligomerise on the membrane surface, before puncturing the lipid bilayers, causing the cell to lyse. The 20kDa sea anemone cytolysins require a phosphocholine lipid headgroup for binding, however sphingomyelin is required for the toxin to promote membrane permeability. The crystal structures of equinatoxin I... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10112_chunk_0 | SUI1 | In molecular biology, the single-domain protein SUI1 is a translation initiation factor often found in the fungus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) but it is also found in other eukaryotes and prokaryotes as well as archaea. It is otherwise known as Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 (eIF1) in eukaryote... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10113_chunk_0 | Small nucleolar RNA SNORA40 | In molecular biology, the small nucleolar RNA ACA40 belongs to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs and guides the pseudouridylation of 28S rRNA subunit at position U4565. snoRNA ACA40 was discovered using large-scale cloning by Kiss et al. (2004) from a HeLa cell extract immunoprecipitated with an anti-GAR1 antibody. It is pre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10114_chunk_0 | Small nucleolar RNA SNORA73 | In molecular biology, the small nucleolar RNA SNORA73 (also called U17/E1 RNA) belongs to the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Vertebrate U17 is intron-encoded and ranges in length from 200-230 nucleotides, longer than most snoRNAs. It is one of the most abundant snoRNAs in human cells and is essential fo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10115_chunk_0 | Small nucleolar RNA SNORA73 | Regions of the U17 RNA are complementary to rRNA and act as guides for RNA/RNA interactions, although these regions do not seem to be well conserved between organisms.There is evidence that SNORA73 (isoforms: SNORA73A and SNORA73B) functions as a regulator of chromatin function. SNORA73 is chromatin-associated RNA (caR... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10116_chunk_0 | Small nucleolar RNA SNORA73 | Notably, SNORA73 can bind to PARP1, leading to the activation of its ADPRylation (PAR) function. SNORA73 Interacts with the PARP1 DNA-Binding Domain. In addition, the snoRNA-activated PARP1 ADPRylates DDX21 in cells to promote cell proliferation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10117_chunk_0 | Small nucleolar RNA SNORA53 | In molecular biology, the snoRNA ACA53 belongs to the H/ACA family of pseudouridylation guide snoRNAs. This H/ACA box RNA was cloned by Kiss et al. (2004) from a HeLa cell extract immunoprecipitated with an anti-GAR1 antibody. It has no identified target RNA. RNA residues targeted for pseudouridylation by this molecule... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10118_chunk_0 | Small nucleolar RNA snR48 | In molecular biology, the snoRNA snR48 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (sno... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10119_chunk_0 | Small nucleolar RNA snR48 | snR48 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.snR48 was identified in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by computa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10120_chunk_0 | Sulfonylurea receptor | In molecular biology, the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR) are membrane proteins which are the molecular targets of the sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs whose mechanism of action is to promote insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. More specifically, SUR proteins are subunits of the inward-rectifier potassium ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10121_chunk_0 | Ter protein | In molecular biology, the ter site, also known as DNA replication terminus binding-site, refers to a protein domain which binds to the DNA replication terminus site. Ter-binding proteins are found in some bacterial species, and include the tus protein which is part of the common ter-tus binding domain. They are require... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10122_chunk_0 | Ter protein | In E. coli, there are 10 closely ter related sites encoded in the chromosome. The sites are designated TerA, TerB, ..., TerJ. Each site is 23 base pairs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10123_chunk_0 | Watson-Crick model | In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. The term ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10124_chunk_0 | Watson-Crick model | The DNA double helix biopolymer of nucleic acid is held together by nucleotides which base pair together. In B-DNA, the most common double helical structure found in nature, the double helix is right-handed with about 10–10.5 base pairs per turn. The double helix structure of DNA contains a major groove and minor groov... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10125_chunk_0 | Molten globule | In molecular biology, the term molten globule (MG) refers to protein states that are more or less compact (hence the "globule"), but are lacking the specific tight packing of amino acid residues which creates the solid state-like tertiary structure of completely folded proteins. It was found, for example, in cytochrome... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10126_chunk_0 | Molten globule | Molten globules are collapsed and generally have some native-like secondary structure but a dynamic tertiary structure as seen by far and near circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, respectively. These traits are similar to those observed in the transient intermediate states found during the folding of certain proteins,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10127_chunk_0 | Molten globule | The MG structure is believed to lack the close packing of amino acid side chains that characterize the native state ( N {\displaystyle {\ce {N}}} ) of a protein. The transition from a denatured ( U {\displaystyle {\ce {U}}} ) state to a molten globule may be a two state process U ⟷ MG {\displaystyle {\ce {U <-> MG}}} O... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10128_chunk_0 | Transcriptional activator LAG-3 | In molecular biology, the transcriptional activator LAG-3 is a transcriptional activator protein. The C. elegans Notch pathway, involved in the control of growth, differentiation and patterning in animal development, relies on either of the receptors GLP-1 or LIN-12. Both these receptors promote signalling by the recru... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10129_chunk_0 | Trappin protein transglutaminase binding domain | In molecular biology, the trappin protein transglutaminase binding domain or cementoin is a protein domain found at the N-terminus of Whey Acidic Protein (WAP) domain-containing protease inhibitors such as trappin-2. This N-terminal domain enables it to become cross-linked to extracellular matrix proteins by transgluta... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10130_chunk_0 | Type IV collagen C4 domain | In molecular biology, the type IV collagen C4 domain (or collagen IV NC1 domain) is a duplicated domain present at the C-terminus of type IV collagens. Each type IV collagen contains a long triple-helical collagenous domain flanked by a short 7S domain of 25 amino acids and a globular non-collagenous C4 domain of ~230 ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10131_chunk_0 | Vitamin B12-binding domain | In molecular biology, the vitamin B12-binding domain is a protein domain which binds to cobalamin (vitamin B12). It can bind two different forms of the cobalamin cofactor, with cobalt bonded either to a methyl group (methylcobalamin) or to 5'-deoxyadenosine (adenosylcobalamin). Cobalamin-binding domains are mainly foun... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10132_chunk_0 | Vitamin B12-binding domain | Proteins containing the cobalamin-binding domain include: Animal and prokaryotic methionine synthase (EC 2.1.1.13), which catalyse the transfer of a methyl group from methyl-cobalamin to homocysteine, yielding enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin and methionine. Animal and prokaryotic methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.2), which... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10133_chunk_0 | Vitamin B12-binding domain | Upon binding cobalamin, important elements of the binding site appear to become structured, including an alpha-helix that forms on one side of the cleft accommodating the nucleotide 'tail' of the cofactor. In cobalamin, the cobalt atom can be either free (dmb-off) or bound to dimethylbenzimidazole (dmb-on) according to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10134_chunk_0 | Vitamin B12-binding domain | The replacement of dimethylbenzimidazole by histidine allows switching between the catalytic and activation cycles. In methionine synthase the cobalamin cofactor is sandwiched between the cobalamin-binding domain and an approximately 90 residues N-terminal domain forming a helical bundle comprising two pairs of antipar... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10135_chunk_0 | Xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase | In molecular biology, the xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase (XET) is an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of xyloglucan, which is a component of plant cell walls. This enzyme is part of glycoside hydrolase family 16. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10136_chunk_0 | DNA polymerase III, delta subunit | In molecular biology, the δ (delta) subunit of DNA polymerase III is encoded by the holA gene in E. coli and other bacteria. Along with the γ, δ', χ, and ψ subunits that make up the core polymerase, and the β accessory proteins, the δ subunit is responsible for the high speed and processivity of polIII. == References =... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10137_chunk_0 | Vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I) | In molecular biology, this entry refers to a protein domain called, the Vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I). It is a structure found on the outside of an egg, in the vitelline membrane. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10138_chunk_0 | Terpene synthase C terminal domain | In molecular biology, this protein domain belongs to the terpene synthase family (TPS). Its role is to synthesize terpenes, which are part of primary metabolism, such as sterols and carotene, and also part of the secondary metabolism. This entry will focus on the C terminal domain of the TPS protein. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10139_chunk_0 | Terpene synthase N terminal domain | In molecular biology, this protein domain belongs to the terpene synthase family (TPS). Its role is to synthesize terpenes, which are part of primary metabolism, such as sterols and carotene, and also part of the secondary metabolism. This entry will focus on the N terminal domain of the TPS protein. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10140_chunk_0 | YDG SRA protein domain | In molecular biology, this protein domain has been termed SRA-YDG, which is the abbreviation for SET and Ring finger Associated, YDG motif. Additional characteristics of the domain include conservation of up to 13 evenly spaced glycine residues and a VRV(I/V)RG motif. The protein domain is mainly found in plants and an... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10141_chunk_0 | YchF-GTPase C terminal protein domain | In molecular biology, this protein domain is found at the C terminus of the GTP-binding protein, YchF-GTPase found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10142_chunk_0 | YbaK protein domain | In molecular biology, this protein domain of unknown function is found in numerous prokaryote organisms. This domain also occurs in a number of prolyl-tRNA synthetases (proRS) from prokaryotes. Thus, the domain is thought to be involved in oligonucleotide binding, with possible roles in recognition/discrimination or ed... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10143_chunk_0 | Tbf5 protein domain | In molecular biology, this protein domain represents Tbf5 which stands for TTDA subunit of TFIIH basal transcription factor complex (also known as subunit 5 of RNA polymerase II transcription factor B), and Rex1 a type of nucleotide excision repair (NER) proteins. Nucleotide excision repair is a major pathway for repai... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10144_chunk_0 | Trans-activating crRNA | In molecular biology, trans-activating crispr RNA (tracrRNA) is a small trans-encoded RNA. It was first discovered by Emmanuelle Charpentier in her study of human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, a type of bacteria that causes harm to humanity. In bacteria and archaea; CRISPR-Cas (clustered, regularly interspaced short... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10145_chunk_0 | Trans-activating crRNA | First a copy of the invading nucleic acid is integrated into the CRISPR locus. Next, CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) are transcribed from this CRISPR locus. The crRNAs are then incorporated into effector complexes, where the crRNA guides the complex to the invading nucleic acid and the Cas proteins degrade this nucleic acid. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10146_chunk_0 | Trans-activating crRNA | There are several CRISPR system subtypes. Type II CRISPR-Cas systems require a tracrRNA which plays a role in the maturation of crRNA. The tracrRNA is partially complementary to and base pairs with a pre-crRNA forming an RNA duplex. This is cleaved by RNase III, an RNA-specific ribonuclease, to form a crRNA/tracrRNA hy... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10147_chunk_0 | Transcription factor DP | In molecular biology, transcription factor DP (Dimerization Partner) is a family of proteins which function as transcription factors. DP forms a heterodimer with E2F and regulates genes involved in cell cycle progression. The transcriptional activity of E2F is inhibited by the retinoblastoma protein which binds to the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10148_chunk_0 | Translation initiation factor IF-3 | In molecular biology, translation initiation factor IF-3 (gene infC) is one of the three factors required for the initiation of protein biosynthesis in bacteria. IF-3 is thought to function as a fidelity factor during the assembly of the ternary initiation complex which consists of the 30S ribosomal subunit, the initia... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10149_chunk_0 | Translation initiation factor IF-3 | IF1–IF3 may also perform ribosome recycling.IF3 is not universally found in all bacterial species. However, in E. coli, it is required for the 30S subunit to bind to the initiation site in mRNA. In addition, it has several other jobs including the stabilization of free 30S subunits, enables 30S subunits to bind to mRNA... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10150_chunk_0 | Translation initiation factor IF-3 | Together they allow IF3 to carry out its function.Human mitochondria use a nuclear-encoded homolog MTIF3 for translation initiation. Some bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria have multiple copies of IF3. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10151_chunk_0 | Treadmilling | In molecular biology, treadmilling is a phenomenon observed within protein filaments of the cytoskeletons of many cells, especially in actin filaments and microtubules. It occurs when one end of a filament grows in length while the other end shrinks, resulting in a section of filament seemingly "moving" across a stratu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10152_chunk_0 | Nucleic acid secondary structure | In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp). In the canonical Watson-Crick base pairing, adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine (T) and guanine (G) forms one with cytosine (C) in DNA. In RNA, t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10153_chunk_0 | Nucleic acid secondary structure | Importantly, pairing is the mechanism by which codons on messenger RNA molecules are recognized by anticodons on transfer RNA during protein translation. Some DNA- or RNA-binding enzymes can recognize specific base pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes. Hydrogen bonding is the chemical m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10154_chunk_0 | Nucleic acid secondary structure | Appropriate geometrical correspondence of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors allows only the "right" pairs to form stably. DNA with high GC-content is more stable than DNA with low GC-content, but contrary to popular belief, the hydrogen bonds do not stabilize the DNA significantly and stabilization is mainly due to st... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10155_chunk_0 | Ultrasensitivity | In molecular biology, ultrasensitivity describes an output response that is more sensitive to stimulus change than the hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten response. Ultrasensitivity is one of the biochemical switches in the cell cycle and has been implicated in a number of important cellular events, including exiting G2 cell c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10156_chunk_0 | Ultrasensitivity | This acts to filter out noise, as small stimuli and threshold concentrations of the stimulus (input signal) is necessary for the trigger which allows the system to get activated quickly. Ultrasensitive responses are represented by sigmoidal graphs, which resemble cooperativity. The quantification of ultrasensitivity is... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10157_chunk_0 | Cereal germ | In molecular biology, wheat germ extract is used to carry out cell-free in vitro translation experiments since the plant embryo contains all the macromolecular components necessary for translating mRNA into proteins but relatively low levels of its own mRNA.Wheat germ is also useful in biochemistry since it contains le... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10158_chunk_0 | Zinc-dependent phospholipase C | In molecular biology, zinc-dependent phospholipases C is a family of bacterial phospholipases C enzymes, some of which are also known as alpha toxins. Bacillus cereus contains a monomeric phospholipase C EC 3.1.4.3 (PLC) of 245 amino-acid residues. Although PLC prefers to act on phosphatidylcholine, it also shows weak ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10159_chunk_0 | Zinc-dependent phospholipase C | The enzymes catalyse the conversion of phosphatidylcholine and water to 1,2-diacylglycerol and choline phosphate.In Bacillus cereus, there are nine residues known to be involved in binding the zinc ions: 5 His, 2 Asp, 1 Glu and 1 Trp. These residues are all conserved in the Clostridium alpha-toxin. Some examples of thi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10160_chunk_0 | Small nucleolar RNA snR53 | In molecular biology,snoRNA snR53 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10161_chunk_0 | Small nucleolar RNA snR53 | snoRNA snR53 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. snoRNA snR53 was initially discovered using a computational... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10162_chunk_0 | Gene knockin | In molecular cloning and biology, a gene knock-in (abbreviation: KI) refers to a genetic engineering method that involves the one-for-one substitution of DNA sequence information in a genetic locus or the insertion of sequence information not found within the locus. Typically, this is done in mice since the technology ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10163_chunk_0 | Gene knockin | A common use of knock-in technology is for the creation of disease models. It is a technique by which scientific investigators may study the function of the regulatory machinery (e.g. promoters) that governs the expression of the natural gene being replaced. This is accomplished by observing the new phenotype of the or... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10164_chunk_0 | Vector DNA | In molecular cloning, a vector is any particle (e.g., plasmids, cosmids, Lambda phages) used as a vehicle to artificially carry a foreign nucleic sequence – usually DNA – into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of ve... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10165_chunk_0 | Vector DNA | Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker. The vector itself generally carries a DNA sequence that consists of an insert (in this case the transgene) and a larger sequence that serves as the "backbone" of the vector. The purpose of a vector which transfe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10166_chunk_0 | Vector DNA | All vectors may be used for cloning and are therefore cloning vectors, but there are also vectors designed specially for cloning, while others may be designed specifically for other purposes, such as transcription and protein expression. Vectors designed specifically for the expression of the transgene in the target ce... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10167_chunk_0 | Vector DNA | Transcription vectors are used to amplify their insert. The manipulation of DNA is normally conducted on E. coli vectors, which contain elements necessary for their maintenance in E. coli. However, vectors may also have elements that allow them to be maintained in another organism such as yeast, plant or mammalian cell... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10168_chunk_0 | Organic semiconductors | In molecular crystals the energetic separation between the top of the valence band and the bottom conduction band, i.e. the band gap, is typically 2.5–4 eV, while in inorganic semiconductors the band gaps are typically 1–2 eV. This implies that they are, in fact, insulators rather than semiconductors in the conventiona... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10169_chunk_0 | Organic semiconductors | It is important to realize, however, that the primary optical excitations are neutral excitons with a Coulomb-binding energy of typically 0.5–1.0 eV. The reason is that in organic semiconductors their dielectric constants are as low as 3–4. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10170_chunk_0 | Flying ice cube | In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the flying ice cube effect is an artifact in which the energy of high-frequency fundamental modes is drained into low-frequency modes, particularly into zero-frequency motions such as overall translation and rotation of the system. The artifact derives its name from a particularl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10171_chunk_0 | Error analysis (mathematics) | In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, there are errors due to inadequate sampling of the phase space or infrequently occurring events, these lead to the statistical error due to random fluctuation in the measurements. For a series of M measurements of a fluctuating property A, the mean value is: When these M measurem... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10172_chunk_0 | Coarse graining | Coarse graining may remove certain degrees of freedom, such as the vibrational modes between two atoms, or represent the two atoms as a single particle. The ends to which systems may be coarse-grained is simply bound by the accuracy in the dynamics and structural properties one wishes to replicate. This modern area of ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10173_chunk_0 | DNA adducts | In molecular genetics, a DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical. This process could lead to the development of cancerous cells, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as biomarkers of exposure. They are especially useful in quantifying an organism's exposure to a ca... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10174_chunk_0 | DNA adducts | The presence of such an adduct indicates prior exposure to a potential carcinogen, but it does not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer in the subject animal. DNA adducts are researched in laboratory settings. A typical experimental design for studying DNA adducts is to induce them with known carcinogens. A scie... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10175_chunk_0 | Regulon | In molecular genetics, a regulon is a group of genes that are regulated as a unit, generally controlled by the same regulatory gene that expresses a protein acting as a repressor or activator. This terminology is generally, although not exclusively, used in reference to prokaryotes, whose genomes are often organized in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10176_chunk_0 | Repressor (genetics) | In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers. A DNA-binding repressor blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus preventing transcription of the genes into messenger RNA. An RNA... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10177_chunk_0 | Untranslated region | In molecular genetics, an untranslated region (or UTR) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the 5' UTR (or leader sequence), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the 3' UTR (or trailer sequence). mRNA is RNA th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10178_chunk_0 | Untranslated region | The 3' UTR plays a critical role in translation termination as well as post-transcriptional modification.These often long sequences were once thought to be useless or junk mRNA that has simply accumulated over evolutionary time. However, it is now known that the untranslated region of mRNA is involved in many regulator... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10179_chunk_0 | Untranslated region | It is important to distinguish the 5' and 3' UTRs from other non-protein-coding RNA. Within the coding sequence of pre-mRNA, there can be found sections of RNA that will not be included in the protein product. These sections of RNA are called introns. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10180_chunk_0 | Untranslated region | The RNA that results from RNA splicing is a sequence of exons. The reason why introns are not considered untranslated regions is that the introns are spliced out in the process of RNA splicing. The introns are not included in the mature mRNA molecule that will undergo translation and are thus considered non-protein-cod... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10181_chunk_0 | Kruppel-like transcription factors | In molecular genetics, the Krüppel-like family of transcription factors (KLFs) are a set of eukaryotic C2H2 zinc finger DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression. This family has been expanded to also include the Sp transcription factor and related proteins, forming the Sp/KLF family. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10182_chunk_0 | 3′ UTR | In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3′-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon. The 3′-UTR often contains regulatory regions that post-transcriptionally influence gene expression. During gene expression, an mRNA molecule is transcrib... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10183_chunk_0 | 3′ UTR | For example, poly(A) tail bound PABP interacts with proteins associated with the 5' end of the transcript, causing a circularization of the mRNA that promotes translation. The 3′-UTR can also contain sequences that attract proteins to associate the mRNA with the cytoskeleton, transport it to or from the cell nucleus, o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10184_chunk_0 | Bond distance | In molecular geometry, bond length or bond distance is defined as the average distance between nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule. It is a transferable property of a bond between atoms of fixed types, relatively independent of the rest of the molecule. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10185_chunk_0 | Distribution function (physics) | In molecular kinetic theory in physics, a system's distribution function is a function of seven variables, f ( x , y , z , t ; v x , v y , v z ) {\displaystyle f(x,y,z,t;v_{x},v_{y},v_{z})} , which gives the number of particles per unit volume in single-particle phase space. It is the number of particles per unit volum... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10186_chunk_0 | Distribution function (physics) | E.g. take the quantum mechanical six-dimensional phase space, f ( x , y , z ; p x , p y , p z ) {\displaystyle f(x,y,z;p_{x},p_{y},p_{z})} and multiply by the total space volume, to give the momentum distribution, i.e. the number of particles in the momentum phase space having approximately the momentum ( p x , p y , p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10187_chunk_0 | Distribution function (physics) | Distribution functions are also used in fluid mechanics, statistical mechanics and nuclear physics. The basic distribution function uses the Boltzmann constant k {\displaystyle k} and temperature T {\displaystyle T} with the number density to modify the normal distribution: f = n ( m 2 π k T ) 3 / 2 exp ( − m ( v x 2... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10188_chunk_0 | Distribution function (physics) | Related distribution functions may allow bulk fluid flow, in which case the velocity origin is shifted, so that the exponent's numerator is m ( ( v x − u x ) 2 + ( v y − u y ) 2 + ( v z − u z ) 2 ) {\displaystyle m((v_{x}-u_{x})^{2}+(v_{y}-u_{y})^{2}+(v_{z}-u_{z})^{2})} , where ( u x , u y , u z ) {\displaystyle (u_{x}... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10189_chunk_0 | Distribution function (physics) | In this case, the distribution function is Maxwellian. This distribution function allows fluid flow and different temperatures in the directions parallel to, and perpendicular to, the local magnetic field. More complex distribution functions may also be used, since plasmas are rarely in thermal equilibrium. The mathema... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10190_chunk_0 | VALBOND | In molecular mechanics, VALBOND is a method for computing the angle bending energy that is based on valence bond theory. It is based on orbital strength functions, which are maximized when the hybrid orbitals on the atom are orthogonal. The hybridization of the bonding orbitals are obtained from empirical formulas base... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10191_chunk_0 | VALBOND | The VALBOND functions are suitable for describing the energy of bond angle distortion not only around the equilibrium angles, but also at very large distortions. This represents an advantage over the simpler harmonic oscillator approximation used by many force fields, and allows the VALBOND method to handle hypervalent... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10192_chunk_0 | Molecular mechanics | In molecular mechanics, several ways exist to define the environment surrounding a molecule or molecules of interest. A system can be simulated in vacuum (termed a gas-phase simulation) with no surrounding environment, but this is usually undesirable because it introduces artifacts in the molecular geometry, especially... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10193_chunk_0 | Molecular mechanics | The most accurate way to solvate a system is to place explicit water molecules in the simulation box with the molecules of interest and treat the water molecules as interacting particles like those in the other molecule(s). A variety of water models exist with increasing levels of complexity, representing water as a si... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10194_chunk_0 | Chemosynthesis (nanotechnology) | In this case synthesis is most efficiently performed through the use of molecular building blocks with a small amount of linkages. Unstrained molecules are also preferred, which is when molecules undergo minimal external stress, which leads to the molecule having a low internal energy. There are two main types of synth... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10195_chunk_0 | Chemosynthesis (nanotechnology) | In additive synthesis the structure starts with nothing, and then gradually molecular building blocks are added until the structure that is needed is created. In subtractive synthesis they start with a large molecule and remove building blocks one by one until the structure is achieved.This form of engineering is then ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10196_chunk_0 | Chemosynthesis (nanotechnology) | For instance, sheet diamond or carbon nanotubes could be produced by a chain of non-biological reactions that have been designed using the basic model of biology. Use of the term chemosynthesis reinforces the view that this is feasible by pointing out that several alternate means of creating complex proteins, mineral s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10197_chunk_0 | Bond Order | In molecular orbital theory, bond order is defined as half the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons as per the equation below. This often but not always yields similar results for bonds near their equilibrium lengths, but it does not work for stretched bonds. Bond o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10198_chunk_0 | Bond Order | bond order = number of bonding electrons - number of antibonding electrons/2Generally, the higher the bond order, the stronger the bond. Bond orders of one-half may be stable, as shown by the stability of H+2 (bond length 106 pm, bond energy 269 kJ/mol) and He+2 (bond length 108 pm, bond energy 251 kJ/mol).Hückel molec... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10199_chunk_0 | Bond Order | The π-bond order between atoms r and s derived from Hückel theory was defined by Charles Coulson by using the orbital coefficients of the Hückel MOs: p r s = ∑ i n i c r i c s i {\displaystyle p_{rs}=\sum _{i}n_{i}c_{ri}c_{si}} ,Here the sum extends over π molecular orbitals only, and ni is the number of electrons occu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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