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135
ea84d1c0-5576-4a0f-8871-b995c60f16a1
In the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to lack of 21 β–hydroxylase, the purpose of administration of a synthetic glucocortocoid is:
Inhibition of aldosterone synthesis
Prevention of hypoglycemia
Recovery of normal immune function
Suppression of ACTH secretion
3d
single
null
Pharmacology
null
8510d4be-9c0d-48b6-bb6e-780ce0b6e369
Which of the following antibody is incriminated in causing henoch schonlein purpura
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
0a
single
Henoch schonlein purpura(IgA vasculitis) is characterized by Paplable purpura(most commo buttocks and lower extremities) Ahralgia Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms Glomerulonephritis Pathogenesis:immune complex deposition .IgA antibody class is the most often seen in immune complexes. Ref:Harrison 20th edition pg no ...
Medicine
Kidney
7d527f41-5d9c-4f27-9219-4e136ec33f50
Discoloration of tooth in tetracycline therapy is because of formation of:
Calcium orthophosphate
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate
Calcium oxide
Tetracalcium phosphate
0a
single
Tetracycline and minocycline: Unsightly discoloration of both dentitions results from excessive intake of tetracycline and minocycline during the development of teeth. Chelation of tetracycline molecule with calcium in hydroxyapatite crystals forms tetracycline orthophosphate which is responsible for discolored teeth.
Dental
null
b77e7fb6-87bf-46e5-a1cd-4c5292bccead
Antenatal diagnosis of hydrocephalus is done by:
USG
AFP estimation
Foetoscopy
Aminocentesis
0a
single
Ans. USG
Radiology
null
d63f0af1-ec4d-4e30-ae89-f04fd89fd4a8
Precancerous lesion of bone among the following is
Paget disease
Chronic osteomyelitis
Benign giant cell tumor
All of the above
3d
multi
Precancerous lesions of bone:Multiple exostosesOllier's diseaseBenign giant cell tumorOsteoblastomaChondroblastomaChronic osteomyelitisPaget's disease(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, SAE, 1st edition, pg no. 2474)
Pediatrics
All India exam
6500e38a-5ab0-419e-84b7-dc2ad18fc177
Transpo of ADP in and ATP out of mitochondria is inhibited byaEUR'
atractyloside
oligomycin
rotenone
cyanide
0a
multi
atractyloside "Atractyloside inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting the transpoer of ADP into and ATP out of the mitochondrion"- Harper ADP and Pi needs to be transpoed from the cytosol (where ATP is used for producing energy and conveed into ADP) into the mitochondrion, where ATP is resynthesized. Since the ...
Biochemistry
null
93ddf325-339c-4936-a101-648aed25a863
A 34-year-old male complains of hyperacusis (sensitivity to loud sounds). Injury to which of the following cranial nerves is responsible?
Hypoglossal
Facial
Accessory
Vagus
1b
single
The facial nerve innervates the stapedius muscle, which is responsible for limiting movement of the stapes, thereby reducing the intensity of the sound entering the inner ear. The hypoglossal nerve innervates tongue muscles; the accessory nerve supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles; the vagus does not ...
Anatomy
Head & Neck
e3e8f921-b073-499b-9abb-ab5c16407a4c
Pupillary reflex is controled by which nucleus-
Edinger westphal nucleus
Nucleus tractus solitarus
Nucleus ambiguus
Dorsal vagus nucleus
0a
single
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Edinger westphal nucleusPupillary light reflex (Light reflex)* Pupillary light reflex refers to constriction of pupil in response to light. When a sudden light is thrown into the eye, the pupil of that eye constricts (direct light reflex). The pupil of other eye also constricts (Consensual or indirect...
Physiology
Nervous System
090d61a9-75c3-400c-bdc8-71f5f28efc79
Which one has least mineralocoicoid activity?
Coisol
Prednisolone
Fludrocoisone
Methyl prednisolone
3d
single
Coisol (Hydrocoisone) has primary glucocoicoid action and has significant mineralocoicoid activity. Prednisolone has glucocoicoid activity but at high doses fluid retention does occur. Fludrocoisone is a potent mineralocoicoid having very less glucocoicoid activity. Methylprednisolone is more selective glucocoicoid wit...
Pharmacology
Endocrinology
25c1ac55-818f-4278-a40b-3f6ad9e7800e
Which is wrong regarding somato sensory evoked potentials (SSEP)?
Can be used intraoperatively inside OT
Can be used to monitor CNS during intracranial surgery
Can be used during spinal cord surgery to detect spinal cord damage
Is contraindicated under general anaesthesia
3d
single
Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP or SSEP) is the electrical activity of the brain that results from the stimulation of touch. SEP tests measure that activity and are a useful, noninvasive means of assessing somatosensory system functioning. By combining SEP recordings at different levels of the somatosensory pathway...
Anaesthesia
Monitoring in Anesthesia
a4a9dd72-0b53-4edc-aa1f-55245e027b4d
Retinoblastoma gene is located on –
Chromosome 5
Chromosome 8
Chromosome 13
Chromosome 16
2c
single
null
Pediatrics
null
d906a0a8-f6a9-4689-8802-877e49715bb9
In retrosternal goiter, most common presenting feature is-
Dysphagia
Stridor
Dyspnoea
Sup. vena caval syndrome
2c
single
null
Surgery
null
1483505d-6866-4023-928e-b475ae25315f
Cottle's test tests the patency of the nares in:
Atrophic rhinitis
Rhinosporidiosis
Deted nasal septum
Hyperophied inferior turbinate
2c
single
Cottle test: It is used to test nasal obstruction due to abnormality of nasal valve as in case of deted nasal septum. in this test, cheek is drawn laterally while the patient breathes quietly. If the nasal airway improves on the test side, the test is positive, and indicates abnormality of the vestibular component of n...
ENT
null
6187a6b2-8e52-405a-a0d0-2c3339b5f4b7
Pseudodementia is seen in
Alcoholism
Depression
Schizophrenia
Mania
1b
single
Depressive pseudodementia- depression in the elderly people may mimic dementia clinically. Identification of depression is very impoant as it is far more easily treatable than dementia. (Ref: a sho textbook of psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th edition, pg no.23)
Psychiatry
Organic mental disorders
3e5607d7-2845-467f-9728-1a1c7f133704
A child presents with lethargy, hyptonia after 12 hours of bih. Resusciation done. There are two episodes of seizure. The stage of HIE is ?
2 B
2 C
1 A
3
0a
single
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a type of brain damage that occurs when an infant&;s brain doesn&;t receive enough oxygen and blood. It is a dangerous condition that requires immediate medical intervention. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition
Pediatrics
New born infants
d828256b-bd3b-45c6-bee5-1ef5409b3d2e
Ovulation occurs :
Before LH surge
After biphasic rise in body temperature
After ripening of follicle by FSH
Before estrogen peak
2c
single
Ovulation After estradiol reaches a peak of 200pg/ml and is sustained for about 48 hours, it exes a possitive feedback action for LH surge Final maturation of follicle is obtained by combined effect of FSH and LH Ovulation occurs 24-48 hours after LH surge Ref: D.C. Dutta's Textbook of Gynaecology, 6th edition, page no...
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Reproductive physiology and hormones in females
834e18ea-a2f7-4401-8d9b-d0765ec2bd88
Tendon of which muscle passes through the pyramid in middle ear
Incus
Stapedius
Malleus
Tensor veli palatine
1b
multi
A conical projection called the pyramid lies near the junction of the posterior and medial walls of the middle ear. It has an opening at its apex for the passage of the tendon of the stapedius muscle
Anatomy
null
a90d4a21-5cd9-43c9-a371-959bd66621d0
Musculocutaneous nerve is injured at the lateral cord of brachial plexus, positive clinical findings would be :
Loss of flexion at shoulder
Sensory loss on the radial side of the forearm
Loss of extension of forearm
Loss of extension of the wrist
1b
single
Musculocutaneous nerve supplies biceps and brachialis. It also gives sensory supply along the radial side of forearm. When it is damaged, it might show the following : Flexion at elbow weakened (Biceps & Brachialis). Supination of semiflexed elbow is affected (Biceps). Sensory loss on radial side of forearm.
Anatomy
null
55ca55cf-d487-443f-8049-7b4b1c08af5e
Specificity of a screening test measures aEUR'
True positives
False positives
False negatives
True negatives
3d
multi
True negatives Repeat from May 06 Sensitivity is the ability of test to identify correctly all those who have the disease, i.e, 'true positives'. Specificity is the ability of a test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease, i.e. 'true negatives'.
Social & Preventive Medicine
null
fee5de57-0ec3-404f-bbec-909622b92315
Number of muscles in middle ear
1
2
3
4
1b
single
The two muscles of middle ear are tensor tympani and stapedius. Both act simultaneously to damp down the intensity of high pitched sound waves and thus protect the internal ear. Notes: The tensor tympani is supplied by the mandibular nerve The stapedius is supplied by the facial nerve Ref BDC volume3,sixth edition pg 2...
Anatomy
Head and neck
453173bf-6579-4375-9b11-55785c6b9c8e
Type-I lepra reaction is commonly seen in:
Histoid Leprosy
Lepromatous Leprosy
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
Polyneuritic leprosy
2c
single
type 1 reaction /reversal reaction is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction associated with a rapid increase in specific CMI activity against M.leprae. It usually occurs in borderline types of leprosy, (BB>BT >BL)characteristically associated with immunological instability. Page no.2046Reference IADVL's concise textbook ...
Dental
Bacterial infections
38e5c3aa-2b52-4565-bd90-dc436e9e0a2d
Most afferent fibers from the lateral geniculate nucleus terminate in the primary visual coex in:
Layer 1
Layer 2 & 3
Layer 4
Layer 5 & 6
2c
single
LGB has 6 layers - (i) Layers 1 & 2: They are called magnocellular (contain large cells). The M ganglion cells project to magnocellular poion of LGB, (ii) Layers 3-6: They are called parvocellular (contain small cells). P ganglion cells project to the parvocellular poion of LGB The visual coex has 6 layers. The magnoce...
Physiology
Special Senses
bf117bc6-0bd1-49c4-b476-f6fd677377f7
True about measles outbreak ?
Occurs if propoion of susceptible children is >20%
Infects 50% children in virgin community
Vaccination given at 6 months
Every 6-7 years
2c
multi
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Vaccination given at 6 months Epidemic of measles occur if propoion of susceptible children is > 40%. If measles is introduced in a virgin community, it infects > 90% of children. Measles vaccine is given at the age of a months, but age can be lowered to 6 months in epidemics. Measles shows a cyclic t...
Social & Preventive Medicine
null
09027adf-4352-4d9f-8e3c-eb486bab7b6f
In alcohol withdrawal drug of choice is:
Haloperidol
Chlordiazepoxide
Naltrexone
Disulfiram
1b
single
Benzodiazepines are the drug of choice in alcohol withdrawal. If the question asks to choose a specific benzodiazepine, the best choice would be chlordiazepoxide.
Psychiatry
Substance Related and Addictive Disorders
088c8d90-9d1b-46a2-86bf-e9839c03ed3c
Following an eye trauma, a patient presents 4 days later with proptosis and pain in the eye. On examination, he has chemosis, conjunctival congestion and extraocular muscle palsies. The investigation of choice to arrive at a diagnosis is:
MRI
CECT
MR angiography
Intra arterial digital subtraction angiography
3d
single
Ans. d. Intra arterial digital subtraction angiography Symptoms ofproptosis and pain in the eye following an eye trauma with chemosis, conjunctival congestion and extraocular muscle palsies on examination is typical picture of post traumatic carotico-cavernous fistula. The investigation of choice to arrive at a diagnos...
Ophthalmology
Proptosis, Enophthalmos, Developmental Anomalies
d0807356-22e2-40d4-a05f-e778d3980b61
The genotype of blood group A would be
AB
AO
OO
BO
1b
single
The genotype for a blood group can be AA OR AO blood groups are three genes Ia,Ib,Io Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:155,156,157
Physiology
General physiology
7e855af0-ffa9-4f57-abad-bf2d8d0bc18d
Folie-a-deux means ?
Delusion of persecution
Sharing of delusion
Delusion of double
None
1b
multi
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Sharing of delusion It is also known as shared psychotic disorder or symbiotic psychosis. It is characterized by sharing of delusions between two person (Folie a deux) or rarely between more individuals (Folie a trois, Folie a quatre, Folie a famine). There is a dominant (active) person who induces de...
Psychiatry
null
6de20134-c86c-4394-8e0b-42bb5628f16d
A 35-year-old woman complains of aching all over. She sleeps poorly and all her muscles and joints hurt. Her symptoms have progressed over several years. She reports that she is desperate because pain and weakness often cause her to drop things. Physical examination shows multiple points of tenderness over the neck, sh...
Graded aerobic exercise
Prednisone
Weekly methotrexate
Hydroxychloroquine
0a
multi
The patient's multiple tender points, associated sleep disturbance, and lack of joint or muscle findings make fibromyalgia a likely diagnosis. Patients with fibromyalgia often report dropping things due to pain and weakness, but objective muscle weakness is not present on examination. The diagnosis hinges on the presen...
Medicine
Immunology and Rheumatology
6d125fab-f48d-481d-be80-2258a7a34a0c
In CRP, the C stands for:
Canavallin A
Cellular
Chondoitin sulfate
C polysaccharide of streptococcus
3d
multi
C polysaccharide of streptococcus CRP was originally discovered by Tillett and Francis in 1930 as a substance in the serum of patients with acute inflammation that reacted with the C polysaccharide of pneuniococcus. Initially it was thought that CRP might be a pathogenic secretion as it was elevated in people with a va...
Biochemistry
null
901fb958-430d-45ae-b7f3-ec48e374115e
A patient on t/t for psychiatric disorder takes an overdose of a drug, develops bradycardia, hypotension, decreased sweating and salivation. The likely drug is -
Amitryptilline
Lithium
Selegiline
Amphetamine
0a
single
TCAs can cause postural hypotension → Amitriptyline has maximum propensity. Decreased sweating & salivation are due to anticholinergic side effects.
Psychiatry
null
3a9aca62-731e-4c98-bf64-6c4b2e36ed11
For high pressure storage of compressed gases cylinders are made up of –
Molybdenum steel
Iron + Mo
Steel + Cu
Cast iron
0a
single
Gas cylinders are made from a steel alloy of molybdenum, which is resistant to corrosion. Aluminum cylinders are also available in western countries.
Anaesthesia
null
d96ce999-8976-4c63-bb96-f3d38984c9d9
Which of the following is true regarding Naegleria fowleri is commonly acquired by?
Salt water living
Fresh water living
Sulfur springs
Swimming pool
1b
multi
Naegleria fowleri (brain eating amoeba) infection is commonly acquired by swimming in fresh water pond.Infective form- trophozoitesThey can penetrate the nasal mucosa and cribriform plate to produce a purulent meningitis and encephalitis that are usually rapidly fatal.
Microbiology
JIPMER 2017
1efb6fb5-7097-4cb3-8bca-059f7bf70530
Early morning awakening is a feature of
Psychosis
Anxiety neurosis
Depression
Mania
2c
single
Early morning awakening is seen in depression. It is a type of insomnia patients with depression have altered dexamethasone suppression test that is no suppression of steroid in blood after administration of dexamethasone usually the steroid is produced in normal individuals at 6 Am whereas the steroids in increased am...
Psychiatry
Mood disorders
4f825679-94a2-4d8b-80a5-9418a437642c
A person has headache & profuse sweating. On examination his B.P is 200/120 mm Hg. Which of the following shoud not be used
Nifedipine
Sodium nitroprusside
Phenoxybenozamine
Methyldopa
0a
single
Patients who respond to shoacting vasodilators at the time of cardiac catheterization (a fall in mean pulmonary aerial pressure >=10 mmHg and a final mean pressure <40 mmHg) should be treated with calcium channel blockers. Typically, these patients require high doses (e.g., nifedipine, 240 mg/d, or amlodipine, 20 mg/d)...
Medicine
C.V.S
5009b5eb-a425-4467-ab23-e71c92508ed3
Maximum energy is liberated by hydrolysis of ?
Creatine phosphate
ATP
Phosphoenol pyruvate
Glucose-6-phosphate
2c
single
A compound that liberates 7 Kcal/n:ol or more on hydrolysis is called high energy compound, or a compound that on hydrolysis undergoes a large (. 7 kcal/mol) decrease in free energy (AG) under standard condition is called high energy compound, i.e., AG - 7 Kcal/mol.
Biochemistry
null
599b8bde-0f3a-4dbf-a9b4-ce11d58caa68
Causative organism of molluscum contagiosum is?
Papova virus
Pox virus
Ohomyxo virus
Parvo virus
1b
single
B i.e Pox Virus
Skin
null
b9ca6ced-145f-4430-b124-e842a79e9bf6
Unstable spine injury occurs in
Compression injury
Flexion-rotation injury
Extensor injury
Flexion injury
1b
single
Mode of injuries in Lower Cervical Spine Fractures (C3 - C7)Mode of injuriesPattern of fractureVeical (Axial) compression Burst fracture (Veebral height is decreased in toto)Pure flexion Wedge compression fracture (Decreased anterior height of veebrae)Combined axial compression & flexion Teardrop fracture (Antero infer...
Pathology
All India exam
ef7a1e9d-747d-4998-90c2-7cc59e3dd7f4
Why is the blind spot on the retina not usually perceived?
It is very small, below the ability of the sensory cells to detect
It is present only in very young children
Its location in the visual field is different in each eye
Constant eye motion prevents the spot from remaining still
2c
multi
Ans. C. Its location in the visual field is different in each eyeRods and cones are absent from the area of the retina where the optic nerve exits. The blind spot is of appreciable size, but because its location is off-center and the eyeballs are mirror images, each eye fills in the information missing from the other, ...
Physiology
Nervous System
7cb81d3b-a936-44d2-82ec-64beedad4f3b
Lithium potentiates the action of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. How many days before administration of the muscle relaxant should lithium be stopped?
1
2
3
4
1b
single
Ans. b. 2 Lithium should be stopped 48 hours, i.e. 2 day before surgery due to its interaction with anesthetic agents.
Anaesthesia
null
6e4dd621-6014-4189-bd55-79f326284583
Investigation in a patient of oliguria revealed Urine osmolity 620 mosm/kg Urine sodium :12mmol/L Urine /plasma urea ratio :13 :1 The most likely diagnosis is -
Prerenal acute renal failure
Acute tubular recrosis
Acute cortical necrosis
Urinary tract obstruction
0a
single
null
Medicine
null
0d9a5df6-9bde-46ad-bf51-808de5d8fb28
Ventral pancreatic duct give rise to ?
Body
Tail
Neck
Uncinate process
3d
single
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Uncinate process Development of pancreasPancreas is developed from the two pancreatic buds.i) Dorsal pancreatic bud :- It is larger and most of the pancreas is derived from it i.e. most of the head, and whole neck, body & tail.ii) Ventral pancreatic bud :- It is smaller and forms lower pa of the head ...
Anatomy
null
51a39333-ae18-4538-a48b-e6ce4dc68f32
All of the following may be used to differentiate Central Retinal Venous Occlusion (CRVO) from Ocular Ischemic Syndrome due to, except:
Dilated Retinal Vein
Touous Retinal Vein
Retinal Aery Pressure
Ophthalmodynamometry
0a
multi
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion and Ocular Ischemic Syndrome due to carotid aery stenosis are both associated with Dilated Retinal veins and hence this feature cannot be used to distinguish these conditions. Ref: Ophthalmology By Yanoff, 3rd Edition, Page 625; Ocular Therapeutics Handbook: A Clinical Manual, 2nd Edition...
Ophthalmology
null
001bd4d3-d3c8-4e20-8cf3-772ae9068d55
Which of the following statements about Atrial myxomas is true
Most common in left atrium
More common in males
Distance metastasis are seen
Most myxomas are familial
0a
multi
Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1577; 289e-1 Pathologically, myxomas are gelatinous structures that consist of myxoma cells embedded in a stroma rich in glycosaminoglycans. Most are solitary, arise from the interatrial septum in the vicinity of the fossa ovalis (paicularly the left atrium), and are often peduncu- lated on a f...
Anatomy
General anatomy
465b8164-d0e0-4f02-9c26-ed190f1c7288
External cephalic version is contraindicated all of the following except: September 2006
Antepaum hemorrhage
Multiple pregnancy
Breech presentation
Ruptured membranes
2c
multi
Ans. C: Breech Presentation External cephalic version is a process by which a breech baby can sometimes be turned from buttocks or foot first to head first. It is usually performed after about 36 weeks. It is often reserved for late pregnancy because breech presentation greatly decreases with every week. It can be cont...
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
null
62b55c5e-9d07-4be6-bda3-a0a4a369532d
Multiple Liver secondaries are most common in following persons -
Overweight
Undeweight
Normal weight
Short and shunted
0a
single
null
Surgery
null
4e466817-a7c4-432e-ba2d-2cda7cfaba3b
Following tarsal bone is devoid of muscular attachment
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial cuneiform
0a
single
TALUS:- Second largest tarsal bone.Head, neck, and body. Tibia above and calcaneum below, Attachments:-Devoid of muscular attachment. Numerous ligaments attached to it because it takes pa in three joints- ankle, talocalcaneal, and talonavicular.Neck:- Capsular ligament of ankle joint.Dorsal talonavicular Interosseus ta...
Anatomy
Lower limb
bf7d034f-02b8-4e8d-8ad5-5bde2a6ec1c7
Enzyme replacement therapy is available for the treatment of the following disorder-
Gaucher' disease
Niemann-Pick disease
Hunter syndrome
Phenylketonuria
0a
single
Ans. is 'a' i.e. Gaucher's diseaseRef: Harrison 17th/Ep 2455 & 16th/Ep 2319 (15th/e p2280)The t/t of choice for Gaucher's disease is enzyme replacement therapy. A recombinantly produced mannose terminated enzyme called Cerezyme is used in the t/t of Gaucher's diseaseAbout the t/t of other options.Treatment of Niemann P...
Unknown
null
4f5aa56a-7901-4b3e-a4a5-284db3c4a0a0
A peptic ulcer is associated with all except one
Cirrhosis
Zollinger Ellisons syndrome
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Pernicious anemia
3d
multi
You, don't expect pernicious anemia to cause peptic ulcer. In pernicious anemia, there is autoimmune destruction of the parietal cells leading to hypochlorhydria which fuher progresses to achlorhydria Etiology. of peptic ulcer Acute Peptic Ulcer NSAIDS Ingestion Stress Cushing ulcer after cerebral trauma Curling ulcer*...
Anatomy
G.I.T
8de51243-bf2b-47e4-88b2-3e4775497398
Morbid obesity means BMI of
>30
>40
>35
>29
1b
single
Ref: Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25 th Ed Pgno : 417-418
Social & Preventive Medicine
Non communicable diseases
0ce59744-583b-4f30-a84e-beaf94c7826d
agranuloctosis is a side effect of
risperidone
clonazepam
olanzapine
carbamezepine
3d
single
- SIDE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG - APLASTIC ANEMIA - AGRANULOCYTOSIS - Hyponatremia - Steven Johnson's syndrome - Liver enzyme elevation - It has teratogenic potential Ref.kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 935
Anatomy
Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry
4a3f9abe-ae9f-4ddd-b0e0-d6eae7353145
The most potent and longest acting anaesthetic agent is:
Dibucaine
Tetracaine
Bupivacaine
Lignocaine
0a
single
Dubucaine is the most potent, most toxic , and longest acting local anesthetic Cinchocaine or dibucaine is an amide local anesthetic. Among the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, current use of cinchocaine is generally restricted to spinal and topical anesthesia. From KD Tripati 7th edition Pag...
Pharmacology
Anesthesia
d312fa54-2250-40b0-9f1b-482a626ad2b4
In a normal person which of the following occurs when he changes to supine position from standing
Cerebral perfusion increases
Hea rate settles to a higher level
Immediate increase in venous return
Decreased perfusion to the apex
2c
single
Venous return is decreased in standing posture due to pooling of blood in lower extremities and is maximum in lying down position. Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 170
Physiology
Cardiovascular system
936a4f87-86bb-4bdb-a4a6-16bd7554673d
False about fracture of vertebrae
Wedge compression cause flexion injury
Fracture dislocation is common in flexion rotation injury
Chance fracture occurs due to flexion distraction injury
Anterior longitudinal ligament runs along the posterior surface of vertevral bodies
3d
multi
null
Orthopaedics
null
bb0c35bc-feb3-416b-8a20-ce0a6141abce
Which of the following is not true about expected date of delivery (EDD)?
Less than 5% deliver on the expected date of delivery
50% deliver within one week
80% deliver within two weeks
Standard deviation around EDD is 3 weeks
3d
multi
Ans. d. Standard deviation around EDD is 3 weeks (Ref Dutta's (Jaypee) / 73)Expected Date of Delivery (EDD)Only 4% of births take place on EDDAbout 50% deliver within 1 week on either side of EDD80% deliver about 2 weeks before to 1 week after EDDStandard deviation is of 13 days(90% of babies will be born within three ...
Social & Preventive Medicine
Obstetrics
e2d2917a-a6a3-4faf-9533-aa8326432458
Which of the following measurement at pelvic inlet can be assessed directly :
Obstetric conjugate
Diagonal conjugate
Anatomical conjugate
Bisspinous conjugate
1b
single
Diagonal conjugate
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
null
b0b5f425-d48c-49b2-987a-c068415d777d
"Face of giant panda" sign on MRI brain is seen in:
Wilson's disease
Japanese encephalitis
Rasmussen's encephalitis
Wernicke's encephalopathy
0a
single
Ans. A. Wilson's diseaseAbnormalities Is Wilson's Diseasea. Basal ganglia lesions are most often bilateral and symmetrical.b. The putamina shows striking increase in T2 signal intensity. This is present to a lesser degree in other deep gray matter structures.c. Thalamic lesions are often present but typically spare the...
Radiology
Nervous System
a3511697-9a9b-4a9a-be18-d8b52bc29ff8
A 67 year nude smoker presents with haemoptysis and cough. Bronchoscopic biopsy revealed un-differentiated tumour. The immunohistochemical marker that can be most helpful is-
Calretinin
Vimentin
Cytokeratin
GGt
2c
single
TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGY HARSHMOHAN 6TH EDITION PG NO 16 Epithelial tumors are stained by pankeratin or cytokeratin (high or low MW) <\p>
Pathology
General pathology
46b895b2-8f88-4dcc-922f-a303934f5a60
Which of the following is true about oral therapy for iron deficiency anemia -
In 300 mg elemental iron given100 mg get absorbed
Reticulocytosis appears in one to 2 weeks and then peaks in 3-4 weeks
Response to Rx seen in 4 weeks
Decrease in absorption with improvement of symptoms
3d
multi
null
Medicine
null
d6e27843-0b89-44f3-934d-3e7dde924445
A girl presents, with cystic swelling at the junction of lower 1/3rd and upper 2/3rd of anterior wall of vagina at 10 O' Clock position. The Diagnosis is:
Baholin's cyst
Ganer's duct cyst
Adenocarcinoma
Vaginal Inclusion Cyst
1b
multi
- Ganer's duct cyst Arises from remnant of the mesonephric duct Located in the anterolateral wall aspect of the vagina Small cyst: Asymptomatic Large cyst if causes dyspareunia : excision - A Baholin cyst occurs due to blockage of duct of baholin glands. It is located on the inner side of labia minora in the postero-la...
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Genital Tract Infections (Too hot to handle!)
06ee65b6-3ab1-47d5-b602-bf5d8226118a
Which of the following is the most impoant factor in the prevention of the endophthalmitis in cataract surgery?
Preoperative preparation with povidone iodine
One week antibiotic therapy prior to surgery
Trimming of eyelashes
Use of intravitreal antibiotics
0a
single
Preoperative antibiotics ,povidine iodine solutions are used to prevent post operative infection. REF:khurana,pg no 197
Ophthalmology
Lens
809f2da4-59d4-45a3-b914-f8e7c003fd07
The effective dose of a Chest x-ray is ____________.
0.02 mSv
0.2 mSv
0.05 mSv
0.1 mSv
0a
single
The effective dose of a CXR is 0.02 mSv. Radiation dose of a chest CT (8mSv)is 400 times more than a chest X-ray. TYPICAL EFFECTIVE DOSES Investigation Dose (mSv) PA view CXR 0.02 Skull AP/Lat 0.06 AP pelvis 0.7 AXR 0.7 Lumbar spine 1 CT brain 2 IVU 2.5 Barium meal 3 Bone scan 3 Barium enema 7 CT abdomen 10 Thallium sc...
Radiology
Introduction to Radiology
6a1ade89-e6e7-4d2f-88d4-a027764cee09
A 50 year old male is posted for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. No history of comorbidities. His surgery is scheduled at 2 PM on the day of surgery. Which of the following is against the ASA guidelines for preoperative fasting
Coffee at 5:30 AM
Orange juice at 7:30 AM
Pancakes at 10:00 AM
Water at 12:00 PM
2c
single
The patient should be nil per orally for 8 hours for solid food 6 hours for liquid and semisolid food 2 hours for clear liquid.
Anaesthesia
null
a25bdf47-10b5-4eb3-8bfc-b51b91201a5f
Most common cause of postural hypotension is
Progressive cerebellar degeneration
Striatonigral degeneration
Peripheral neuropathy
Adrenal insufficiency
2c
single
(C) Peripheral neuropathy # Causes of postural syncope: In patients receiving antihypertensive or vasodilator drugs and those who are hypovolemic because of diuretics, excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, or adrenal insufficiency.
Medicine
Miscellaneous
fa5a23af-4492-430b-bbf4-3332a752783c
Which of the following is the best parameter to predict virulence of acute infectious illness?
Incidence
Secondary attack rate
Case fatality rate
Crude death rate
2c
single
Case fatality rate is directly related to the killing power of the disease. It denotes the virulence of an organism. But utility of case fatality rate is limited to acute illnesses and is not of much value for chronic diseases. Ref: Park 21st edition, page 55.
Social & Preventive Medicine
null
9d8f095e-62de-4abd-acc7-f6946beeb989
A patient presenting with history of diarrhoea for several years with recent onset pruritus and raised alkaline phosphatase, normal SGOT/PT and USG shows no gallstones and biliary tract abnormality, the diagnosis is
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Sclerosing cholangitis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Viral hepatitis
1b
multi
Symptoms of PSC Evidence of cholestatic liver disease - Jaundice, Pruritus and fatigue Diagnosis Asymptomatic elevation of GGT is the earliest finding, ALP and bile acids are also increased. Cholangiography - diagnoisis of PSC with evidence of diffuse multifocal strictures found in both intrahepatic and extrahepatic bi...
Anatomy
G.I.T
e2ca5e1e-a86f-48ae-8842-912ce472c80c
Volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by filteration/secretion in kidney is equal to-
Rate of elimination
Clearance
Volume of distribution
Bioavailability
1b
single
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Clearance* Once a drug is absorbed and distributed among the tissues and body fluids, it is then eliminated mainly by the liver and kidneys. The amount of drug eliminated from the body per unit time is called rate of eliminations.* Elimination of a drug from the plasma is quantified in term of its cle...
Physiology
Kidneys and Body Fluids
93564dac-2474-41a3-840a-6a56513f4b88
The myocardial contraction is stimulated by
Influx of Ca++ ions
Influx of Na ions
Efflux of K ions
Efflux of Na ions
1b
single
The initial depolarisation is due to Na+ influx through rapidly opening Na+channels. The inactivation of Na+ channels contributes to rapid repolarization phase. Ca2+ influx through more slowly opening Ca2+ channels produces plateau phase, and depolarization is due to net K+ efflux through multiple types of K+ channels....
Physiology
Nervous system
f42771ea-ad5e-44ea-b685-e308380b798a
Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) is
Venlafaxine
Reboxetine
Moclobemide
Bupropion
0a
single
(A) Venlafaxine # Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depression and other mood disorders. They are sometimes also used to treat anxiety disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ch...
Pharmacology
Miscellaneous (Pharmacology)
16b4c1c5-9a5f-460b-b773-c2f47633a749
Shortest acting B-blocker is:
Nebivolol
Carteolol
Esmolol
Timolol
2c
single
Ans: c (Esmolol)Ref: Katzung 9 ed, Table 10.2The elimination half life of esmolol is 10 min which is the shortest.Notes on beta blockersCardioselective beta blockers are metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, betaxolol, celiprolol, nebivololPropranolol has highest degree of membrane stabilizing action.Nadolol is lo...
Pharmacology
A.N.S.
64813c94-eb3b-4c58-88ca-db54ed7c7ee5
Drug of choice in paracetamol overdose: March 2011
N-acetyl cysteine
Protamine
BAL
Magnesium hydroxide gel
0a
single
Ans. A: N-acetyl cysteine In paracetamol poisoning, depletion of hepatic and renal glutathione potentiates the toxicity whereas treatment with sulfhydryl compounds such as cysteamine, 1- methionine and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is beneficial Acetylcysteine/ N-acetylcysteine/ N-acetyl-L-cysteine/ NAC) It is used primarily...
Pharmacology
null
aecdb011-65f1-4111-816e-de960e52730d
Obesity is defined as if BMI is -
>20
>50
> 40
>30
3d
single
Ans. is 'd' i.e., > 30 Classification of adults according to BMIClassificationBMIRisk of comorbiditiesUnderweight<18-50Low (but risk of other clinical problems increased)Normal range18-50-24-99AverageOverweight:>25-00 Pre-obese25-00-29-99IncreasedObese class I30-00-34-99ModerateObese class II35-00-39-99SevereObese clas...
Social & Preventive Medicine
Non-Communicable Diseases
f024ef5f-f995-40d8-b104-6561dd6b41e9
Sudden loud sound is more likely to damage the cochlea than prolonged sounds because
Basilar fibers are sensitive to sudden sounds but adapt to prolonged sounds
A sudden sound carries more energy
Tympanic membrane becomes flaccid during prolonged loud sounds
There is a latent period before the attenuation reflex can occur
3d
single
null
Surgery
null
62685e47-0e29-4ba8-b45d-13c662879574
Stop codons are
UAA
UAG
UGA
UAC
0a
single
Terminator Codons : There are three codons which do not code for any paicular aminoacid.They ae "nonsense codons".more correctly termed as PUNCTUATOR OR TERMINATOR CODONS. They mark end of protein synthesis.These three codons are UAA,UAG,and UGA. UGA is a stop codon ,but in special circumstances,it stands for seleno-cy...
Biochemistry
Metabolism of nucleic acids
e8162589-54ce-4f9e-826a-111705a4ad89
Progressive multifocal leukoencephaloPathy is caused-
Epstein-barr virus
Varicella-zoster virus
Cytomegalo Virus
JC Papovavirus
3d
single
Harrison's principles of internal medicine. *In PML oligodendrocytes have enlarged densely staining nuclei that contain viral inclusions formed by crystallinearrays of JC virus paicles.
Medicine
C.N.S
785deab8-c847-463d-a1b1-929f2431ac86
A 17 year old athletic girl complains of anterior knee pain on climbing stairs and on getting up after prolonged sitting, likely diagnosis
Blount's disease
Chondromalacia patella
Nail - patella syndrome
Bursitis
1b
single
null
Orthopaedics
null
47d6ae2c-57d6-4935-aa27-6ff98c9246ae
Cytokine with predominant anti-inflammatory action is ?
Interleukin 6
GM-CSF
TGF-b
TNF-Alpha
2c
single
Ans. is 'c' i.e., TGF-b Proinflammatorv cytokines i) Major:- IL-1, TNF- alpha, IL-6 ii) Other:- IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, IL-23, IFN- gamma, GM-CSF Anti-inflammatory cytokines i) IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and transforming growth factor b (TGF-b)
Pathology
Chemical Mediators and Regulators of Inflammation
e9a97840-5bad-4fd2-9ac2-99bcc42c0818
In starvation, there is ketosis due to ?
Decreased acetyl CoA
Increased b-oxidation
Decreased lipolysis
Decreased fatty acid
1b
single
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Increased b-oxidationStarvation is characterized by decreased insulin : glucagon ratio.This causes :?i) Increased lipolysis - More FFAs for ketogenesis.ii) Increased fi-oxidation - Increased ketogenosis.iii) Decreased oxaloacetate - Acetyl CoA is utilized in ketogenesis.Regulation of ketogenesisKetoge...
Biochemistry
null
29c82b52-d2c9-4c5a-b43f-1475c25921e2
Lead poisoning mostly occurs due to :-
Ingestion
Inhalation
Direct skin contact
None of the above
1b
multi
Lead poisoning (Plumbism, Saturnism or Painter's Colic): Greatest source of lead in Lead Poisoning (Plumbism, Saturnism or Painter's Colic) is; Gasoline / petrol / vehicular exhaust / automobile exhaust. Mode of absorption: Lead can be absorbed by inhalation (MC mode), ingestion or through skin. Clinical feature- baoni...
Social & Preventive Medicine
Occupational Health
4690f7b7-0e59-481a-80e3-e83d77cf0271
A powerful cycloplegia is:
Atropine
Tropicomide
Phenylephrine
Homatropine
0a
single
(Atorpine) (147-Parson 20th)* Atorpine - is the most potent and has longest duration of action (for 7 days or more)* Homatropine - are less potent. It affects lasts for 4-5 days* Tropicamide - short acting, though effective for upto 3 hours.* Phenylephrine - a selective alpha - 1 - agonist, sympathomimetics.
Ophthalmology
Drugs
c5ece579-f5fd-4434-9977-5c8f075b87ff
Which of the following is an opsonin?
C3a
C3b
C5a
C6
1b
single
Ans. b. C3bRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 9th Ed; Page No-132Complement: System of hepatically synthesized plasma proteins that play a role in innate immunity and inflammation. Membrane attack complex (MAC) defends against gram [?] bacteria.Function of the ComplementC3b--opsonization.C3a, C4a, C5a-...
Pathology
Immunity
a56a74e3-b33f-479c-8d89-fa4d457e8032
Edema occurs when plasma protein level is below:
8 g/Dl
2 g/dL
5 g/dL
10 g/dL
2c
single
Ans. (c) 5g/dL(Ref: Harshmohan 5th pg 97)When total plasma proteins <5gm/dl (normal 6-8gm/dl) or albumin <2.5gm/dl (normal 3.5-5gm/dl) edema takes place
Pathology
Hemodynamics
9f7332bd-f3c0-4559-b406-15df78224a95
Which of the following are examples of modified apouine glands
Mammary glands
Moll glands
Cerumin glands
All of the above
3d
multi
Apocrine glands secrete the secretion by disintegration of apical portion of the cell and Mammary glands, Moll glands & cerumin glands are examples of modification of apocrine glands.
Dental
null
2137c01b-3671-4d55-a5c6-568f2148aaa2
Administration of which of the following drug requires therapeutic drug monitoring?
Lithium
Haloperidol
Diazepam
Acetazolamide
0a
single
Therapeutic drug monitoring is adjustment of dose of the drug according to its plasma concentration. It is required for A Aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin) Drug Digitalis Possessing Phenytoin (anti-epileptics) Low Lithium Therapeutic Tricyclic antidepressants Index Immunomodulators (e.g. cyclosporine) Range of 0.8-1.2 ...
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
2e377946-5ab4-469b-b3b0-36f912002ccf
In alcohol withdrawal, drug of choice is-
TEP
Chlormethazole
Chlordiazepoxide
Buspirone
2c
single
Benzodiazepines are the drug of choice in alcohol withdrawal. If the question asks you to chose a specific benzodiazepine, the best choice would be chlordiazepoxide.
Psychiatry
null
6cc76bf5-087c-44df-82eb-faa78068ba8f
Erythrocyte transketolase activity is seen in which vitamin?
Riboflavin
Thiamine
Folic acid
Niacine
1b
single
Transketolase is an enzyme of both the pentose phosphate pathway in all organisms and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. It catalyzes two impoant reactions, which operate in opposite directions in these two pathways. In the first reaction of the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, the cofactor thiamine diphosphat...
Biochemistry
Enzymes
900f2abb-2a53-4399-aa18-e4debed4a762
In polygraph test 'GSR' stands for: Karnataka 11
Guilt Score Reaction
Galvanic Skin Reaction
Galvanic Sensor Reaction
Guilt Sensitivity Reaction
1b
single
Ans. Galvanic Skin Reaction
Forensic Medicine
null
e5d050f5-c2f3-4151-83a9-80bda63b951f
After 5 days of a normal vaginal delivery a woman is brought to the casualty at 11 pm by her husband with history of crying, loss of appetite, difficulty in sleeping, and feeling of low self esteem. Her general physical examination is un-remarkable and there are no worrisome findings from a pelvic examination. Which of...
Blues
Manic depression
Neurosis
Psychosis
0a
single
Postpaum Mood Disorders Post paum blues Occur within first few days and resolve by 2 weeks (50-60 %) Due to sudden loss of progesterones. Characterised by mild mood swings, irritability, anxiety, decreased concentration, insomnia , tearfullness, crying spells85% of women for a sho time in the immediate postpaum period....
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Puerperium
f46953c0-b49a-47c0-a25d-dccc7d025434
All of the following are true about 'Non-disjunction' EXCEPT?
It may result in Aneuploidy
It is the failure of chromosomes to separate normally during cell division
It may occur in meiosis or mitosis
It cannot cause Mosaicism
3d
multi
Non-disjunction: failure of chromosomes to separate normally during cell division. It may occur in meiosis or mitosis. It may result in Aneuploidy. If non-disjunction occurs in one of the first few mitotic divisions, 2 or more cell lines can be observed in the same individual- 'Mosaicism'
Pediatrics
Types of Genetic Disorders
49427d33-d14f-4597-a315-adf7c5052bb1
Primordial prevention in coronary heart disease:
Salt restriction
BP monitoring
Exercise in high risk area
Statins
0a
single
null
Social & Preventive Medicine
null
2960c439-8937-45fa-a83e-7d5caa87aa6f
The most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is secondary to -
Rheumatoid hea disease
Dilatation of right ventricle
Coronary aery disease
Endocarditis due to intravenenous drug abuse
1b
single
Tricuspid regurgitation Primary Rheumatic Endocarditis Myxomatous (TVP) Carcinoid Radiation Congenital (Ebstein's) Trauma Papillary muscle injury (post-MI) Secondary RV and tricuspid annular dilatation Multiple causes of RV enlargement(e.g., long-standing pulmonary HTN)Chronic RV apical pacing ( Harrison&;s principle o...
Medicine
C.V.S
058bdd39-efbd-4da5-bb0a-806ca07e6b0d
A young patient has a midline, tender swelling in neck occurring after an attack of sore throat. The diagnosis is:
Acute thyroiditis
Thyroglossal cyst
Subacute thyroiditis
Toxic goiter
2c
single
Diagnosis in this case is acute thyroiditis. Acute thyroiditis is preceded by respirstory symptoms like sore throat and in young patient.
Surgery
Thyroid
9b4ca920-64c2-44cf-a5aa-57890447917d
Detoxification of drugs is controlled by -
Cytochrome
Cytochrome p450
Cytochrome C
Cytochrome A
1b
single
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cytochrome p450 o Cytochrome p450 enzymes are microsomal enzymes that are involved in phase I metabolism of many drugs,o Most of the drugs are metabolized by CYP 3 A4 isoform.Drug metabolizing enzymeso The drug metabolizing enzymes are divided into two types :MicrosomalThese are located on smooth endo...
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
00c88c9f-c94a-4ea2-933a-66c6a110ba8b
Treatment of Medullary Carcinoma thyroid:
Surgery and Radiotheryapy
Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
Surgery only
Radioiodine ablation
2c
single
Pheochromocytoma must be operated on first. These tumors are generally (>50%) bilateral. Total thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with MTC because of the high incidence of multicentricity, the more aggressive course, and the fact that 131I therapy usually is not effective. Central compartment nodes f...
Surgery
null
cda07779-bb95-4a26-ba20-525366b03439
Most common tumour of hea is
Myxoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Fibroma
Leiomyosarcoma
0a
single
Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1577: 289e-1 Myxomas are the most common type of primary cardiac tumor in adults, accounting for one-third to one-half of all cases at postmoem examination, and about three-quaers of the tumors treated surgically. They occur at all ages, most commonly in the third through sixth decades, with a ...
Anatomy
General anatomy
7b1cb8a8-57c5-4ba1-b5a7-a661b52b975f
Intravenous resuscitation is needed for any child with burn greater than
10% total body surface area
20% total body surface area
25% total body surface area
35% total body surface area
0a
single
In children with burns over 10% total body surface area and adults with burns over 15% total body surface area, consider the need for intravenous fluid resuscitation.
Microbiology
All India exam
2af1ef0e-7fdd-4b87-9df3-e90579e922d7
Dentition is considered delayed in cases except
rickets
hypothyroidism
malnutrition
congenital syphilis
3d
multi
In ill-nourished children, and especially in rickets, and in hypothyroidism dentition may be delayed, while in syphilis, teeth may be premature or even present at bih. Developmentally, permanent teeth are divided into two sets : Superadded permanent teeth are those which do not have deciduous predecessors.All the perma...
Forensic Medicine
Human identification
3578a6c3-ec28-4357-8e7f-2faa7c748d02
Which of the following is the most reliable criteria in Gustafson's method of identification?
Attrition
Cementum apposition
Transparency of root
Root resorption
2c
single
Gustafsons method is used in the estimation of age of an adult above 21 years depending on the physiologic age changes in each of the dental tissues. Transparency of root is the most reliable criteria among the Gustafsons method of identification. It is seen after 30years of age. Canal in the dentine is wide at first, ...
Forensic Medicine
null
b4d25381-8264-455d-a078-419da742a828
Blood flow to brain is not influenced by
PaC02
P02
Cerebral circulation
Systemic circulation
1b
single
Carotid and aoic bodies have very high rates of blood flow. These receptors are primarily activated by a reduction in paial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), but they also respond to an increase in the paial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) That is chemo receptors regulating blood flow to brain are insensitive to PaO2 despi...
Physiology
Cardiovascular system
70329265-ff34-4b3f-8d35-73a13a5dd884
Rhodopsin has a peak sensitivity to light of wavelength:
100 nm
355 nm
505 nm
None of the above
2c
multi
The photosensitive pigment in the rods is called rhodopsin (visual purple). Its opsin is called scotopsin. Rhodopsin has a peak sensitivity to light at a wavelength of 505 nm. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 23rd edition, Chapter 12.
Ophthalmology
null
7172f429-e213-484f-9343-077099825206
"Safe strategy" has been developed for the control of:
Conjunctivitis
Trachoma
Refractive error
Ocular trauma
1b
single
Ans. Trachoma
Ophthalmology
null