id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e16b00cd28a01900c678d3 | Catalan_language | There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan. | What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from? | {
"text": [
"rest of Roman Hispania"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56e16b00cd28a01900c678d5 | Catalan_language | There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan. | What language branch did Catalan share a history with? | {
"text": [
"Occitan"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
56e16b00cd28a01900c678d6 | Catalan_language | There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan. | What is Occitan a branch of? | {
"text": [
"Western Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
56e16caee3433e1400422f04 | Catalan_language | The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin. | What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish? | {
"text": [
"Germanic"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e16caee3433e1400422f05 | Catalan_language | The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin. | What is the origin of some Spanish words? | {
"text": [
"Latin origin"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56e16caee3433e1400422f06 | Catalan_language | The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin. | What has different results in Spanish and Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Germanic superstrate"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67923 | Catalan_language | The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Arabic element"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67924 | Catalan_language | The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Arabic loanwords"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67925 | Catalan_language | The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | In which language is the Arabic element stand out more? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67926 | Catalan_language | The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from? | {
"text": [
"of Arabic origin"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67927 | Catalan_language | The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | What is the origin of the Spanish word teja? | {
"text": [
"Latin origin"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67940 | Catalan_language | Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". | What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between? | {
"text": [
"Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67941 | Catalan_language | Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". | What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have? | {
"text": [
"unique"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67942 | Catalan_language | Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". | What type of unique choices does Catalan have? | {
"text": [
"lexical"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67943 | Catalan_language | Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". | What is the Catalan to miss somebody? | {
"text": [
"enyorar"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c67949 | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. | What are the Paisos Catalans | {
"text": [
"Catalan Countries"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794a | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. | What is that determination based on? | {
"text": [
"cultural affinity and common heritage"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794b | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. | What status does Catalan Countries have? | {
"text": [
"no official status"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794c | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. | What is the interpretation of the term? | {
"text": [
"Various interpretations"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794d | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. | What is the term for Catalan Countries? | {
"text": [
"Països Catalans"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67983 | Catalan_language | In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). | How is Catalan different from other Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"many monosyllabic words"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67985 | Catalan_language | In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). | What other type of endings do Catalan words have? | {
"text": [
"consonant clusters"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67986 | Catalan_language | In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). | What kind of final devoicing does the language have? | {
"text": [
"obstruent"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67987 | Catalan_language | In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). | What do many words feature? | {
"text": [
"couplets"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f66 | Catalan_language | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. | What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Central Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f67 | Catalan_language | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. | What is Central Catalan? | {
"text": [
"standard pronunciation"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f68 | Catalan_language | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. | What are the descriptions for? | {
"text": [
"standard pronunciation"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f69 | Catalan_language | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. | Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects? | {
"text": [
"section pronunciation"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f6e | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | Where does Catalan get its vowel system? | {
"text": [
"Vulgar Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f6f | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | How many stressed phenoms are there? | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f70 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | Where is this a common feature? | {
"text": [
"Western Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f71 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What is the exception to this common characteristic? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f72 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What differs in vowel reduction? | {
"text": [
"Dialects"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56e17b08cd28a01900c679ab | Catalan_language | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | How many reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e17b08cd28a01900c679ac | Catalan_language | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | What vowel stays distinct? | {
"text": [
"/i/"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56e17b08cd28a01900c679ad | Catalan_language | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have? | {
"text": [
"different"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e17b08cd28a01900c679af | Catalan_language | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions? | {
"text": [
"section pronunciation"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f8c | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world? | {
"text": [
"Catalan sociolinguistics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f8d | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Catalan sociolinguistics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f8e | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What is this a subdiscipline of? | {
"text": [
"Catalan philology"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f8f | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality? | {
"text": [
"analyse the relation"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f90 | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What outside affects does this study include? | {
"text": [
"other languages in contact"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f96 | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | What do the dialects of Catalan feature? | {
"text": [
"uniformity"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f97 | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | In comparison to what are the dialects uniform? | {
"text": [
"other Romance languages"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f98 | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | What is high among dialects? | {
"text": [
"intelligibility"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f99 | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects? | {
"text": [
"90% to 95%"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f9a | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | What dialect is the exception to intelligibility? | {
"text": [
"Alguerese"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
56e18710cd28a01900c679b7 | Catalan_language | Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary. | What is the major difference between the two blocks? | {
"text": [
"treatment of unstressed a and e"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56e18710cd28a01900c679b8 | Catalan_language | Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary. | How are a and e in western dialects? | {
"text": [
"distinct"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
56e18710cd28a01900c679b9 | Catalan_language | Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary. | What have a and e done in eastern dialects? | {
"text": [
"merged"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679bf | Catalan_language | Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | What two dialects does Western Catalan include? | {
"text": [
"Northwestern Catalan and Valencian"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679c0 | Catalan_language | Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | How many dialects are in the eastern group? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679c1 | Catalan_language | Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | To what division does Central Catalan belong? | {
"text": [
"Eastern block"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679c2 | Catalan_language | Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | What other divisions can be made of dialects? | {
"text": [
"subdialects"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679c3 | Catalan_language | Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to? | {
"text": [
"Western Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e18a90e3433e1400422faa | Catalan_language | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Central Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e18a90e3433e1400422fab | Catalan_language | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | Where are the most speakers found? | {
"text": [
"Central Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e18a90e3433e1400422fac | Catalan_language | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | In what densely populated area is it spoken? | {
"text": [
"Barcelona province"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56e18a90e3433e1400422fae | Catalan_language | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken? | {
"text": [
"eastern half"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb4 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What is the vowel system of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Vulgar Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb5 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb6 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | Where is this system common? | {
"text": [
"Western Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb7 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What language is the exception? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb8 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction? | {
"text": [
"Dialects"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56e18e18cd28a01900c679c9 | Catalan_language | In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a]. | Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three? | {
"text": [
"Eastern Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e18e18cd28a01900c679ca | Catalan_language | In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a]. | What is the exception to this reduction? | {
"text": [
"Majorcan"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56e18e18cd28a01900c679cb | Catalan_language | In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a]. | Which vowel remains distinct? | {
"text": [
"/i/"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fbe | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four? | {
"text": [
"Majorcan"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fbf | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | What reduction pattern do some vowels follow? | {
"text": [
"Eastern Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fc0 | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | What other pattern do other vowels follow? | {
"text": [
"Western Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fc1 | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | What letter remains distinct? | {
"text": [
"/u/"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fc2 | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Western Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d1 | Catalan_language | In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan? | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d2 | Catalan_language | In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | Which letters remain distinct? | {
"text": [
"/a u i/"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d3 | Catalan_language | In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | Where did this pattern come from? | {
"text": [
"Proto-Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d4 | Catalan_language | In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | In what other languages is this pattern found? | {
"text": [
"Italian and Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d5 | Catalan_language | In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | What do other Western dialects sometimes offer? | {
"text": [
"further reduction"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56e19514e3433e1400422fe7 | Catalan_language | Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/. | What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western? | {
"text": [
"Balearic"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
56e19514e3433e1400422fe8 | Catalan_language | Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/. | What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of? | {
"text": [
"/e/"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56e19514e3433e1400422fe9 | Catalan_language | Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/. | What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central, Western and Belearic? | {
"text": [
"higher incidence"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56e197efcd28a01900c67a0b | Catalan_language | In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak'). | What language is parle or tem ? | {
"text": [
"Valencian"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e197efcd28a01900c67a0c | Catalan_language | In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak'). | What language is parlo or temo ? | {
"text": [
"Northwestern"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56e197efcd28a01900c67a0d | Catalan_language | In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak'). | What language is parl? | {
"text": [
"Balearic"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
56e197efcd28a01900c67a0e | Catalan_language | In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak'). | What language form is parli? | {
"text": [
"Northern"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff6 | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | Where do you find medieval plurals? | {
"text": [
"nouns and adjectives"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff7 | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | What letter is lost in some words? | {
"text": [
"/n/"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff8 | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word? | {
"text": [
"homes"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff9 | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | The medieval jovens becomes what what word? | {
"text": [
"joves"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ffa | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | What kind of plural words lose /n/? | {
"text": [
"proparoxytone"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e1400423016 | Catalan_language | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in? | {
"text": [
"word choices"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e1400423017 | Catalan_language | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | How can you explain differences in the language groups? | {
"text": [
"as an archaism"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e1400423018 | Catalan_language | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What form is innovative? | {
"text": [
"Central Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e1400423019 | Catalan_language | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What are the two blocks of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Eastern and Western"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e140042301a | Catalan_language | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What does an archaism explain? | {
"text": [
"lexical divergence"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e19df2e3433e1400423034 | Catalan_language | Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia. | What is Standard based on? | {
"text": [
"Eastern Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e19df2e3433e1400423035 | Catalan_language | Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia. | What form is excepted by most speakers? | {
"text": [
"Standard Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e19df2e3433e1400423037 | Catalan_language | Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia. | What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"traditional ones"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56e1a1e0e3433e1400423044 | Catalan_language | The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy'). | What is jo compro changed to ? | {
"text": [
"jo compre"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} |
56e1a1e0e3433e1400423045 | Catalan_language | The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy'). | What common Valencian forms are used? | {
"text": [
"many verbal forms"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
56e1a1e0e3433e1400423046 | Catalan_language | The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy'). | What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan? | {
"text": [
"verbal forms"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
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